Oil & Gas Science and Technology-revue De L Institut Francais Du Petrole最新文献

{"title":"Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Diesel Fuel Atomization Characteristics of a Piezo Injection System","authors":"H. Suh, C. Lee","doi":"10.2516/OGST:2007074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2516/OGST:2007074","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of the fuel spray, injected through a piezo injection system, and to compare the experimental and numerical results to that obtained using a solenoid injection system. In order to investigate the effect of a fuel injection system and spray angle on fuel spray performance such as fuel injection profile, evolution of fuel spray, and atomization characteristics, different nozzle-driven systems with the same nozzle specifications were used. For the numerical approaches, a modified nozzle flow model and a breakup model was applied to the simulation of spray atomization using the same calculated conditions as the experiments. It was found that the piezo injection system rapidly reaches the peak injection rate and had uniform injection profiles. The experimental and calculated spray tip penetration of both injection systems showed good agreement as the ambient pressure increased. The microscopic atomization characteristics of the high-pressure piezo injection system indicated that the outstanding injection performance of the piezo injector promoted droplet atomization.","PeriodicalId":19444,"journal":{"name":"Oil & Gas Science and Technology-revue De L Institut Francais Du Petrole","volume":"6 1","pages":"239-250"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81781688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-Sulfurous Argentinian Asphaltites and Their Thermal Liquefaction Products","authors":"V. Savel’ev, A. Golovko, L. Gorbunova, V. F. Kam’yanov, C. Galvalizi","doi":"10.2516/OGST:2007085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2516/OGST:2007085","url":null,"abstract":"The results of profound chemical studies of asphaltites from the Rafaelita and Toribia fields (Mendosa and Neuquen provinces, Argentina) and prospects for their processing are presented. The composition and structural features of maltenic, asphaltene-carbenic and carboid components of these natural coal-like substances were investigated. Laboratory experiments on thermal liquefaction of asphaltites were performed, including: 1) destructive distillation (pyrolysis) at temperatures gradually rising up to 600°C; 2) thermal destruction under conditions of programmed temperature increase from 25 up to 350 or 450°C with a rate of 5°C/min and with simultaneous dilution of reaction products by straight-run diesel petroleum distillate; 3) thermal treatment of the studied sample under stationary conditions (at 350°C for one hour in water, tetraline or n-decane); and 4) thermal destruction of asphaltite samples under flow conditions (continuous ablution of reactor with water or decane, temperature rising from 25 up to 500°C, with periodical sampling at different temperature levels). The largest yields of liquid fuels were obtained when the thermal destruction process was performed in hydrocarbon medium at temperatures not lower than 400-450°C, with continuous removal of products from the reaction zone. The yield of desirable hydrocarbon products reached 25 wt.% of asphaltite organic mass, when decane served as reaction medium, and could be increased up to 70 wt.% by substituting this solvent with real petroleum (diesel) distillate.","PeriodicalId":19444,"journal":{"name":"Oil & Gas Science and Technology-revue De L Institut Francais Du Petrole","volume":"6 1","pages":"57-67"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87783203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanochemical Treatment of Petroleum Residues and their Mixtures with Brown Coal","authors":"A. Golovko, B. Davaatseren, K. S. Dneprovsky, V. G. Surkov, O. Lomovsky","doi":"10.2516/OGST:2007078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2516/OGST:2007078","url":null,"abstract":"The influence of mechanical treatment (MT) on the composition, properties and transformations of crude oil devoid of gasoline fractions boiling up to 200°C and petroleum residua > 350°C (mazouts) was studied. It was established that the impact of mechanical energy upon crude oil in the presence of quartz particles almost halves the concentration of n -alkanes in the raw material and leads to formation of lowboiling fractions, hydrogen and hydrocarbon gases. The possibility of producing gasoline and diesel distillates from degasolined oil by means of its mechanochemical treatment is shown. The yields of these distillates increase when the stock is treated in the presence of quartz particles. The degree of destruction of mazouts rises if the raw material was ozonizated, then mixed with 5% of tetraline (H-donor), and finally subjected to mechanical treatment. It was shown that transformations of both coal and mazout components occur during mechanical treatment of mazout/coal mixtures.","PeriodicalId":19444,"journal":{"name":"Oil & Gas Science and Technology-revue De L Institut Francais Du Petrole","volume":"133 2-3 1","pages":"49-55"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78157922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Principal Regularities in Compositions and Structures of High-Molecular Compounds from Crude Oils and Natural Bitumens","authors":"A. Golovko, Yu. I. Golovko, L. Gorbunova, V. F. Kam’yanov, G. Pevneva, T. Filimonova","doi":"10.2516/OGST:2007082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2516/OGST:2007082","url":null,"abstract":"Experimental data on structural group composition and macro-structural characteristics of hydrocarbons and petroleum high-molecular compounds (PHMC) – resins and asphaltenes – from more than 150 samples of crude oil samples extracted on the oil-fields of Pannonian (Serbia), Volgo-Ural, South-Caspian, West-Kazakhstanian, West-Siberian, and