Nigerian Journal of Natural Products and Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Acuminatoside: a new anticancer compound from the maiden breast plant","authors":"A. Oriola, A. J. Aladesanmi, T. Idowu, G. Arthur","doi":"10.4314/NJNPM.V20I1.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/NJNPM.V20I1.19","url":null,"abstract":"Cancer is currently a leading cause of death worldwide. In Nigeria, one out of every one hundred people lives with cancer. Among various cancer types is prostate cancer, the number one reported cancer cases and the second leading cause of cancer mortality in men worldwide. The maiden breast plant, Massularia acuminata used in the African and Chinese ethno-medicines as fish poison and for the management of cancer. The root, stem, and leaf of M. acuminata were extracted separately with 80% ethanol by maceration. The three extracts were tested against Prostate cancer cell line DU 145 at concentrations 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, and 250 μg/mL in five replicates, using methanethiosulphonate assay (MTS, Promega®). All extracts and isolated compound were compared with standard drug (chlorambucil, 150 μg/mL). The leaf extract (M L ) was the most anticancer active. M L demonstrated significant ( P <0.05) percentage reduction in viable prostate cancer cell with a CC 50 = 225.05±2.25 μg/mL. However, it was significantly ( P < 0.05) lower in activity when compared to chlorambucil (CC 50 ≥ 135.05 μg/mL). An activity-guided column chromatographic fractionation of the leaf extract (ML) monitored with TLC bioautography afforded a brown semi-solid compound characterized as 4-(3'', 3''-dihydroxy-1-mercaptopropyl) phenyl glucosylpyranoside. This compound was identified as a new phenolic glycoside, and named “acuminatoside”. At 250 μg/mL, acuminatoside demonstrated significant ( P < 0.05) reduction (75.28±4.76 %) in viable prostate cancer cells. This is the first validation of M. acuminata as an anticancer agent against Prostate cancer. Keywords: Acuminatoside, anticancer compound, maiden breast plant, MTS assay, DU-145","PeriodicalId":19356,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Natural Products and Medicine","volume":"44 1","pages":"116-120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79265488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Larvicidal and ovicidal properties of some plants from asteraceae family against zika virus, dengue and chikungunya vector, Aedes aegypti Linn. (diptera: culicidae)","authors":"D. Adediji, J. Agbedahunsi, F. Adewoyin","doi":"10.4314/njnpm.v20i1.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/njnpm.v20i1.7","url":null,"abstract":"This study was carried out to evaluate the larvicidal and ovicidal activities of leaves extract from Aspilia africana (Pers.) C. D. Adams, Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray, Vernonia amygdalina Del., Tridax procumbens Linn., Vernonia cinerea (Linn.) Less, Struchium sparganophora (Linn.) Kuntze, Ageratum conyzoides Linn., Melanthera scandens (Schum et Thonn.) Roberty, Chromolaena odorata (Linn.) Hassk, Emilia coccinea (Sims) G.Don, Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn, Launaea taraxacifolia (Willd.) Amin ex C, Jeffrey, Senecio biafrae Oliv. & Hiern, Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth.) S.Moore, Eclipta alba (Linn.) Hassk, Spilanthes filicaulis (Schumach. & Thonn.) C.D.Adams, Acanthospermum hispidum D.C. and Bidens pilosa Linn. all inAsteraceae family. The extracts were all tested against Aedes aegypti Linn. eggs and larvae. Twenty each were counted into each of the various concentrations of the eighteen aqueous plant extracts: 62.5, 125, 250, 500, and 1000 mg/L.They were each put in a labeled transparent bowl (300ml). The hatch rates were assessed at 48 hours post-treatment while the percentage mortality of 2nd instar larvae was determined 24 hours post treatment. Spilanthes filicaulis exerted 100% mortality at 1000, 500 and 250 mg/L while Bidens pilosa and Acanthospermum hispidum exerted 100% mortality at 1000 and 500mg/L. Zero percent hatchability was recorded for Spilanthes filicaulis , Bidens pilosa and Acanthospermum hispidum at 1000 and 500 mg/L.The order of increasing larvicidal activity (percent mortality) is Spilanthes filicaulis (100.00 ± 0.0) > Bidens pilosa (71.25 ± 1.3) > Acanthospermum hispidum (58.75 ± 2.4) at 1000mg/L. Other plant extracts showed little or no mortality. Our findings suggest that the aqueous leaf extracts of Spilanthes filicaulis , Bidens pilosa and Acanthospermum hispidum were very effective against eggs and larvae of this important vector specie. The leaf extract of these plants therefore could be a potential source of herbal larvicide for vector control and could be used in integrated vector management which is being encouraged by WHO. Keywords: Leaf; Aqueous Extracts; Nigerian Asteraceae Plants; Larvicidal Activities; Ovicidal Activities; Aedes aegypti ; Plant Larvicides","PeriodicalId":19356,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Natural Products and Medicine","volume":"6 1","pages":"37-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74466136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Radical scavenging and cytotoxicity evaluation of eight extracts of Citrus limon and Citrus aurantifolia","authors":"E. Ajaiyeoba, K. Salawu, O. Ogbole, J. Adeniji","doi":"10.4314/njnpm.v20i1.