Nicotine & Tobacco Research最新文献

{"title":"Electronic Cigarettes as a Recommended Smoking Cessation Tool During Pregnancy: We Are Not There Yet.","authors":"Pingsheng Wu, Hui Nian, Steven M Brunwasser","doi":"10.1093/ntr/ntae247","DOIUrl":"10.1093/ntr/ntae247","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19241,"journal":{"name":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research","volume":" ","pages":"779-780"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142504897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preclinical Evidence of the Effects of Sweet Flavors: Sweetness Increases Nicotine Intake and Seeking.","authors":"Deniz Bagdas, Nii A Addy","doi":"10.1093/ntr/ntae241","DOIUrl":"10.1093/ntr/ntae241","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The influence of early exposure to sweet and fruit flavors on subsequent nicotine use behaviors during adolescence remains poorly understood. To address this gap, we utilized a rodent model to simulate childhood flavor exposure and examine its effects on later nicotine use behaviors.</p><p><strong>Aims and methods: </strong>We employed a two-bottle choice paradigm in weanling rats to mimic human childhood flavor exposure. Subsequently, we investigated the impact of early exposure to sweet (saccharin) and cherry fruit (benzaldehyde) flavors on adolescent nicotine use behaviors. This included assessing subsequent nicotine acquisition, maintenance, and seeking behaviors using intraoral flavor and intravenous nicotine self-administration.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our findings reveal that rats exposed to saccharin during early development exhibited altered patterns of nicotine intake and seeking behaviors during adolescence. Specifically, rats demonstrated increased nicotine intake and seeking of saccharin flavored solutions when paired with nicotine, indicating a potential predisposition towards nicotine use following childhood flavor exposure. Intraoral benzaldehyde did not affect nicotine reinforcement in early sessions of self-administration, but significantly decreased nicotine reinforcement during later sessions. Both saccharin exposure alone or in combination with benzaldehyde promoted nicotine reinforcement. No significant sex differences in nicotine-related behaviors were observed.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study highlights the significance of early flavor exposure in shaping adolescent nicotine use behaviors. The findings suggest that childhood exposure to sweet flavors may contribute to heightened susceptibility to nicotine use and addiction later in life. Understanding these early influences is crucial for developing targeted interventions to prevent the onset of nicotine addiction during adolescence.</p><p><strong>Implications: </strong>Our study highlights the importance of how sweetness can contribute to and possibly even alter the effects of the flavor itself. The sweetness of a tobacco product does not solely stem from sweeteners, but it is also influenced by other components such as the propylene glycol (PG) and vegetable glycerin (VG) ratio (eg, higher VG) and the inclusion of flavors associated with sweetness (eg, vanillin and ethyl maltol). Therefore, sweet-associated constituents in tobacco products should be investigated further to inform regulatory policy. We believe that our findings can inform regulatory decisions on controlling sweet-associated constituents in tobacco products.</p>","PeriodicalId":19241,"journal":{"name":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research","volume":" ","pages":"666-675"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11931221/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142471027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nicotine Toxicity From Repeat Use of Nicotine Pouches.","authors":"Jessica T Kent, Garrick Mok, Emily Austin","doi":"10.1093/ntr/ntae111","DOIUrl":"10.1093/ntr/ntae111","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Nicotine pouches have emerged as a novel way to administer concentrated nicotine and come as a white powder in flavored, microfiber pouches placed between the cheek and gums to dissolve without requiring spitting. While marketed as a safe alternative to smoking, nicotine pouches have the potential for toxic exposure to users.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>We present a case of a 21-year-old male with acute nicotine toxicity through repeated administration of nicotine pouches. Over the course of 12 hours, he consumed 15 extra-strength nicotine pouches (10.9 mg per pouch) as a study tool to prepare for the next-day exams. He presented to the emergency department with bizarre behavior requiring admission for persistent confusion and nausea which resolved after 24 hours.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This case represents the first case of acute nicotine toxicity secondary to nicotine pouch use. These pouches are emerging as a novel way to use nicotine and present a serious risk of inadvertent overdose and harm.</p><p><strong>Implications: </strong>Nicotine pouches are emerging as a novel way to use nicotine, and second to e-cigarettes, are the most frequently used nicotine product among youth. These pouches, which lack clear warning labels, are promoted among social media forums and present a serious risk of inadvertent overdose and harm, especially among young adults. Healthcare professionals should be aware of this risk, especially from acute, repeated exposures, and should ensure the public is cautioned appropriately.