Odontology最新文献

{"title":"Construction of a predictive model for the transition from irreversible pulpitis to periodontal-involved disease.","authors":"Jinxin Zheng, Bin Yin, Pingping Bao","doi":"10.1007/s10266-025-01061-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10266-025-01061-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Irreversible pulpitis can develop into pulp necrosis, causing apical periodontitis (AP). The progression of apical periodontitis is always accompanied by periodontal disease. Many similar inflammatory response pathways are involved in both apical periodontitis (AP) and periodontal disease. The infiltration of specific immune cells and the activation of immune responses are thought to play important roles in the transition from irreversible pulpitis to AP and periodontal-related diseases. This study explored immune response characteristics during the transformation of pulpitis to periodontal disease. The study also constructed a predictive model by combining known clinical and imaging indicators related to this transformation. Gene expression data related to irreversible pulpitis, apical periodontitis, and periodontal disease were extracted from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were compared and identified. KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) enrichment analysis was performed to identify immune-related pathways. Key gene signatures were screened, and a retrospective research strategy was used to collect 80 samples from patients with irreversible pulpitis. Information about pulp sensation test indicators, caries depth, root canal curvature, and inflammation indices of the patients were combined, and a logistic regression model of clinical periodontal disease was created. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to evaluate the predictive performance of the model. Five genes were identified as common gene signatures during the transition from pulpitis to apical periodontitis and periodontal-involved disease. Following regression and ROC analyses revealed the expression of four genes, and the electric pulp test (EPT) value formed a predictive model with the best specificity and sensitivity in predicting the occurrence of apical periodontitis. A prognostic model was constructed and evaluated for predicting the transition from pulpitis to periodontal disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":19390,"journal":{"name":"Odontology","volume":" ","pages":"1296-1306"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143365334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy of irrigation activation methods in removal of bioceramic-based sealer in retreatment.","authors":"Büşra Nur Cıkrık, Selen İnce Yusufoğlu","doi":"10.1007/s10266-025-01054-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10266-025-01054-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In cases where initial root canal therapy is unsuccessful, retreatment is the first treatment choice. However, when bioceramic-based sealers have been used in the initial treatment, their complete removal can be challenging. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of three final irrigation activation methods-conventional needle irrigation, passive ultrasonic activation, and EDDY activation-using a scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) to evaluate the removal of bioceramic-based sealers after retreatment. A total of 108 single-rooted teeth were prepared using ProTaper Next rotary files. The samples were obturated with either MTAFillapex or BioSerra (n = 54) and stored for 2 weeks post-obturation. After the retreatment procedures, the teeth were divided into six groups (n = 18 per group) based on final irrigation activation method used. Group1:MTAFillapex-CNI, Group2:BioSerra-CNI, Group3:MTAFillapex-EDDY, Group4:Bioserra-EDDY, Group5:MTAFillapex-UltraX, Group6:Bioserra-UltraX. The roots were sectioned longitudinally, and the coronal, middle and apical parts were investigated under a SEM. The data were then statistically analysed. The EDDY activation technique proved significantly more effective in removing MTA Fillapex across all sections of the root canal (p < 0.001). In contrast, Ultra-X was more effective in removing Bioserra in the middle and apical sections (p = 0.003, p < 0.001). These findings suggest that activation procedures may be preferable for removing bioceramic-based root canal sealer.</p>","PeriodicalId":19390,"journal":{"name":"Odontology","volume":" ","pages":"1119-1127"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12178959/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143374483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis, characterization and evaluation of experimental dental composite resin modified by grapefruit seed extract-mediated TiO₂ nanoparticles: green approach.","authors":"Dina Ezzat, Mai Samy Sheta, El-Refaie Kenawy, Mohammed A Eid, Hend Elkafrawy","doi":"10.1007/s10266-025-01058-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10266-025-01058-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dental composite resins often face challenges related to secondary caries, polymerization shrinkage and fracture failure. This study aimed to synthesize an experimental composite resin modified with grapefruit seed extract-mediated titanium dioxide nanoparticles (GSE-TiO₂NPs) and evaluate its antibacterial activity and mechanical and physical properties. Green synthesis of TiO₂ nanoparticles was conducted utilizing GSE. The chemical profile of GSE was identified through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The as-prepared nanoparticles were incorporated into experimental composites at concentrations of 10 wt.