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/njnpm.v20i1.20","url":null,"abstract":"Cancer is a global cause of death characterized by uncontrolled proliferation and spread of abnormal cells. Eight extracts composed of the leaf, stem bark, seeds and juice of each of Citrus limon and C. aurantifolia were subjected to in vitro antioxidant assay using DPPH, brine shrimp lethality bioassay (BSL) and cytotoxicity MTT colorimetric assay using human cancer cell lines. Extracts of C. aurantifolia stem bark and leaf had IC 50 of 28.2±0.11 and 47.2±0.39μg/mL, respectively and displayed better radical scavenging activity compared to the other extracts, Ascorbic acid, the reference drug, had an IC 50 of 9.2±0.14 μg/mL. Citrus limon stem bark (LC 50 =10.0±0.33) and C. limon leaf (LC 50 = 5.0±0.74 μg/mL) extracts were observed to be strongly cytotoxic compared to cyclophosphamide (LC 50 =98.76±0.15 μg/mL), while the other extracts were either non, weakly, or moderately toxic in BSL assay. Citrus aurantifolia leaf extract (CC 50 =4.02±2.85 μg/mL, CC 50 =5.45±2.8 μg/mL) retained a comparable cytotoxicity to cyclophosphamide (CC 50 =2.23±0.14 μg/ mL, CC 50 =2.66±0.8 μg/mL) on Rd and Hep-2c human cancer cell lines, respectively. The other extracts exhibited varying degrees of cytotoxicity. This study demonstrated that the extracts of both Citrus species had weak DPPH radical scavenging activity. Citrus aurantifolia leaf extract displayed potent toxicity in BSL assay and on the two human cancer cell lines; Rd and Hep-2c used in the study and were selective to cancer cells than the normal cell, Vero. Keywords: Citrus limon , Citrus aurantifolia , DPPH Antioxidant, Brine Shrimp Lethality, Human cancer cell lines","PeriodicalId":19356,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Natural Products and Medicine","volume":"10 1","pages":"121-127"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88682521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phytochemical assessment and utilization of African porridge ( Tetrapluera tetraptera ) fruits by broiler chickens","authors":"E. Ndelekwute, U. Unah, E. Assam, E. Silas, A. Okonkwo","doi":"10.4314/NJNPM.V20I1.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/NJNPM.V20I1.9","url":null,"abstract":"An experiment was conducted to determine the proximate and photochemical composition of dry milled African porridge ( Tetrapluera tetraptera ) fruit pod and its effect on growth performance of broiler chickens. One hundred and twenty-day old mixed sex chicks of Ross strain were used. There were 4 dietary treatments. Treatment 1 (control) contained no T. tetraptera ; treatments 2 to 4 contained 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5g/kg T. tetraptera respectively. Each treatment was replicated three times with 10 birds per replicate in a complete randomized design (CRD). Feed and water were given ad libitum for 8 weeks. The pod contained 6.70% crude protein, 1.44% ether extract, 4.62% crude fibre, 74.17% nitrogen free extract, and 5.96mg/100g hydrogen cyanide and 4.06mg/ 100g tannins. At the starter phase, final live weight was significantly (P 0.05) affected. Feed: gain ratio was also negatively affected by all the levels of T. tetraptera , with the control having significantly (P 0.05) in control, 2.5 and 5.0g/kg. Feed intake was reduced by addition of T. tetraptera with 7.5g/kg giving the least intake. Feed: gain ratio was not significantly (P>0.05) affected by T. tetraptera . In conclusion, 2.5% of T. tetraptera could be used in broiler diets and is recommended. Keywords: African porridge, broiler chickens, phytochemical, Tetrapluera tetraptera","PeriodicalId":19356,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Natural Products and Medicine","volume":"70 1","pages":"52-55"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81377021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anticholinesterase activities of methanol extract and partitioned fractions of Acanthospermum hispidum DC","authors":"T. Elufioye, S. C. Machie","doi":"10.4314/NJNPM.V20I1.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/NJNPM.V20I1.12","url":null,"abstract":"Age related memory loss is a common occurrence in traditional medical practice and several medicinal plants have been used over the years for managing it. Acanthospermum hispidum DC (Asteraceae) is a medicinal plant that has been included in traditional preparations used in the management of memory loss. In clinical practice however, anticholinesterases have remained relevant in managing memory and cognition dysfunction associated both with old age and certain neurodegenerative diseases. In vitro anticholinesterase activity of extracts and fractions of A. hispidum was done using Ellman’s colorimetric and TLC bioautography assay with eserine as control. The ethyl acetate fraction of A. hispidum showed highest inhibition to acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase (91.11% and 64.31%, respectively) in a concentration-dependent manner. A. hispidum presents a good prospect in the development of cholinesterase inhibitors for the management of memory-related disorders. Keywords: Acanthospermum hispidum , Anticholinesterase, acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase","PeriodicalId":19356,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Natural Products and Medicine","volume":"225 1","pages":"67-72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82744650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antimicrobial activity of eleagnine isolated from the seed cotyledons of Chrysophyllum albidum","authors":"E. O. Medu, T. Idowu, A. Oyedele, S. Adesanya, A. Ogundaini, G. Onawunmi","doi":"10.4314/njnpm.v20i1.