</p>","PeriodicalId":19241,"journal":{"name":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research","volume":" ","pages":"767-768"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11931207/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141860385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"#Discreetshipping: Selling E-cigarettes on TikTok.","authors":"Page D Dobbs, Eric D Schisler, Charlotte McCormick","doi":"10.1093/ntr/ntae081","DOIUrl":"10.1093/ntr/ntae081","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Youth and young adult use of e-cigarette products continues to remain high despite regulatory approaches to reduce youth access. This study sought to examine TikTok content regarding the sale and distribution of e-cigarettes.</p><p><strong>Aims and methods: </strong>TikTok videos (n = 475) and metadata posted between June 2022 and August 2023 were scraped using a TikTok application programming interface and popular hashtags used to sell vaping products (ie, #discreetshipping [40.8 million], #puffbundle [14.8 million], #hiddennic [1.0 million]). After watching the 25 most viewed videos (39 600-868 800 views), a codebook was developed. All metadata were annotated using 11 unique codes: Small business, brand, cannabis, bundled, hidden, fake, international sales, no ID, order via Instagram, order via another method, and cost.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, 367 videos (with an average of 2017 likes) were deemed relevant. Videos advertised popular vaping brands (50.4%) that included cannabis products (45%). Products were described as bundled (28.6%), hidden (8.7%), and able to be shipped internationally (6%) without age verification (45.2%). Some videos (8.2%) evaded algorithms' detection of illegal activity by describing the post as \"Fake.\" Customers were directed to other social media platforms (most often Instagram, 57.5%) and/or other websites/links (58.3%) to purchase products; 22.1% advertised discounts, free shipping, or low costs (ranging from $25-$35).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Social media platforms, such as TikTok and Instagram, are being used to circumvent e-cigarette regulatory policies. Regulatory agencies should expand enforcement strategies to include social media platforms where users are illegally selling and distributing e-cigarettes internationally to young audiences.</p><p><strong>Implications: </strong>TikTok users across the globe are violating local, state, and federal laws by selling e-cigarettes concealed inside other products or bundled in packages that avoid detection. TikTok videos posted by self-proclaimed small business owners advertise discreet shipping practices that evade age verification in order to sell nicotine and cannabis bundles worldwide. Accounts used phrases describing the post to be \"fake\" to avoid detection by algorithms or TikTok administrators. E-cigarette regulatory agencies can partner with social media platforms to close regulatory gaps.</p>","PeriodicalId":19241,"journal":{"name":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research","volume":" ","pages":"748-752"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11931204/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141081958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Behavioral Interventions for Tobacco Cessation in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.","authors":"Abhijit Nadkarni, Leena Gaikwad, Miriam Sequeira, Pranay Javeri, Deepthy Benoy, Marimilha Grace Pacheco, Richard Velleman, Pratima Murthy, Felix Naughton","doi":"10.1093/ntr/ntae259","DOIUrl":"10.1093/ntr/ntae259","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>An estimated 78% of the total deaths attributable to smoking tobacco use occurred in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) in 2019. In addition, smokeless tobacco increases the risk of all-cause mortality, all cancers, including upper aero-digestive tract cancer, stomach cancer, ischemic heart disease and stroke, with 88% of the mortality burden being borne by the South-East Asian region. Evidence-based interventions from high-income countries (HICs) are not easily transferable to LMICs, as patterns of tobacco use, health beliefs associated with tobacco use, and awareness of specific health risks vary substantially.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We synthesized the effectiveness of behavioral interventions for tobacco cessation in LMICs through a systematic review and meta-analysis. Interventional studies which delivered individual behavioral intervention and assessed abstinence from tobacco use were included. We examined the pooled intervention effect at 6 months postintervention follow-up.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>For continuous abstinence at 6 months, the intervention was superior to the active comparator (RR 2.32; 95% CI 1.78 to 3.02) and usual care (RR 4.39; 95% CI 2.38 to 8.11). For point prevalence abstinence at six months, the intervention was superior to the active comparator (RR 1.76; 95% CI 1.28 to 2.44), and usual care (RR 2.37; 95% CI 1.47 to 3.81). The statistical heterogeneity was substantial to considerable for all comparisons. Only six studies had an overall low risk of bias. Publication bias was observed for all comparisons except for 6-month continuous outcomes.