NPJ Vaccines最新文献

{"title":"The immunogenicity of pneumococcal conjugate vaccinations in patients with asplenia and hyposplenia: a systematic review.","authors":"B van Put, G E Loe-Sack-Sioe, L G Visser, S P Jochems, A H E Roukens, H Jolink","doi":"10.1038/s41541-026-01514-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41541-026-01514-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) are important preventive tools against invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in asplenic patients. This systematic review assesses current data and knowledge gaps on the immunogenicity of PCVs in asplenic patients. Twenty-seven studies were included assessing post-PCV IgG, opsonophagocytic functionality (OPA), or B-cell responses. We show that PCVs induce a strong serotype-specific IgG and OPA response in asplenic adults and children with various underlying conditions. Data in this review suggest that PPV23 has limited benefits for adults, but has been shown to broaden and boost the vaccine response in children with sickle cell disease. Moreover, we detected a lack of data on B-cell responses post-PCV and the optimal timing for vaccination around splenectomy. In conclusion, administration of PCVs in asplenic patients is supported by this review. The role of PPV23 in asplenic adults is probably limited, which supports the expected replacement of PPV23 by higher valent PCVs.</p>","PeriodicalId":19335,"journal":{"name":"NPJ Vaccines","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148397453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Muscle macrophage regenerative response after squalene-adjuvanted influenza vaccination is associated with type II-skewed response and is reduced with age.","authors":"Moataz Noureddine, Lauren A Chang, Farah El Ayache, Gabriel Laghlali, Eleanor Burgess, Leonie Gruneberg, Prajakta Warang, Kaijun Jiang, Johanna Vandekerckhove, Vivian Yan, Haye Nijhuis, Lynda Coughlan, Bruno G De Geest, Juan Garcia-Bernalt Diego, Seok-Chan Park, Jorge Levican, Michael Schotsaert","doi":"10.1038/s41541-026-01436-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41541-026-01436-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Squalene-based adjuvants like MF59 and AddaVax induce transient muscle injury, but their downstream mechanisms remain unclear. We show that intramuscular injection of a quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (QIV) with AddaVax triggers a muscle regenerative-like immune response, increasing CX3CR1⁺Ly6C⁺ macrophages in muscle and draining lymph nodes within four days. This promotes a type II-skewed immune response, with elevated IgG1 titers and Th2 cytokines in the lungs after influenza challenge. In aged mice, the macrophage response and type II skewing are diminished. Adoptive transfer of young mice bone marrow-derived macrophages into aged mice at vaccination leads to macrophage antigen uptake, lymph node migration, and type II immune bias. However, this restoration does not improve protection against mismatched viral challenge, suggesting additional age-related immune impairments. These findings highlight the role of macrophage-driven muscle regeneration in adjuvant activity and underscore the need to better understand how muscle damage and repair influence intramuscular vaccine efficacy.</p>","PeriodicalId":19335,"journal":{"name":"NPJ Vaccines","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148387794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EGFR mimotope alleviates renal fibrosis by promoting EGFR/RPL6/PCBP2 ternary complex formation.","authors":"Qing Wu, Yu Chen, Di Zhao, Yuxuan Zhou, Zhenhao Yang, Xiaojing Zhong, Jianying Niu, Lin Yang","doi":"10.1038/s41541-026-01513-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41541-026-01513-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signalling plays a crucial role in renal fibrosis. We previously demonstrated that EGFR mimotope vaccination could alleviate renal fibrosis by restoring major histocompatibility complex class IB (MHC-IB) expression in renal tubular epithelial cells and promoting MHC-IB-enriched exosome release. Intriguingly, the mechanism by which the EGFR mimotope affects MHC-IB remains unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that administering purified EGFR mimotope-induced antibodies (EM-pAb) can effectively upregulate ribosomal protein ligand (RPL)-6, poly (rC) binding protein 2 (PCBP2), and MHC-IB in tubular epithelial cells. Mechanistically, the EM-pAb promoted EGFR/ribosomal protein ligand 6 (RPL6)/poly (rC) binding protein 2 (PCBP2) functional ternary complex formation, re-established the binding capability of PCBP2 to MHC-IB β-chain, and further regulated the NK cell population. RPL6 was confirmed as the key orchestrator of the ternary complex formation. Rpl6^CKI mice further revealed the protective role of RPL6 in the animal model of renal fibrosis. RPL6 and kidney function showed a significant correlation in patients with chronic kidney disease. Overall, our findings uncover the signalling pathway by which EGFR