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/njnpm.v20i1.5","url":null,"abstract":"This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of eleagnine, a β -carboline alkaloid isolated from seed cotyledons of Chrysophyllum albidum G. Don Holl (Sapotaceae), and determined factors affecting it. Antimicrobial activities of eleagnine were determined using the agar diffusion and microdilution methods against selected typed organisms ( Bacillus subtilis , Staphylococcus aureus , Escherichia coli , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Candida spp.), clinical isolates ( S. aureus , E. coli ) and Trichophyton. The effects of inoculum size and pH on the bacteriostatic activity were studied using agar and broth dilution methods. Bactericidal/fungicidal activities were also evaluated using viable count technique. Cytotoxicity was determined using brine shrimp lethality test. Eleagnine showed higher bacteriostatic activity against Gram-positive organisms and Candida spp. than Gram-negative bacteria but showed no activity against Trichophyton. The MIC of eleagnine obtained by microdilution tests ranged from 9.77 μ g/mL against S. aureus , 156.25 μ g/mL for C. albicans to 312.5 μ g/mL for E. coli and P. aeruginosa . Inoculum size (10 5 -10 7 orgs/mL) did not appreciably affect activity but pH from 5.85 to 8.09 increased the activity against S. aureus and E. coli , suggesting the unionized form as the active compound. Eleagnine (100-400 μ g/mL) produced a 4-5 log survivor reduction of S. aureus and E. coli in 30 min. LC 50 of eleagnine was 18.8 mg/mL indicating minimal cytotoxicity. This study showed that eleagnine is bactericidal with low cytotoxicity. Factors affecting its activity (pH, solvent) could be optimized in developing effective antimicrobial products alone or in combination with other agents. Keywords: Eleagnine, Chrysophyllum albidum , antimicrobial, inoculum size, pH","PeriodicalId":19356,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Natural Products and Medicine","volume":"36 1","pages":"27-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76354008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fuzzy-based dosage model of aqueous decoction of Adansonia digitata for the management of sickle cell anaemia patients in African Traditional Medicine","authors":"C. Agbonkhese, H. Soriyan, O. Oyelami","doi":"10.4314/NJNPM.V20I1.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/NJNPM.V20I1.22","url":null,"abstract":"In recent time, fuzzy logic-based systems have been deployed in the area of orthodox medicine; especially in situations where precision is most valuable such as kidney transplant, diagnosis of ailments, drug prescription, etc. However, in the area of traditional medicine, no much attention has been given to its enhancement with the use of information technology especially in the area of herbal prescription. In this study, a fuzzy logic-based system is presented, which is used to simulate a prescription model for determining the precise herbal dose suitable for the management of patients suffering from Sickle Cell Disease (SCD). Data on the management of SCD patients were collected from forty Traditional Medical Practitioners (TMPs) at four different local government areas of Edo State, Nigeria. The mass of herb and volume of solvent were used as input parameters to design the dosage model, and simulated using MATLAB. The Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) results obtained for some patients were compared to the prescription given by the TMPs. The results show that the model will eliminate the ordeals of imprecision associated with the management of SCD patients in Nigeria using herbs. Keywords: African Traditional Medicine, Traditional Medicine, Traditional Medical Practitioners, Sickle Cell Disease, Fuzzy logic, Measurement","PeriodicalId":19356,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Natural Products and Medicine","volume":"28 1","pages":"140-145"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84656993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combination with Tadalafil reduces the aphrodisiac activity of Cola acuminata and Garcinia cola in rats","authors":"O. Adeyemi, O. Ige, A. Olowu, C. Adebajo","doi":"10.4314/NJNPM.V20I0.