Occupational and Environmental Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Health Watch: cancer and mortality update in a 40-year prospective cohort study of Australian petroleum workers.","authors":"Elisa Wood, Deborah C Glass, Stella M Gwini, Malcolm R Sim, Stephen Vander Hoorn, Anthony Del Monaco, Karen Walker-Bone","doi":"10.1136/oemed-2025-110739","DOIUrl":"10.1136/oemed-2025-110739","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To report estimates of cancer incidence (1982-2016) and mortality (1980-2020) in the Health Watch cohort after four decades of follow-up.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Health Watch is a prospective cohort study of 18 040 (16 666 men, 1374 women) employees recruited between 1981 and 2000.Personal data were linked to national and state cancer and death registries. Standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) and standardised incidence ratios were calculated using national population rates adjusted for age, sex and calendar period.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All-cause mortality was reduced compared with Australian population rates (men: SMR 0.79, 95% CI 0.77 to 0.82; women: SMR 0.70, 95% CI 0.59 to 0.83).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Lower mortality likely reflects the healthy worker effect. Persistent excesses of mesothelioma, melanoma and prostate cancer may reflect ongoing occupational risks warranting targeted prevention and surveillance. In particular, melanoma risk underscores the need to minimise both occupational and recreational ultraviolet exposure.</p>","PeriodicalId":19459,"journal":{"name":"Occupational and Environmental Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"138-145"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147841234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: <i>excess potential years of working life lost in six countries from Latin America and Europe in 2020 and 2021</i>.","authors":"","doi":"10.1136/oemed-2023-109406corr1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2023-109406corr1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19459,"journal":{"name":"Occupational and Environmental Medicine","volume":"83 2","pages":"e1"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147987862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Irritant occupational exposure and specific-IgE sensitisation in the EGEA cohort.","authors":"Nicolas Migueres, Orianne Dumas, Anne Boudier, Jean Bousquet, Raphäelle Varraso, Rachel Nadif, Rudolf Valenta, Frederic de Blay, Nicole Le Moual, Valérie Siroux","doi":"10.1136/oemed-2025-110266","DOIUrl":"10.1136/oemed-2025-110266","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The effect of occupational irritants on IgE sensitisation remains unknown. We investigated the association between occupational exposure to irritants and IgE sensitisation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study included a cross-sectional analysis of 924 adult participants to the first follow-up of the Epidemiological study of the Genetics and Environment of Asthma (EGEA2) and a longitudinal analysis of 271 children recruited at EGEA1 and followed up to adulthood (EGEA2). Allergen-specific IgE sensitisation to 162 allergens was assessed by microarray technology. Lifetime occupational exposure to irritants was evaluated by the occupational asthma-specific job-exposure matrix. Adjusted regression models were performed to evaluate (1) cross-sectional associations between irritant exposures with the number and cluster-based profiles of sIgE sensitisation and (2) longitudinal associations between childhood sIgE sensitisation and occupational irritant exposures in adulthood to assess a potential 'healthy hire effect'.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among adult-onset asthma participants, occupational exposure to irritants was associated with a lower number of sIgE sensitisation (adjusted mean ratio=0.63 (95% CI 0.39 to 1.02), p=0.06) and a lower risk of exhibiting house dust mite predominant and pollen/animal predominant sIgE sensitisation profiles (p=0.02 and 0.06 respectively). No association was observed in participants without asthma or with childhood-onset asthma. The longitudinal assessment showed no association.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study, showing fewer sIgE sensitisations associated with occupational exposure to irritants in participants with adult-onset asthma but not in those with childhood-onset or no asthma, highlights the need to further explore the non-immunological mechanisms associated with exposure to respiratory irritants at work.</p>","PeriodicalId":19459,"journal":{"name":"Occupational and Environmental Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"100-106"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147777335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimentally recreated workplace environments contain submicron crystalline silica particles, including ultrafine particles, which have been identified in the mediastinal lymph nodes of construction workers.","authors":"Dominique Bazin, Christophe Bressot, Hester Colboc, Laurent Meunier, Hugues Begueret, Adrien Bachmeyer, Ty-Ty Heng-Pradere, Ionut Tranca, Fileto Rodriguez, Frederik Tielens, Ellie Tang, Carine Audouin, Emmanuel Letavernier, Michel Cambrelin, Jean-Francois Bernaudin, Patrick Brochard","doi":"10.1136/oemed-2025-110330","DOIUrl":"10.1136/oemed-2025-110330","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Although ultrafine particles are suspected to contribute significantly to occupational exposure to crystalline silica, they have not yet been definitively identified in workplaces or human tissues.