NPJ VaccinesPub Date : 2026-05-08DOI: 10.1038/s41541-026-01478-w
Danillo Lucas Alves Esposito, Jhefferson Barbosa Guimarães, Benedito Antonio Lopes da Fonseca, Beate Mareike Kümmerer
{"title":"Maturation-deficient chikungunya virus elicits protective immune responses in a murine challenge model.","authors":"Danillo Lucas Alves Esposito, Jhefferson Barbosa Guimarães, Benedito Antonio Lopes da Fonseca, Beate Mareike Kümmerer","doi":"10.1038/s41541-026-01478-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41541-026-01478-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Maturation of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) particles is dependent on cleavage of the precursor glycoprotein p62 into the proteins E3 and E2 by the cellular protease furin. Here, we produced immature CHIKV particles by infecting furin-deficient cells and characterized them in comparison to mature particles by electron microscopy. Ectopic expression of furin in the furin-deficient cells restored the production of infectious particles, underpinning the importance of this enzyme in particle maturation. To prevent furin‑mediated maturation in mammalian cells, we engineered a recombinant CHIKV in which the furin cleavage site was replaced by a Tobacco Etch virus (TEV) protease site, rendering the virus non‑infectious unless treated in vitro with TEV protease. TEV‑matured particles became infectious and, when used for immunization, induced a stronger immune response than their untreated counterparts, as evidenced by higher neutralizing antibody titers. In vivo, a single immunization with TEV‑treated particles protected IFNAR‑/‑ mice against a lethal CHIKV challenge. In immunocompetent mice, vaccination also reduced viremia and CHIKV‑induced footpad swelling. Together, these findings demonstrate that in vitro maturation of CHIKV modified with a TEV cleavage site promotes a safe, replication limited immunogenic particle, establishing a promising platform for developing vaccines against viruses that require furin protease maturation.</p>","PeriodicalId":19335,"journal":{"name":"NPJ Vaccines","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147840927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
NPJ VaccinesPub Date : 2026-05-08DOI: 10.1038/s41541-026-01472-2
Alexa R Aubrey, Komal K Patel, Jesse M Hall, Mohamed M Shamseldin, Myra Guo, Gianni B DeLucia, Siddhi Shah, Kara N Corps, Rajendar Deora, Purnima Dubey
{"title":"A BcfA-containing intranasal vaccine generated T<sub>H</sub>17 immunity and reduced B. bronchiseptica colonization and disease in mice.","authors":"Alexa R Aubrey, Komal K Patel, Jesse M Hall, Mohamed M Shamseldin, Myra Guo, Gianni B DeLucia, Siddhi Shah, Kara N Corps, Rajendar Deora, Purnima Dubey","doi":"10.1038/s41541-026-01472-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41541-026-01472-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bordetella bronchiseptica (Bb) is a significant etiologic agent of respiratory disease in farm and companion animals. Current vaccines provide short-lived protection against disease, but do not elicit mucosal immunity that is critical for sustained protection. Here we tested a trivalent protein subunit vaccine composed of Bordetella antigens filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) pertactin (Prn), and the dual antigen-adjuvant Bordetella colonization factor A (BcfA). Intranasal immunization of mice generated T<sub>H</sub>17 polarized systemic and tissue-resident CD4 + T cells and systemic and mucosal IgG and IgA antibodies. Immunized mice were protected against weight loss, bronchoconstriction and cough and displayed reduced lung inflammation. Following challenge, Bb was cleared from the lungs and reduced in the nose of immunized mice. This subunit vaccine has the potential to provide sustained protection against Bb infection and disease in companion and farm animals.</p>","PeriodicalId":19335,"journal":{"name":"NPJ Vaccines","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147856780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
NPJ VaccinesPub Date : 2026-05-07DOI: 10.1038/s41541-026-01475-z
Aaron L Oom, Kesi K Wilson, Stephanie Rettig, Michael Tuen, Marie I Samanovic, Angelica C Kottkamp, Ramin Sedaghat Herati, Ralf Duerr, Mark J Mulligan