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/NJNPM.V20I0.25","url":null,"abstract":"Statistically, male infertility is increasing in almost every part of the world. Modern medicine provides nutritional, physiological and psychopharmacological treatment, however, many of them produce negative side effects. LD50 of Cola acuminata was estimated to be 1095.44mg/kg, while that of Garcinia kola was above 5000mg/kg. Fifty male rats were randomized into 10 groups (A-J). Groups A and B served as controls with A receiving distilled water and Tadalafil (5 mg/kg). Groups C-E were administered 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg Cola acuminata aqueous extract, respectively and groups F-H received 100mg/kg, 300 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg of Garcinia kola aqueous extract respectively. On the other hand, Groups I and J received a combination of Tardalafil, with aqueous extract of Cola acuminata, and Garcinia kola respectively. Tadalafil and the extract were administered via the oral route. Sexual behavioural parameters of mount latency, mount frequency, genital grooming, anogenital sniffing, and chasing of female animals were recorded in male rats (one hour after administration of extract) by their interaction with a receptive female (1:1) for an observatory period of 1 hour. Cola acuminata and Garcinia kola showed a dose dependent effect on the sexual behaviours studied. The aphrodisiac properties of the extracts of Cola acuminata and Garcinia kola at appropriate doses can be described as comparable to that of Tadalafil. However, the combination their combinations with Tadalafil showed an attenuation of the aphrodisiac activities of the plants extract.Keywords: Acute toxicity, Aphrodisiac, Cola acuminata, Garcinia kola, LD50, Tadalafil","PeriodicalId":19356,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Natural Products and Medicine","volume":"9 2 1","pages":"167-173"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76233862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phytotoxic activity of the methanol leaves extract of Paullinia pinnata (Linn.)","authors":"O. A. Salami, M. Fafunso","doi":"10.4314/njnpm.v20i1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/njnpm.v20i1.1","url":null,"abstract":"There is the need for weed management and control through allelopathy since the use of synthetic herbicides affects and is hindered by various factors which include herbicide-resistant weed populations, deleterious effects on non-target as well as soil and water pollution. Paullinia pinnata leaves are employed traditionally for the treatment of various ailments and as fish poison, and may also have herbicidal effects. To investigate this, possible phytotoxic property of the leaves of P. pinnata was explored and this is the aim of this study. The activity of the extract against the growth of Lemna minor was used to investigate the phytotoxic activity. The activity of the methanol extract of P. pinnata leaves against Lemna minor increased in a dose- dependent manner and was significant at 1000 μg/ml. Therefore, the methanol leaves extract of P. pinnata exhibited significant phytotoxic activity. Keywords: Paullinia pinnata , Lemna minor , phytotoxicity","PeriodicalId":19356,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Natural Products and Medicine","volume":"56 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78399154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perception of the knowledge of traditional and herbal medicine among students in the College of Medicine, University of Ilorin, Nigeria","authors":"B. Lawal, A. Agunu","doi":"10.4314/NJNPM.V20I0.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/NJNPM.V20I0.14","url":null,"abstract":"The practice of traditional medicine in Nigeria is widely acceptable and contributes significantly to healthcare delivery, yet, integration and/or corecognition with orthodox medicine is still faced with a lot of challenges. One of the most recommended ways of addressing these challenges include enlightenment on the practice of traditional medicine and opportunities available for the general populace. This study presents a survey of the perception of the knowledge of traditional and herbal medicine among medical and nursing students in the College of Medicine, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria. A total of 159 students were selected for the survey from 200 to 500 level of medical students and nursing students of the College of medicine of the University using a semi structured questionnaire and informal conversation on the respondents. A total of 98 medical students and 61 nursing students consisting of 39% male and 61% female. Ninety-two percent of the respondents have had contact with traditional and herbal medicine although level of interest is 39% low, 49% medium and just 12% high. Majority of the respondents (87%) prefer modern medicine and only 8% prefer herbal medicine. 60% of the respondents will like to take a course in traditional/herbal medicine, but only 9% will actually like to practice traditional medicine. Although majority of the respondents have no knowledge of traditional/herbal medicine, but they are willing to understand the practice. There is therefore need for the incorporation of traditional and herbal medicine into college of medicine curriculum.Keywords: Traditional and herbal medicine, College of medicine, University of Ilorin, Curriculum","PeriodicalId":19356,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Natural Products and Medicine","volume":"27 1","pages":"81-87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76856187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}