modulates MHC-IB and validate the regulatory role of EM-pAb in this signalling pathway, indicating the therapeutic potential of RPL6 in chronic kidney disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":19335,"journal":{"name":"NPJ Vaccines","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148382664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epitope-selective vaccine designs to elicit protective antibodies against the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein.","authors":"Mohammad Naghizadeh, Yevel Flores-Garcia, Reem Moskovitz, Sayit Mahmut Erdogan, Gregory M Martin, Ebenezer Addo Ofori, Jordan Plieskatt, Fabien Cannac, Randall S MacGill, Morten Agertoug Nielsen, Emily Locke, C Richter King, Kazutoyo Miura, Ashley Birkett, Lorraine A Soisson, Adam F Sander, Kristin Skogstrand, Lea Barfod, Berenice Salgado-Jimenez, Nis Borbye-Lorenzen, Ian A Wilson, Andrew B Ward, Fidel Zavala, Michael Theisen","doi":"10.1038/s41541-026-01518-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41541-026-01518-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>P. falciparum (Pf) malaria is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. Recently introduced malaria vaccines, RTS,S/AS01 and R21/Matrix-M, are effective in preventing infection, but their efficacy declines over time. To address this challenge, next-generation vaccine candidates have been designed to improve the functional immunogenicity to the circumsporozoite protein (PfCSP). In this study, we tested multiple hypotheses for improved vaccine design. Immunogens were constructed to target regions containing functional epitopes, and these were displayed on a well-characterized clinically relevant particle display platform. These candidate vaccines were tested in the established infection mouse model in which P. berghei sporozoites have been engineered to contain PfCSP instead of the native PbCSP protein. Our results show that induction of antibodies to the junctional region and the minor and major repeats are all effective at reducing parasite infection of the liver, while antibodies to the C-terminal domain did not contribute to protective immunity. None of the domains showed evidence of antigenic competition when co-administered on separate particles or when expressed on the surface of a single particle. Immunogens expected to allow bivalent antibody binding were potently immunogenic while those with shorter structures permitting only 1-2 Fab binding interactions exhibited poor immunogenicity. No construct was found to be superior to the clinical benchmark RTS,S/AS01 in the mouse model. These results can inform approaches to malaria vaccine design and direct future research.</p>","PeriodicalId":19335,"journal":{"name":"NPJ Vaccines","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148382636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling time-varying efficacy of RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine across trial settings.","authors":"Ziwei Zhao, Paul Milligan, Yin Bun Cheung","doi":"10.1038/s41541-026-01519-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41541-026-01519-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Correctly evaluating how vaccine efficacy (VE) changes over time is important for understanding long-term protection and guiding vaccination strategies. Using the 18-month pre-booster data from the multi-center RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine trial, we examined how different approaches of modeling time-varying VE affect the interpretation of vaccine protection. Four commonly used linear-in-parameter functions and a four-parameter monotonic function were evaluated and compared with semi-parametric spline benchmarks. Across study sites, the four-parameter function was favored when a sufficient number of clinical malaria episodes were observed. Different VE specifications led to substantially different estimates of vaccine impact under a seasonal delivery strategy. Across settings with a sufficient number of episodes, the four-parameter model recovered an inverse-sigmoid pattern of RTS,S/AS01 protection over 18 months, with rapid early decline followed by stabilization at 20-40%. These findings show that modeling choices influence interpretation of vaccine protection and support the four-parameter approach as a parsimonious, biologically-interpretable parametric form for characterizing waning VE in the RTS,S/AS01 setting, with broader applicability across other vaccine platforms requiring further evaluation.