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Particles were generated in three 60-minute tests in a glove box: cutting kerb or granite pavement, drilling solid cinder block. The particle concentrations per cm³ of air in the box and their mean size were analysed online and using transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). 17 mediastinal lymph node (MLN) samples from construction workers who underwent lung cancer surgery were examined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and 8/17 by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with EDX analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The particle concentration was high when cutting kerb or granite pavement (10 000-20 000 cm^-3 and 50 000-160 000 cm^-3, respectively), while below 1000 cm^-3 for drilling cinder block. The aerosol consisted mainly of submicron emissions with a nanometric fraction (ie, <100 nm), showing two main modes: 351 nm to 16 nm for kerb, 407 nm to <16 nm for granite pavement and 310 nm to 17 nm for cinder block processing. Ultrafine silica particles were only identified in kerb and granite cutting samples.Analysis using FTIR revealed an Si signal in 15/17 of the MLN samples and SEM and EDX analysis detected geometric particle deposition with Si spectra, particularly nano-sized particles, in the eight analysed samples.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Ultrafine silica particles are produced in conditions that mimic typical construction work processes, but the quantity produced varies according to the task. Similar characteristics were observed in ultrafine silica particles in both MLN samples and experimental aerosols.</p>","PeriodicalId":19459,"journal":{"name":"Occupational and Environmental Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"91-99"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13217083/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147777279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adverse mental health outcomes and alcohol misuse among UK Armed Forces personnel: fourth phase of a 20-year cohort study of military personnel who served during the Iraq and Afghanistan conflicts.","authors":"Marie-Louise Sharp, Margaret Jones, Sofia Franchini, Ray Leal, Lisa Hull, Niamh Molloy, Howard Burdett, Daniel Leightley, Amos Simms, Jenny Stone, Neil Greenberg, Dominic Murphy, Deirdre MacManus, Simon Wessely, Sharon A M Stevelink, Nicola T Fear","doi":"10.1136/oemed-2025-110647","DOIUrl":"10.1136/oemed-2025-110647","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Twenty years since the start of UK Armed Forces participation in the Iraq and Afghanistan conflicts post-2001, the extent to which these deployments continue to impact mental health outcomes and alcohol misuse in UK military personnel is unknown. This is the reporting of the fourth phase, cross-sectional study of a longitudinal cohort study that has assessed the health and well-being of UK serving and ex-serving personnel since 2004.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Participants were eligible for the most recent phase (2022-2023) if they took part previously (2014-2016) and consented to recontact. Primary outcome measures included symptoms of common mental disorders (CMD), such as depression and anxiety, probable posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), complex PTSD (C-PTSD) and alcohol misuse.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the overall sample (n=4104, response rate=54.6%), CMD were the most prevalent outcome (27.8%), followed by probable PTSD (9.4%) and alcohol misuse (8.4%). The majority of PTSD experienced met the criteria for C-PTSD (72.7%). Ex-serving Regulars compared with serving Regulars reported a higher prevalence of PTSD (10.5% vs 7.4%, adjusted OR (AOR)=1.68, 95% CI 1.12 to 2.51) and C-PTSD (6.5% vs 3.9%, AOR=1.80, 95% CI (1.07 to 3.05); a higher prevalence of both disorders was also reported in serving/ex-serving Regulars whose last deployment to Iraq/Afghanistan was in a combat role.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Although the majority of those who deployed to Iraq or Afghanistan remain well, there is an enduring impact of combat deployment on PTSD. Attention should continue to be directed towards the prevention, early detection and treatment needs of this cohort.</p>","PeriodicalId":19459,"journal":{"name":"Occupational and Environmental Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"70-77"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13217115/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147639419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and ischaemic heart disease in Ontario, Canada workers exposed to diesel engine exhaust.","authors":"Stephanie Ziembicki, Tracy L Kirkham, Victoria H Arrandale, Tanya Navaneelan, Paul A Demers","doi":"10.1136/oemed-2025-110689","DOIUrl":"10.1136/oemed-2025-110689","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study assesses potential exposure-response relationships between diesel engine exhaust (DEE) and lung and bladder cancers, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and ischaemic heart disease (IHD) in Ontario workers in the Occupational Disease Surveillance System.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Approximately 2.3 million workers were identified through workers' compensation claims (1983-2019) and followed for cancer through linkage with the Ontario Cancer Registry (1964-2019). COPD and IHD cases were identified using hospital discharges (2006-2020), emergency department visits (2006-2020) and physician billing records (1999-2020). Exposure was assessed using the Diesel Exhaust in Canada Job-Exposure Matrix, a semiquantitative job-exposure matrix based on expert assessment and published measurement data. Cox-proportional hazards models were used to estimate HRs and 95% CIs, adjusted for age, birth year and sex by exposure status (exposed/unexposed) and for increasing exposure level (unexposed, low, moderate, high and very high). Trend tests were run using exposure category midpoints (µg/m³ elemental carbon).