{"title":"A comparison of two- and three-dose MVA-BN mpox vaccination series on anti-monkeypox virus immunity.","authors":"Aaron L Oom, Kesi K Wilson, Stephanie Rettig, Michael Tuen, Marie I Samanovic, Angelica C Kottkamp, Ramin Sedaghat Herati, Ralf Duerr, Mark J Mulligan","doi":"10.1038/s41541-026-01475-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41541-026-01475-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The 2022 global outbreak of clade IIb mpox represented a turning point in public health's handling of poxviruses. The primary vaccine available for the prevention of mpox is modified vaccinia Ankara from Bavarian-Nordic (MVA-BN). We previously reported a nondurable and low-avidity antibody response against mpox elicited by MVA-BN. In this study, we expanded upon this knowledge by employing a microneutralization assay to measure monkeypox virus (MPXV) neutralizing titers and a multiplexed immunoassay to assess IgG titers and avidity against eight MPXV antigens and two vaccinia antigens. Through a machine learning analysis, we uncovered that MVA-BN vaccinees without prior smallpox vaccination largely return to a baseline seroprofile within a year of immunization. Notably, we identified a discrete population within this group that mounted a robust neutralizing antibody response associated with a longer dosing interval during the MVA-BN primary series. Furthermore, we found that boosting with a third dose of MVA-BN increases IgG avidity against certain MPXV antigens, as part of a booster-specific seroprofile. These findings provide critical insights into optimizing immune responses through MVA-BN boosters, presenting a potential approach to addressing the limited MPXV-specific immunity observed following the primary series.</p>","PeriodicalId":19335,"journal":{"name":"NPJ Vaccines","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147840922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
NPJ VaccinesPub Date : 2026-05-06DOI: 10.1038/s41541-026-01474-0
Mingshuo Ji, Jiaqi Nie, Yue Chen, Jiahan Gang, Chao Dong, He Huang, Li-Ming Liu, Yongfei Zhou
{"title":"Advances and future applications of immunocastration techniques: a comprehensive review.","authors":"Mingshuo Ji, Jiaqi Nie, Yue Chen, Jiahan Gang, Chao Dong, He Huang, Li-Ming Liu, Yongfei Zhou","doi":"10.1038/s41541-026-01474-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41541-026-01474-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Immunocastration uses antigen-antibody interactions to suppress reproductive function without surgery. This review examines vaccines targeting GnRH, zona pellucida (ZP), and sperm antigens, focusing on GnRH vaccine platforms, carriers, adjuvants, and delivery systems. Applications in livestock, pets, and wildlife are discussed. Remaining challenges include variable immune responses and long-term efficacy. Future advances in recombinant technology and adjuvants may broaden clinical application.</p>","PeriodicalId":19335,"journal":{"name":"NPJ Vaccines","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147840871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
NPJ VaccinesPub Date : 2026-05-05DOI: 10.1038/s41541-026-01458-0
Zhina Liu, Yi Liu, Zijian Dong, Yaming Yang, Longjiang Tian, Xingyang Wang, Zhiyang Du, Xiaolei Liu, Xue Bai, Xuemin Jin
{"title":"Oral delivery of Trichinella spiralis antigens by yeast-derived β-glucan particles enhances anti-helminth immunity.","authors":"Zhina Liu, Yi Liu, Zijian Dong, Yaming Yang, Longjiang Tian, Xingyang Wang, Zhiyang Du, Xiaolei Liu, Xue Bai, Xuemin Jin","doi":"10.1038/s41541-026-01458-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41541-026-01458-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Intestinal helminth infections including Trichinella spiralis impose a heavy burden globally, yet effective oral vaccines are lacking due to antigen degradation and poor mucosal immunogenicity. This study develops an oral vaccine platform using yeast-derived β-glucan particles (GPs) to encapsulate T. spiralis antigens (Ag-GPs). These Ag-GPs demonstrated efficient antigen encapsulation, gastrointestinal stability, and excellent biocompatibility. In a mouse model, oral immunization with Ag-GPs was biocompatible and induced robust mucosal (SIgA) and systemic (IgG, IgE) antibody responses, while also stimulating dendritic cell maturation and T-cell activation. This immunization resulted in significant reductions in both adult worm and muscle larval burdens following T. spiralis challenge. Notably, the observed protective immunity strongly correlated with Dectin-1 receptor-mediated particle uptake and subsequent systemic immune activation. This work presents a promising dual-function platform, acting as both an adjuvant and delivery system, for developing oral vaccines against intestinal parasites.</p>","PeriodicalId":19335,"journal":{"name":"NPJ Vaccines","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147840936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
NPJ VaccinesPub Date : 2026-05-05DOI: 10.1038/s41541-026-01451-7