several Eastand Southeast Asian oil-bearing basins are summarized. It was shown that the number of carbon atoms in the highest n-alkane molecules reaches up to 70-71 in Cenozoic, but only 35-40 in Jurassic and Paleozoic oils. Petroleum hybrid naphtheno-aromatic hydrocarbons are compounds with up to six rings to 24 C-atoms in alkyl fragments of molecules. Resin molecules contain, on a mass weighted average, 1-3 structural blocks each consisting of 0-3 aromatic and 0-5 naphthenic rings in such combinations that the total number of cycles in each block does not exceed 5-6. The weight of average molecular masses of resins does not exceed 1000-1500 g/mole. Asphaltenes differ from resins from the same source by larger average numbers of structural blocks in molecules (up to 5), by the predominantly tri- and/or tetracycloaromatic nature of these blocks, by lesser substitution factors of aromatic nuclei and lesser proportions of C-atoms in saturated fragments. The weight of average masses of asphaltene molecules measured by cryoscopy in naphthalene does not exceed 2500 g/mole. Owing to strong intermolecular interactions, PHMC molecules form various associated structures and poly-molecular particles, including quasicrystalline “batches” and multi-batch aggregates, especially in asphaltenes. Through spontaneous decay and formation of such particles the oils have the character of dynamically equilibrium poly-disperse systems. Compositional and structural variations of PHMC were studied depending on the depths at which they occurred, age and lithological composition of oil-bearing sediments. Although thermal histories are not considered here, clear regularities are established. PHMC, consisting of chemically labile hetero-organic substances, under any bedded conditions are subjected to compositional and structural transformations which are more rapid and substantial as compared with petroleum hydrocarbons.","PeriodicalId":19444,"journal":{"name":"Oil & Gas Science and Technology-revue De L Institut Francais Du Petrole","volume":"104 1","pages":"95-114"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74957704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Canadian Crudes: A Comparative Study of SARA Fractions from a Modified HPLC Separation Technique","authors":"J. Woods, J. Kung, D. Kingston, L. Kotlyar, B. D. Sparks, T. McCracken","doi":"10.2516/OGST:2007080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2516/OGST:2007080","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, a worldwide reduction in economically recoverable conventional petroleum reserves has led to an increase in exploration and production activity in heavier crude oils. In Canada, up-graders have been required to deal with more accessible, but difficult to process, heavy oils and bitumen from oil sands. In order to optimize plant operating conditions and assess their impact on the environment, a thorough knowledge of the molecular structure and behaviour of the source petroleum is needed. The problems associated with hydro-processing of fractions rich in nitrogen is of particular concern.The approach applied here involves separation of a series of diversified Canadian crude oils (oil sands bitumens plus heavy and conventional oils) into asphaltenes and maltenes, followed by further fractionation of the maltene components by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). This approach differs from conventional SARA (saturates, aromatics, resins, asphaltenes) separation in that multiple fractions are easily separated on the basis of polarity differences thereby providing more detailed information on component class distribution. The separated fractions are subjected to characterization by various analytical methods, including: gel permeation chromatography (GPC) for number average molecular weight determination, molecular parameter calculation using CHNS analyses in combination with 1 H and 13 C NMR spectroscopy and group analysis by peak deconvolution of X-ray photo-electron spectra (XPS). The bitumens comprise less saturates but more resins and asphaltenes than any of the other heavy oils tested. Conversely, the conventional crude is associated with the highest saturates content and the least amount of resins and asphaltenes. Yields of aromatic fractions from different sources all fall within a relatively narrow range. It is noteworthy that the SARA fractions from each oil produced relatively similar bulk property values. All of the resin fractions contained more than 40% of the total nitrogen, i.e., greater than the amounts contributed by the corresponding asphaltene fractions. For the resin sub-fractions relatively minor differences between molecular weights, atomic H/C ratios and aromaticity were observed. The substantial difference in the HPLC elution behaviour for these subfractions appears to be attributable to the asymmetric distribution of polar nitrogen compounds for material collected at longer elution times. This observation may allow selective removal of intractable nitrogen compounds, possibly leading to cost savings through improved catalyst utilization in a modified upgrading process.","PeriodicalId":19444,"journal":{"name":"Oil & Gas Science and Technology-revue De L Institut Francais Du Petrole","volume":"44 1","pages":"151-163"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80714561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanisms of Catalytic Activity in Heavily Coated Hydrocracking Catalysts","authors":"M. Millan, C. Adell, C. Hinojosa, A. A. Herod, R. Kandiyoti","doi":"10.2516/OGST:2007081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2516/OGST:2007081","url":null,"abstract":"Catalyst deactivation by coke deposition has a direct impact on the economic viability of heavy hydrocarbon upgrading processes, such as coal liquefaction and oil residue hydroprocessing. Coke deposition is responsible for rapid loss of catalytic activity and it mostly takes