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, 39 743 incident lung cancer, 12 528 bladder cancer, 77 124 COPD and 302 876 IHD cases were identified. Among exposed cases (all outcomes), the majority (90%) were assigned low exposure. Significant increased risks of lung cancer (HR=1.33, 95% CI 1.29 to 1.37), bladder cancer (HR=1.19, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.26), COPD (HR=1.34, 95% CI 1.31 to 1.37) and IHD (HR=1.15, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.16) were observed among exposed workers compared with unexposed workers. Exposure-response relationships were observed (all outcomes) although increases in risk were non-monotonic. Trend tests suggested increased risk (<i>p trend <0.001</i>).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study improves understanding of DEE-related diseases. These results could be used to improve prevention efforts and workers compensation practices for DEE-related occupational diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":19459,"journal":{"name":"Occupational and Environmental Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"78-84"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147777271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association between parental firefighting status and adverse birth outcomes in Arizona: a cross-sectional study.","authors":"Paulina Luna Ramirez, Michelle Valenti, Caitlin Clarkson Pereira, Maia Brown, Stuart Sherman, John Gulotta, Melissa A Furlong, Jefferey L Burgess, Leslie V Farland","doi":"10.1136/oemed-2025-110634","DOIUrl":"10.1136/oemed-2025-110634","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Firefighters are continuously exposed to hazardous conditions including smoke, chemicals, stress, long work shifts and exhaustion, which may lead to a higher risk for chronic conditions and reproductive health issues. However, there is limited research looking at the association between parental firefighting with adverse birth outcomes. This cross-sectional study aimed to determine whether female or male firefighting was associated with adverse birth outcomes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Arizona birth certificates for the years 2006-2013 were used to compare firefighters with teachers, law enforcement officers and all other occupations while stratifying by sex. Logistic regression models estimated ORs and 95% CIs.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We included 720 686 births, 5490 paternal firefighters and 376 maternal firefighters. Maternal firefighting was associated with increased odds of preterm birth compared with teachers (OR: 1.46, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.97) and all other occupations (OR: 1.41, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.88). Higher odds for neonatal intensive care unit admission were observed when compared with teachers (OR: 1.77, 95% CI 1.22 to 2.48), law enforcement officers (OR: 1.74, 95% CI 1.07 to 2.81) and all other occupations (OR: 1.84, 95% CI 1.30 to 2.56). Paternal firefighting was statistically significantly associated with decreased caesarean section and low birth weight.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Female firefighters may have higher odds of adverse birth outcomes. Further research should aim on understanding the biological mechanism behind these associations and ways to mitigate the risk in this population.</p>","PeriodicalId":19459,"journal":{"name":"Occupational and Environmental Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"61-69"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13217035/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147777548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Survival and longevity in professional wrestlers: a retrospective cohort study.","authors":"Jakob Shean, Satya Vedantam, Reidar P Lystad","doi":"10.1136/oemed-2025-110428","DOIUrl":"10.1136/oemed-2025-110428","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study aimed to quantify and compare survival and longevity among professional wrestlers, relative to sex-matched and age-matched referents from the US general population.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data on all male and female professional wrestlers who performed for World Wrestling Entertainment or its predecessor entities, from 7 January 1953 to 31 December 2024 (N=1012) were compiled. Non-parametric relative survival analysis was conducted to generate survival curves and estimate life years difference, and a multivariable Cox regression model was used to examine the association between survival probability and cohort characteristics.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The difference in life years for professional wrestlers was -2.91 (95% CI -4.54 to -1.28) years. The most common causes of death were cardiovascular disease, external causes of death (ie, drug overdose and suicide), cancer and neurodegenerative disease. Obesity (HR 3.12; 95% CI 1.59 to 6.13) and high match exposure intensity (HR 1.71; 95% CI 1.23 to 2.37) were significantly associated with survival probability.