Meredith B Finn, Graham Willsey, Carol Lyn Piazza, Luke Clendenen, Muskan Shrestha, Stephanie Soee You, Lingzhi Ma, Yukti Dhingra, Adrian R Laciak, Kevin A Uggowitzer, Joshua M Obiero, Grace Freeman-Gallant, Harini Natarajan, Shannon Green, Elham Pirayesh, Yen-Ting Lai, Sunny Himansu, Andrea Carfi, Linden T Hu, Nicholas Mantis, Obadiah Plante, Christina Dold
{"title":"Monovalent and multivalent OspA mRNA-LNP vaccines elicit functional antibodies and protect against Borrelia burgdorferi in mice.","authors":"Meredith B Finn, Graham Willsey, Carol Lyn Piazza, Luke Clendenen, Muskan Shrestha, Stephanie Soee You, Lingzhi Ma, Yukti Dhingra, Adrian R Laciak, Kevin A Uggowitzer, Joshua M Obiero, Grace Freeman-Gallant, Harini Natarajan, Shannon Green, Elham Pirayesh, Yen-Ting Lai, Sunny Himansu, Andrea Carfi, Linden T Hu, Nicholas Mantis, Obadiah Plante, Christina Dold","doi":"10.1038/s41541-026-01451-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41541-026-01451-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Outer surface protein A (OspA) is a ~30 kDa lipoprotein displayed on the surface of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, the etiological agent of Lyme disease. Here we report on the preclinical evaluation of OspA-encoding nucleoside-modified mRNA lipid nanoparticle (OspA mRNA-LNP) vaccines for the prevention of Lyme disease. Crystallographic and binding studies using a panel of transmission-blocking antibodies confirmed that the mRNA-encoded OspA serotype 1 (ST1) expressed in mammalian cells assumes its native structure and retains known protective epitopes. Immunization of mice with OspA ST1 mRNA-LNP elicited functional serum antibodies that promoted spirochete agglutination and complement-dependent borreliacidal activity in vitro. We also examined the impact of combining ST1 OspA mRNA with OspA STs 2-7, which are associated with predominant Borrelia genospecies in Europe (B. garinii, B. afzelii, and B. bavariensis). The additional six STs mRNA did not interfere with ST1 antibody titers and functionality. Finally, mice vaccinated two or three times with different dose levels of OspA ST1 mRNA-LNP or with the heptavalent mRNA vaccine were protected against B. burgdorferi infection in a tick-mediated challenge model. The monovalent and the heptavalent OspA mRNA vaccines (mRNA-1982 and mRNA-1975, respectively) are currently undergoing testing in a Phase 1 clinical trial (NCT05975099).</p>","PeriodicalId":19335,"journal":{"name":"NPJ Vaccines","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147840903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
NPJ VaccinesPub Date : 2026-05-04DOI: 10.1038/s41541-026-01452-6
Trevor Brasel, Polina Brangel, Ifedayo Adetifa, Sylvain Baize, David Benkeser, Antonio Bertoletti, Alexander Bukreyev, Sue Charlton, Jakob Cramer, Robert W Cross, Miles P Davenport, Devy Emperador, Pierre Formenty, Dean Follmann, Robert F Garry, Peter B Gilbert, Sarah C Gilbert, Jimmy D Gollihar, Nicholas C Grassly, Marion Gruber, Swati B Gupta, Stephan Günther, Adam Hacker, Catherine Hoath, Michael R Holbrook, Marian Killip, Deborah King, Henshaw Mandi, Vincent J Munster, Christinah Mukandavire, Lisa Oestereich, Sylvanus Okogbenin, Paul Oloo, Slobodan Paessler, Stanley Plotkin, Laura Richert, David Safronetz, Erica Ollmann Saphire, Alessandro Sette, Amy Shurtleff, Julia Granerod, David Wohl, Marija Zaric, Katrin Ramsauer, Christine Dahlke
{"title":"Searching for immune correlates in Lassa vaccine development - workshop report.","authors":"Trevor Brasel, Polina Brangel, Ifedayo Adetifa, Sylvain Baize, David Benkeser, Antonio Bertoletti, Alexander Bukreyev, Sue Charlton, Jakob Cramer, Robert W Cross, Miles P Davenport, Devy Emperador, Pierre Formenty, Dean Follmann, Robert F Garry, Peter B Gilbert, Sarah C Gilbert, Jimmy D Gollihar, Nicholas C Grassly, Marion Gruber, Swati B Gupta, Stephan Günther, Adam Hacker, Catherine Hoath, Michael R Holbrook, Marian Killip, Deborah King, Henshaw Mandi, Vincent J Munster, Christinah Mukandavire, Lisa Oestereich, Sylvanus Okogbenin, Paul Oloo, Slobodan Paessler, Stanley Plotkin, Laura Richert, David Safronetz, Erica Ollmann Saphire, Alessandro Sette, Amy Shurtleff, Julia Granerod, David Wohl, Marija Zaric, Katrin Ramsauer, Christine Dahlke","doi":"10.1038/s41541-026-01452-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41541-026-01452-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19335,"journal":{"name":"NPJ Vaccines","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13136350/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147818464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