% (10 wt.% GSE-TiO₂NPs group) and 20 wt.% (20 wt.% GSE-TiO₂NPs group), with an unmodified composite as the control group. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed the morphology and size of synthesized nanoparticles, with SEM revealing uniform particle distribution in the composite. Antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans was assessed using the agar disc diffusion method. Mechanical properties, including flexural strength (FS) and flexural modulus (FM), were evaluated according to ISO 4049 standards. Microhardness was tested according to the American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM E-384:1999) criteria. Polymerization shrinkage was measured using the strain gauge method. Modified composites exhibited significantly greater antibacterial activity against S. mutans compared to the control (p < 0.001). The 10 wt.% GSE-TiO₂NPs group demonstrated increased FS and FM values compared to the control group (p < 0.05). All groups surpassed the clinically acceptable microhardness threshold without significant differences (p = 0.588). Polymerization shrinkage was reduced in the modified groups (p < 0.01), with the 20 wt.% GSE-TiO₂NPs group showing the lowest value (13.06 ± 0.92%). Incorporating GSE-TiO₂NPs into composite resins enhances antibacterial activity, improves mechanical properties, and reduces polymerization shrinkage, suggesting a promising approach for developing advanced dental materials with integrated natural bioactive components.</p>","PeriodicalId":19390,"journal":{"name":"Odontology","volume":" ","pages":"1148-1164"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12178990/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143441590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stress distribution in restored mandibular molars with external cervical resorption: a finite element analysis.","authors":"Tuğrul Aslan, Emir Esim, Yakup Üstün","doi":"10.1007/s10266-024-01029-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10266-024-01029-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study evaluates the stress distribution in mandibular molar teeth with external cervical resorption restored using various restorative and biomimetic materials through finite element analysis. A mandibular first molar was scanned to create a 3D model. 'Class 2Bp' external cervical resorption defects were simulated on the buccal aspect and restored with different materials. Composite resin or highly viscous glass ionomer cement restored the coronal portion, while mineral-trioxide-aggregate, Biodentine, BioAggregate, or glass-ionomer cement filled the radicular portion. Models representing unrestored external cervical resorption and intact teeth were also created. Access cavities were restored with composite resin in all models except the intact tooth model. This computational simulation study used finite element analysis (ANSYS) to assess stress distribution in mandibular molars with external cervical resorption. A 300 N oblique force, directed buccally at a 45° angle, was applied to simulate masticatory forces, and von Mises stresses were evaluated in the resorption regions to compare materials' performance in terms of stress concentration and tooth integrity. Similar stress distributions were observed when restoring the coronal portion with composite resin or highly-viscous glass ionomer cement. Stress decreased with mineral-trioxide-aggregate or glass-ionomer cement in the radicular portion compared to Biodentine and BioAggregate. Restored and intact tooth models experienced lower stresses than unrestored tooth. All tested models were considered safe, except the unrestored external cervical resorption model. Restored external cervical resorption models are generally safe; however, using mineral-trioxide-aggregate or glass-ionomer cement in the radicular portion may slightly reduce stress in external cervical resorption regions.</p>","PeriodicalId":19390,"journal":{"name":"Odontology","volume":" ","pages":"984-995"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142786302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating key predictors of anatomical complexity in mandibular incisors: insights from CBCT analysis considering premolar anatomy, sex, and age.","authors":"Breno Araujo Borges Castro, Bruno Guimarães Costa, Francielle Silvestre Verner, Lílian Azevedo de Souza, Rafaela Caires Santos, Rafael Binato Junqueira","doi":"10.1007/s10266-025-01062-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10266-025-01062-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Understanding the impact of premolar root anatomy, sex, and age on incisor complexity can aid in developing tailored diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. This study evaluated if the anatomical complexity of mandibular premolars, sex and age can predict the anatomical complexity in mandibular incisors. Using CBCT scans, 3944 mandibular incisors from 493 patients were analyzed. Intra and inter-examiner reproducibility was confirmed using weighted Kappa tests. A mixed predictive model was employed to assess whether premolar root anatomy, sex, or age could predict incisor complexity (α = 0.05). The variables that influenced the presence of complex anatomical morphology in central and lateral incisors were 2^nd premolar, 1^st premolar and sex, increasing the odds that the central incisors had a complex anatomical morphology in 2.16, 1.69 and 0.47 times, respectively. These odds increased 1.86, 1.92 and 0.69 times, respectively for lateral. There was no age association with incisor complexity, suggesting that anatomical complexity is primarily influenced by fixed structural characteristics rather than age-related changes. The anatomical complexity of mandibular premolars and the sex (male) were able to predict the occurrence of anatomical complexity in mandibular incisors.