</p>","PeriodicalId":19335,"journal":{"name":"NPJ Vaccines","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148382418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mapping SARS-CoV-2 immunity after an XBB.1.5 booster by antigenic cartography of merged human and hamster sera.","authors":"Marta Bermejo-Jambrina, Antonia Netzl, Ludwig Knabl, Melanie M Schmitt, Annika Rössler, Gagandeep Singh, Seok-Chan Park, Michael Schotsaert, Anna Mykytyn, Bart L Haagmans, Wegene Borena, Derek J Smith, Janine Kimpel","doi":"10.1038/s41541-026-01516-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41541-026-01516-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The ongoing evolution of SARS-CoV-2, particularly the emergence and rapid spread of new immune-evasive variants, continues to challenge the durability of vaccine-induced protection. Understanding how repeated variant exposures shape neutralizing antibody breadth is therefore essential for optimizing booster design. Here, we investigated polyclonal neutralizing antibody responses in individuals who received a bivalent (ancestral + BA.4/5) boost followed by an additional monovalent XBB.1.5 boost, with and without breakthrough infection, against a diverse panel of SARS-CoV-2 variants. To visualize human multi-exposure immunity in antigenic space via antibody landscapes, we extended our existing human sera-based antigenic map with hamster sera infected with more recent variants. The hamster sera allowed us to map BA.2.86 and JN.1 variants, which largely escape human single exposure sera. Our analysis of human multi-exposure sera revealed that the number and type of exposures significantly shaped antibody landscapes. The XBB.1.5 booster immunization notably increased neutralizing antibody titers across variants, elevating the height of the antibody landscape. However, titers against more recent Omicron variants, such as JN.1, were low despite booster administration. These findings highlight the dynamic nature of SARS-CoV-2 immunity and emphasize the need for continuous monitoring and adaptation of vaccine strategies to maintain effective protection against emerging variants.</p>","PeriodicalId":19335,"journal":{"name":"NPJ Vaccines","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148369358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oral contraceptive usage among healthcare workers and its impact on COVID-19 booster vaccination immunogenicity.","authors":"Isabell Wagenhäuser, Julia Reusch, Juliane Mees, Lukas B Krone, Isabella Eiter, Thiên-Trí Lâm, Alexandra Schubert-Unkmeir, Carolin Curtaz, Anna Frey, Oliver Kurzai, Stefan Frantz, Sabine Wicker, Achim Wöckel, Nils Petri, Alexander Gabel, Manuel Krone","doi":"10.1038/s41541-026-01510-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41541-026-01510-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Oral contraceptives (OCs) can substantially modulate immune responses; however, their impact on vaccine immunogenicity remains poorly understood. This study investigated OC use patterns and their determinants among healthcare workers (HCWs), and the effects of OCs on humoral and T-cell-mediated immune responses following COVID-19 booster vaccination. From 29 September 2021 to 31 December 2023, 1061 female HCWs aged 18-50 years were enrolled in the CoVacSer study. OC users were compared to non-users. Blood samples combined with a questionnaire were collected before and after third and fourth COVID-19 vaccination including follow-ups. Anti-SARS-CoV-2-Spike IgG levels were measured using SERION ELISA agile SARS-CoV-2 IgG, T-cellular immune response using Oxford Immunotec T-SPOT®.COVID. A linear mixed and a generalised linear model were used to assess the influence of OC on post-vaccination immune response. At study inclusion, 21.7% (230/1061) reported OC use. Younger age, being a physician, and higher BMI were significantly associated with OC. Linear mixed and generalised linear regression models revealed no significant association between reported OC use and humoral and T-cellular immune response before and after COVID-19 vaccination. Although OC are known to modulate immune responses, this study found no statistically significant association between self-reported OC use and humoral or cellular immunogenicity following COVID-19 vaccination. This is among the first studies to address this in the context of COVID-19 booster vaccination. Our findings suggest that in women using OC no specific adjustments to COVID-19 vaccination strategies are required considering OC use. Continued investigation of potential interactions between OC and vaccine- or infection-induced immunity remain warranted.</p>","PeriodicalId":19335,"journal":{"name":"NPJ Vaccines","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13328437/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148376177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Safety and immunogenicity of concomitant quadrivalent meningococcus ACYW-TT and meningococcus group B vaccines.","authors":"Monica A McArthur, Adam Finn, Lawrence Barnes, Richard Burkimsher, Katrina Cathie, Eva Galiza, Paul Heaton, Nicholas Jacobsen, Stephen Jones, Sian Ludman, Patrick Moore, Clare Murray, Daniel Owens, Alexander Trotman, Ray Borrow, Julie Chaix, Arlette Delgado, Estelle Dubois, Youjun Huang, Olga Syrkina, Betzana Zambrano, Mandeep Singh Dhingra, Christine Rehm","doi":"10.1038/s41541-026-01508-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41541-026-01508-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Infants are vulnerable to meningococcal disease. In this open-label