NPJ VaccinesPub Date : 2026-05-04DOI: 10.1038/s41541-026-01453-5
Julie Mérindol, Irit Touitou, Coralie Cruzel, Barbara Seitz-Polski, Sophie Breaud, Johan Courjon, Fredéric Batteux, Marion Cremoni-Gauci, Vesna Brglez, Didier Payen, Michel Carles, Elisa Demonchy
{"title":"Immunogenicity of PCV13 during Hospitalization soon after infection resolution: Vaccis study.","authors":"Julie Mérindol, Irit Touitou, Coralie Cruzel, Barbara Seitz-Polski, Sophie Breaud, Johan Courjon, Fredéric Batteux, Marion Cremoni-Gauci, Vesna Brglez, Didier Payen, Michel Carles, Elisa Demonchy","doi":"10.1038/s41541-026-01453-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41541-026-01453-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vaccination against Streptococcus pneumoniae in high-risk patients is crucial and hospitalization is a valuable opportunity. Adult patients hospitalized (>48 hours) for various infectious conditions and eligible for 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccination from April 2021 to 2023 were included. The primary endpoint was the vaccine response rate (VRR) at least one month after vaccination. Of the 725 potentially eligible patients, 143 were included in the study. The most common comorbidities were diabetes mellitus (47%) and chronic cardiovascular disease (42%). VRR was acceptable at 46%, with a lower geometric mean concentration (GMC) of IgG in non-responders than in responders (1.27 µg/mL vs. 9.49 µg/mL, p < 0.001). In the multivariate analysis, the strongest negative predictor of VRR was a Charlson score of >3 (OR: 0.23 [0.06-0.81], p = 0.022). Vaccination within 48 hours after apyrexia (OR: 6.25 [1.85-20], p = 0.004) and the presence of diabetes (OR: 2.70 [1.05-7.14], p = 0.039) were independently associated with a better VRR. Hospitalization for acute infection should not be viewed as a barrier to vaccination but as an opportunity for optimized pneumococcal prevention after a short delay of apyrexia and should not be routinely postponed.</p>","PeriodicalId":19335,"journal":{"name":"NPJ Vaccines","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147840905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
NPJ VaccinesPub Date : 2026-05-02DOI: 10.1038/s41541-026-01456-2
Irene Hoxie, Kirill Vasilev, Jordan Clark, Hardik Amin, Garazi Peña Alzua, Disha Bhavsar, Eduard Puente-Massaguer, Karthik Siram, Kristopher Short, Rebekah Tee, David Burkhart, Jay T Evans, Florian Krammer
{"title":"A TRAC-478-adjuvanted recombinant N1 neuraminidase influenza virus vaccine induces balanced and broadly protective immune responses.","authors":"Irene Hoxie, Kirill Vasilev, Jordan Clark, Hardik Amin, Garazi Peña Alzua, Disha Bhavsar, Eduard Puente-Massaguer, Karthik Siram, Kristopher Short, Rebekah Tee, David Burkhart, Jay T Evans, Florian Krammer","doi":"10.1038/s41541-026-01456-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41541-026-01456-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Licensed influenza vaccines primarily target the variable hemagglutinin protein and provide inadequate cross-protection against mismatched or drifted viral strains. One promising approach to enhance the breadth of protection is to target the viral neuraminidase by incorporating a stable, recombinant neuraminidase protein with an effective adjuvant. We evaluated an intramuscular recombinant neuraminidase vaccine (N1-MPP) adjuvanted with a lipidated toll-like receptor (TLR)7/8 agonist (INI-4001), a synthetic TLR4 agonist (INI-2002), or both (TRAC-478) delivered as aqueous, liposomal, or squalene oil-in-water emulsions in mice. TLR agonists offset the Th2 bias of squalene emulsions and boosted antibody responses. Combining ligands synergistically amplified CD4⁺ immunity-increasing polyfunctional cytokine-producing T cells in lungs and spleen-while promoting Th1 cytokine production and antibody class switching. Aqueous and emulsion TRAC-478 N1-MPP induced high titers of cross-reactive, functional antibodies that exhibited strong ADCC activity and conferred protection in passive-transfer experiments. TRAC-478 N1-MPP vaccination protected against both H5N1 clade 1 and clade 2.3.4.4b viruses and recent H1N1 isolates, supporting the further development of N1-MPP adjuvanted with TRAC-478 emulsion as a stand-alone vaccine or potentially as a supplement for current vaccination regimens to improve protection against both seasonal influenza virus and strains with pandemic potential.</p>","PeriodicalId":19335,"journal":{"name":"NPJ Vaccines","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147818496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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