place in the early stages of hydrocracking. The effect of carbonaceous deposition on the catalytic activity of a chromium pillared montmorillonite has been studied in the present work. Its catalytic activity in hydrocracking a coal extract was evaluated based on the boiling point distributions of feed and products obtained by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and their characterisation by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and UV-Fluorescence spectroscopy (UV-F). A large deposition on the catalyst was observed after two successive 2-hour long runs in which the catalyst recovered from the first run was reused in the second. The pillared clay retained its activity even though it showed high carbon loading, a large drop in surface area and complete apparent pore blockage. Some observations may contribute to explain this persistent catalytic activity. First, there is evidence suggesting the dynamic nature of the carbonaceous deposits, which continuously exchange material with the liquid, allowing catalytic activity to continue. Secondly, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) on the used Cr montmorillonite has shown preferential deposition on some regions of the catalyst, which leaves a fraction of the surface relatively exposed. Finally, evidence from SEM coupled to X-ray microanalysis also suggest that deposits are thinner in areas where the active phase of the catalyst is present in higher concentrations. Hydrogenation on the active sites would make the deposits more soluble in the liquid clearing a surrounding area from deposits.","PeriodicalId":19444,"journal":{"name":"Oil & Gas Science and Technology-revue De L Institut Francais Du Petrole","volume":"2 1","pages":"69-78"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84845846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Olefin Metathesis Reactions in Dendrimers","authors":"D. Astruc","doi":"10.1007/978-90-481-3433-5_13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3433-5_13","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19444,"journal":{"name":"Oil & Gas Science and Technology-revue De L Institut Francais Du Petrole","volume":"41 1","pages":"173-184"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79489702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Allocation of CO2 Emissions in Joint Product Industries via Linear Programming: a Refinery Example","authors":"A. T. Nejad","doi":"10.2516/OGST:2007067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2516/OGST:2007067","url":null,"abstract":"In joint product industries such as an oil refinery, there does not exist a unique way to fully allocate the refinery's CO2 emissions to its oil products. Under certain conditions, however, refinery linear programming (LP) models can provide a relevant and unique allocation procedure based on the marginal contribution of each oil product to the total CO2 emissions. In this particular case, the marginal CO2 allocations can be directly used for Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) purposes. In this paper, we apply the marginal allocation methodology to the oil refinery LP model developed by the Institut francais du petrole (IFP) to evaluate and compare the CO2 emissions associated with different oil products. We also study the consequences of the degeneracy phenomenon on the obtained results. Finally, the limitations of this approach for short-run decisions are discussed.","PeriodicalId":19444,"journal":{"name":"Oil & Gas Science and Technology-revue De L Institut Francais Du Petrole","volume":"27 1","pages":"653-662"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75796544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predicting the Hydrate Stability Zones of Natural Gases Using Artificial Neural Networks","authors":"A. Chapoy, A. Mohammadi, D. Richon","doi":"10.2516/OGST:2007048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2516/OGST:2007048","url":null,"abstract":"A feed-forward artificial neural network with 19 input variables (temperature, gas hydrate structure, gas composition and inhibitor concentration in aqueous phase) and 35 neurons in single hidden layer has been developed for estimating hydrate dissociation pressures of natural gases in the presence/absence of inhibitor aqueous solutions. The model has been developed using 3296 hydrate dissociation data gathered from the literature. The reliability of the method has been examined using independent experimental data (not used in training and developing the model). It is shown that the results of predictions are in acceptable agreement with experimental data indicating the capability of the artificial neural network for estimating hydrate stability zones of natural gases.","PeriodicalId":19444,"journal":{"name":"Oil & Gas Science and Technology-revue De L Institut Francais Du Petrole","volume":"71 7","pages":"701-706"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72582269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling and Control of Turbocharged SI and DI Engines","authors":"L. Eriksson","doi":"10.2516/OGST:2007042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2516/OGST:2007042","url":null,"abstract":"A component based modeling methodology for turbocharged engines is described and applied. Several component models are compiled and reviewed. In addition new models are developed for the compressor efficiency, compressor flow, and turbine flow. Two application examples are finally given where the modeling methodology and the component models have been used. The applications are, firstly, observer design and air/fuel ratio control of SI engines and, secondly, control design of DI engines with VGT and EGR.","PeriodicalId":19444,"journal":{"name":"Oil & Gas Science and Technology-revue De L Institut Francais Du Petrole","volume":"68 1","pages":"523-538"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74317458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}