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Professional wrestlers experience significantly worse survival compared with the general population, and the longevity deficit is predominantly driven by increased risk of mortality from cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disease and suicide.</p>","PeriodicalId":19459,"journal":{"name":"Occupational and Environmental Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"107-112"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147639477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lymphoid neoplasms and benzene exposure using a revised classification scheme: systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Hyun-Wook Park, Youjin Kim, Seung-Yeon Lee, Yeonjae Kim, Wanhyung Lee","doi":"10.1136/oemed-2025-110652","DOIUrl":"10.1136/oemed-2025-110652","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lymphoid neoplasms are a diverse group of cancers derived from lymphocytes, with classification recently updated by the 5th edition of the WHO Classification of Haematolymphoid Tumours (WHO-HAEM5). Benzene, a well-known carcinogen, is widely used in industries and environmental exposures vary; however, its association with specific lymphoid neoplasm subtypes remains unclear due to historical classification challenges. This study aimed to clarify the risk of lymphoid neoplasms related to benzene exposure using the updated WHO-HAEM5 framework.A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Eligible studies were comparative human studies evaluating benzene exposure and lymphoid neoplasm risk, with sufficient data for risk estimates. Inclusion criteria specified study designs, participants, exposures and outcomes based on clinical diagnoses. Data were independently extracted by multiple reviewers. The main outcome was risk of lymphoid neoplasms and subtypes analysed by random-effects meta-analysis with heterogeneity and bias assessments.From 1488 records, 95 studies met criteria (65 occupational and 30 environmental exposure). Benzene exposure significantly increased overall lymphoid neoplasm risk (RR 1.26; 95% CI 1.18 to 1.35). B-cell neoplasms showed elevated risk (RR 1.26; 95% CI 1.16 to 1.37), including mature B-cell neoplasms, Hodgkin lymphoma and plasma cell neoplasms. T-cell and natural killer cell neoplasm risk was not significantly increased overall. Occupational exposures conferred higher risks with lower heterogeneity than environmental exposures.Benzene exposure is strongly associated with increased risk of lymphoid neoplasms, particularly B-cell subtypes, supported by the refined WHO-HAEM5 classification reducing heterogeneity. This study underscores the importance of biologically informed disease classification and the need for targeted occupational safety and environmental health policies.The review protocol was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) (Registration ID: CRD420251063844) .</p>","PeriodicalId":19459,"journal":{"name":"Occupational and Environmental Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"113-120"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147841193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Between stings and smoke: prevalence of allergic disorders and exposure to combustion smokes in Northeast Italy's beekeepers.","authors":"Marcella Mauro, Alice Tassinari, Federico Cavallo Ronchi, Marco Rizzo, Francesca Larese Filon","doi":"10.1136/oemed-2025-110392","DOIUrl":"10.1136/oemed-2025-110392","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Beekeepers are frequently exposed to bee venom and combustion smoke, leading to risks of systemic allergic reactions and respiratory hazards. This study assesses the prevalence of systemic allergic symptoms among beekeepers in Northeastern Italy and describes current management practices. Additionally, it characterises inhalation exposures to combustion smoke during apiary maintenance.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional survey collected data on sting exposure, allergic symptoms and smoke use practices. Combustion smoke exposure assessment was performed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (Gasmet DX-4030) coupled with an ultrafine particle classifier (DiSCmini) to characterise emissions from commonly used fuels.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 553 beekeepers surveyed, 21.3% reported systemic allergic reactions after bee sting, mostly males (66.7%). Of these (n=118), only 31.4% were confirmed sensitised to <i>Apis mellifera</i> and prescribed epinephrine autoinjector; 16.1% received venom immunotherapy, while others had no specific allergological assessment. Multivariate analysis showed that allergic symptoms during apiary work and extended local reactions increased the likelihood of systemic reactions fivefold. Almost all participants used smoke during inspections, with 39.1% frequently inhaling smoke; only 0.9% used respiratory protective equipment. Environmental monitoring detected multiple volatile organic compounds-including formaldehyde exceeding at different time points the threshold limit value-short term exposure limits-and high concentrations of ultrafine particles, particularly from hay and pellet combustion.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Systemic allergic reactions to bee venom are common but often undertreated in beekeepers. Combustion smoke is a significant respiratory hazard. Targeted interventions are needed to improve health outcomes and safety in this occupational group.</p>","PeriodicalId":19459,"journal":{"name":"Occupational and Environmental Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"85-90"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13217113/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147777156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}