phase III study (NCT03632720; registered 13/8/2018), infants were randomised to quadrivalent ACWY conjugated vaccine, MenACYW-TT, at 3 and 12-13 months and four-component meningococcus group B vaccine (4CMenB) at 2, 4, and 12-13 months (Group 1), MenACYW-TT at 3 and 12-13 months and 4CMenB at 2 and 4 months (Group 2), or 4CMenB at 2, 4, and 12-13 months (Group 3). Routine vaccines were also administered per UK schedule. Primary outcome of non-inferiority of seroprotection rates against the four capsular groups (A, C, W, and Y) in Group 1 versus Group 2 at day 30 after the second vaccine dose was demonstrated with seroprotection rates ≥99% against all capsular groups in both groups. In Group 3, cross-reactivity was observed, with hSBA titres against capsular groups A and C increasing >10-fold after the third 4CMenB dose. Reactogenicity was consistent with the known profiles of both vaccines; one case of anaphylaxis related to MenACYW-TT was reported and resolved without sequelae. No new safety concerns were identified.</p>","PeriodicalId":19335,"journal":{"name":"NPJ Vaccines","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148369429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"COVID-19 vaccination induces cross-neutralisation of sarbecoviruses related to SARS-CoV-2.","authors":"Grace E West, Rebecca B Morse, Benjamin L Sievers, Adam Abdullahi, Kimia Kamelian, Mark Tsz Kin Cheng, Douglas G Stewart, Divya Diamond, Mazharul Altaf, Lourdes Ceron-Gutierrez, Olga Sokolova, David L Robertson, Spyros Lytras, Rainer Döffinger, Sam J Wilson, Suzannah J Rihn, Ravindra K Gupta","doi":"10.1038/s41541-026-01469-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41541-026-01469-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The combined threats of future sarbecovirus zoonosis and continually emerging SARS-CoV-2 VOCs highlight the need to assess the breadth of existing SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-mediated protection. Here, we investigate a cohort of older individuals who received four COVID-19 vaccine doses, for potential cross-neutralisation against lentiviral particles bearing spikes from either Omicron VOCs or other sarbecoviruses. Despite recent fourth bivalent mRNA vaccine doses (encoding SARS-CoV-2 Wu-1 and Omicron spikes), neutralisation of Omicron lineage VOCs was reduced compared to Wu-1, consistent with an imprinted immune response. Similarly, particles bearing either SARS-CoV-1 or a SARS-CoV-1-related bat sarbecovirus spike were neutralised less efficiently than Wu-1. Unexpectedly, however, we observed that particles with spikes from two animal SARS-CoV-2-related viruses, BANAL-20-52 from bats and a pangolin CoV, were significantly more sensitive to serum neutralising antibodies than SARS-CoV-2 Wu-1 itself. These surprising findings suggest that vaccine-mediated adaptive immunity may provide efficient cross-neutralisation and potential protection against certain animal sarbecoviruses.</p>","PeriodicalId":19335,"journal":{"name":"NPJ Vaccines","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13324355/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148369400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Proxy immunization enabling yellow fever vaccination after thymectomy.","authors":"Emilie C Rijnink, Muriel Aguilar-Bretones, Rory D de Vries, Sharon Veenbergen, Daniël G Aynekulu Mersha, Corine H Geurts van Kessel, Marion P G Koopmans, Pieter A van Doorn, Lennert Slobbe, Rik A Brooimans, Gijsbert P van Nierop, Casper Rokx","doi":"10.1038/s41541-026-01520-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41541-026-01520-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Yellow fever (YF) vaccination is generally contraindicated in individuals with thymic disorders because of the risk of YF vaccine-associated viscerotropic disease (YEL‑AVD). As YF transmission expands and global travel increases, protection may still be indicated for selected patients with prior thymectomy. We report a 25‑year‑old woman with childhood thymectomy for acetylcholine receptor antibody-positive generalized myasthenia gravis, now in long‑term remission without immunosuppression, who required YF prevention. Immune competence was evaluated using monitored orthoflaviviral proxy immunization with the live‑attenuated tetravalent dengue vaccine (TAK‑003). She experienced mild reactogenicity and developed dengue‑specific antibodies and T‑cell responses, with preserved B-cell maturation. After confirming orthoflaviviral immune competence, she received YF‑17D‑204 vaccination, which was well tolerated and induced transient viremia, seroconversion, and functional YF‑specific B‑ and T‑cell responses. This case demonstrates the feasibility of an individualized, immune‑guided approach to safely administering YF vaccination after thymectomy and highlights the need for broader clinical confirmation.</p>","PeriodicalId":19335,"journal":{"name":"NPJ Vaccines","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148352688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}