</p>","PeriodicalId":19390,"journal":{"name":"Odontology","volume":" ","pages":"1307-1313"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143066792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of irrigation needle design on cleaning efficiency in 3D mandibular molar models.","authors":"Alessandra Baasch, Ana Ramírez-Muñoz, Natalia Navarrete, Mar Navarro-Candel, Juan M Koury-González, Osyanel Esteves-Nieves, Gaya C S Vieira, Alejandro R Pérez","doi":"10.1007/s10266-025-01064-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10266-025-01064-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of various endodontic irrigation needles in removing residual tissue from root canals, focusing on the apical, middle, and coronal thirds. Forty 3D resin replicas of mandibular molars (n = 10/group) were divided into four distinct needle types: an open-ended needle, a closed-ended and lateral-vented needle, a closed-ended and double lateral-vented needle, and a polyethylene irriFlex needle with a double lateral outlets. A 30G NaviTip needle uniformly filled the canal system, delivering the artificial biofilm mixture formulated with a hydrogel. Then, the pre- and post-irrigation images were assessed quantitatively to measure tissue removal and qualitatively to determine the presence or absence of tissue remnants. The open-ended needle significantly (p < 0.05) removed tissue across the entire canal length. Open-ended and polyethylene irriFlex needles were more effective in the apical region than closed-ended needles (p < 0.05). Specifically, in the apical third, the percentages of remaining tissue were 23.7% for the open-ended and 26.8% for the irriFlex needle, compared to 53.9% and 44.9% for the closed-ended needles. The open-ended needle showed superior efficacy in the middle and coronal regions (p < 0.01). Qualitatively, only one sample was completely free of tissue in the entire root canal and one in the apical third. The open-ended needle demonstrated superior cleaning efficacy in the root canal, particularly in the middle and coronal regions, while the irriFlex needle performed better in the apical region than closed-ended needles. These results showed the importance of needle type in effective root canal irrigation. This study indicates that needle type significantly affects tissue removal in endodontic irrigation; open-ended and polyethylene needles are most effective in apical canals.</p>","PeriodicalId":19390,"journal":{"name":"Odontology","volume":" ","pages":"1180-1188"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143382883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metrics for prosthetic cervical margin integrity assessment after dental CAD/CAM milling: a critical analysis from engineering viewpoint.","authors":"Nicolas Lebon, Laurent Tapie","doi":"10.1007/s10266-025-01066-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10266-025-01066-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dental prostheses have significantly evolved due to advances in Computer Aided Design and Manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technology. CAD/CAM systems provide a variety of biomaterials like ceramics, Polymer-Infiltrated Ceramic Network (PICN), and composites, which are preferred for their mechanical and aesthetic properties. However, ceramics, despite their popularity, are brittle and prone to chipping during the machining process, impacting the prosthesis's clinical functions, aesthetics, biological integrity, and mechanical performance. Chipping, especially at thin cervical margin, can cause visible defects, poor sealing, and bacterial growth, reducing prosthesis lifespan. Milling factors influence cervical margin integrity. Chipping assessment involves understanding biomaterial mechanical and machinability characteristics regarding dimensional characterization of milled prosthesis shape. Thus, different type of metrics, based on biomaterial properties or dimensional measurement can be used to assess chipping phenomenon for milled dental ceramics. These metrics are both, based on experimental studies found in literature, and proposed by this paper authors to fill the existing lacks. The brittleness index, based on the ratio between hardness and fracture toughness, predicts susceptibility to chipping after milling. Unidirectional dimensional metrics like the Chipping Factor and weighted Chipping Factor characterize the chipping ratio of the cervical margin. Advanced 2D and 3D metrics, including chip projected area, total weighted chip projected area, and Surface Aspect Ratio, offer more detailed assessments. 3D analysis involves comparing scanned files with CAD models to compute chipped volumes. The aim of this paper is to propose a critical analysis from an engineering viewpoint on metrics used to assess cervical margin integrity for milled dental prosthesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":19390,"journal":{"name":"Odontology","volume":" ","pages":"1220-1231"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143399713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TiO₂ nanotubes incorporated into a glaze-coating ceramic: surface roughness, color, and antibiofilm activity.","authors":"Mayara Zaghi Dal Picolo, Carolina Bosso Andre, Kamila Rosamilia Kantovitz, Gabriela Luiza Moreira Carvalho, Bruna Carolina Costa, Paulo Noronha Lisboa-Filho, Vanessa Cavalli","doi":"10.1007/s10266-024-01037-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10266-024-01037-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study evaluated the surface roughness, color change, and antibacterial effect of a ceramic glaze enhanced with TiO₂ nanotubes (n-TiO₂). n-TiO₂ (0, 2, 2.5, and 5 wt%) was added to a ceramic glaze powder, applied to the surface of forty feldspathic ceramic specimens, and sintered. The surface roughness average (Ra) before glaze application (T0) and after glaze crystallization (T1) was measured using a profilometer. The colorimetric alteration was determined by CIEDE2000 (ΔE₀₀) and CIELab (ΔEab), and the whiteness index for dentistry (ΔW_ID). The antibacterial effect against S. mutans and S. sanguinis was evaluated (CFU/mL). Data were analyzed by two-way repeated-measures ANOVA, followed by the Bonferroni test (α = 0.05). No differences in ΔE_ab and ΔE₀₀ were observed among groups (p > 0.05), and ΔW_ID was only affected by 5% n-TiO₂. All groups surpassed the perception thresholds of 1.8 (ΔE₀₀) and 2.3 (ΔE_ab). At T0, no Ra differences were detected among groups (p > 0.05). In T1, Ra decreased (p < 005) compared to T0, but 5% n-TiO₂ increased roughness compared to the control group (without n-TiO₂). The incorporation of n-TiO₂ into the glaze powder did not impair bacteria adhesion, and no differences in biofilm formation were found among the concentrations (p < 0.05). The ceramic covered with a glaze containing 5% n-TiO₂ caused minimal interference in the color and roughness with no effect on biofilm formation.</p>","PeriodicalId":19390,"journal":{"name":"Odontology","volume":" ","pages":"1021-1028"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142818777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polymorphisms in nanog are associated with oral leukoplakia: case-control study.","authors":"Arieli Carini Michels, Suelen Teixeira Scheifer, Fernanda Tiboni, Filipe Modolo, Emanuela Carla Dos Santos, Rafaela Scariot, Maria Cassia Ferreira Aguiar, Sergio Aparecido Ignácio, Lucia de Noronha, Mariana Hornung Marins, Bruno Correia Jham, Cleber Machado de Souza, Aline Cristina Batista Rodrigues Johann","doi":"10.1007/s10266-024-01044-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10266-024-01044-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To investigate the association of NANOG polymorphisms with oral leukoplakia. In this case-control study, 68 cases of oral leukoplakia, and 21 of normal oral mucosa (control) were submitted to genotyping of tagSNPs polymorphisms: rs877716 and rs10845877 in NANOG, through real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Pearson's chi-squared and Fisher's exact statistical tests were used, with a significance of 5%. For the dominant genetic model of the G allele of rs877716, the genotypes AG + GG revealed higher frequency in subjects in the oral leukoplakia group than in control subjects (75,4 and 50% respectively; p = 0,031). Subjects with this genotype were 3,063 times more likely to develop oral leukoplakia compared to subjects with AA. In the allelic genetic model, for rs10845877, the C allele was more frequent in subjects with leukoplakia than in control subjects (25 and 7, 5% respectively; p = 0, 01). There was no association found in the other genetic models. Polymorphisms in NANOG are associated with oral leukoplakia.</p>","PeriodicalId":19390,"journal":{"name":"Odontology","volume":" ","pages":"1263-1268"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142877558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of hydrogen peroxide diffusion in the pulp chamber, bleaching efficacy, and physicochemical properties of an experimental in-office bleaching gel containing a hydroxyapatite-capsaicin composite.","authors":"Karine L Silva, Diego Hortkoff, Gabriele Gorte, Fernanda Gumy, Michael W Favoreto, Alessandro D Loguercio, Paulo V Farago","doi":"10.1007/s10266-024-01022-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10266-024-01022-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study assessed the hydrogen peroxide (HP) diffusion into the pulp chamber, bleaching efficacy (BE), surface roughness (Ra), and Knoop microhardness (KHN) of an experimental bleaching gel containing a hydroxyapatite-capsaicin composite (HAp-CAP). Human premolars were randomly assigned to three groups (n = 9) based on the dental bleaching gel used (50 min; one session): only 35% HP, 35% HP + HAp-CAP, and not exposed to bleaching (negative control; NC). HP diffusion (µg/mL) into the pulp chamber was assessed using UV-Vis spectrophotometry, and BE (ΔE_ab, ΔE₀₀, and WI_D) was evaluated using a digital spectrophotometer. Human molars were used to determine Ra and KHN before and 7 days after the bleaching procedure, and for Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) analyses. A paired t-test or t-test was used for statistical analysis (α = 0.05). A higher amount of HP into the pulp chamber and significant BE (ΔE_ab, ΔE₀₀, and WI_D) were observed for 35% HP and 35% HP + HAp-CAP compared to NC (p < 0.001), with no significant difference between them (p > 0.05). SEM and EDS demonstrated material deposition on the enamel surface after bleaching for 35% HP + HAp-CAP, which helped maintain the KHN (p > 0.05). Furthermore, Ra increased for both groups (p < 0.05). The 35% HP + HAp-CAP did not decrease HP diffusion into the pulp chamber, reduced KHN values, and increased Ra. Material deposition on the enamel surface was observed, and BE was effective.</p>","PeriodicalId":19390,"journal":{"name":"Odontology","volume":" ","pages":"944-955"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142687778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}