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Implementation research is needed to understand factors for programme sustainability and equity of the impact of behavioral interventions in reducing tobacco use in LMICs.</p><p><strong>Implications: </strong>Our review is an important step towards understanding the effectiveness of behavior interventions for tobacco cessation suited for LMICs and which are responsive to the contextual needs of such countries.</p>","PeriodicalId":19241,"journal":{"name":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research","volume":" ","pages":"575-585"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11931222/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142558363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Developing a National Longitudinal Tobacco Cohort of Youth and Young Adults: The Tobacco Epidemic Evaluation Network (TEEN+) Study.","authors":"Elizabeth L Seaman, Jennifer M Kreslake, Jamie Cordova, Barbara Schillo, Frances Barlas, Kristy Marynak","doi":"10.1093/ntr/ntae064","DOIUrl":"10.1093/ntr/ntae064","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Timely and relevant data are critical to monitoring the rapidly changing youth vaping epidemic and for understanding the prevalence, patterns of use, knowledge, and perceptions of tobacco products. While e-cigarettes have been the most used tobacco product among youth for nearly a decade, new nicotine delivery products continue to be introduced to the US market. Flavored tobacco products, including flavored e-cigarettes, menthol cigarettes, and flavored cigars, drive disparities in use by young people.</p><p><strong>Aims and methods: </strong>To examine tobacco use among youth and young adults, the Monitoring E-Cigarette Use among Youth project established a longitudinal cohort of youth and young adults (13-24)-the Tobacco Epidemic Evaluation Network (TEEN+) study. TEEN+ focuses on e-cigarette and other tobacco products use and also includes questions about other substance use (eg, marijuana, alcohol), physical health, mental health, and social determinants of health (eg, discrimination, poverty, sexual and gender identity). Geocoding of responses allows for the evaluation of local tobacco control policies. The cohort includes an oversample of California residents to generate reliable and representative state-level estimates. This manuscript provides an overview of methods and baseline demographics from Wave 1.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The initial Wave 1 TEEN+ cohort included 10 255 in the national sample and 2761 in the California sample.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>TEEN+ study data complement nationally-representative cross-sectional studies and allow for rapid evaluation of local and state policies. This manuscript describes the study's probability-based sample recruitment. Furthermore, we identify this initiative as a resource for evaluating the impact of flavored tobacco restriction policies and informing policy implementation efforts.</p><p><strong>Implications: </strong>This manuscript provides an overview of the methodology and baseline characteristics for a new longitudinal cohort of youth and young adults, the Tobacco Epidemic Evaluation Network (TEEN+) study. The TEEN+ study data can be used to evaluate the impact of flavored tobacco product restriction policies and informing policy implementation efforts.</p>","PeriodicalId":19241,"journal":{"name":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research","volume":" ","pages":"644-651"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11447144/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140857350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Potential Impact of Oral Nicotine Pouches on Public Health: A Scoping Review.","authors":"Nargiz Travis, Kenneth E Warner, Maciej L Goniewicz, Hayoung Oh, Radhika Ranganathan, Rafael Meza, Jamie Hartmann-Boyce, David T Levy","doi":"10.1093/ntr/ntae131","DOIUrl":"10.1093/ntr/ntae131","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Oral nicotine pouches (ONPs) are a new class of nicotine products. This scoping review summarizes evidence on ONPs and explores their potential public health impact.</p><p><strong>Aims and methods: </strong>We conducted a structured literature search for empirical studies across three electronic databases through January 10, 2024. Outcomes included ONP product characteristics, use patterns, beliefs and perceptions, toxicity, and marketing and sales.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Sixty-two studies were included, 17 were industry-funded. Most studies were from the United States. While large variations across studies were observed in ONP youth prevalence estimates, nationally representative U.S. studies find current use at 1.5% and lifetime use below 2.5% through 2023. Between 35% and 42% of U.S. adolescents and young adults have heard of ONPs, and 9-21% of tobacco-naïve youth were susceptible to trying them. U.S. adult-use estimates varied widely (0.8%-3% current; 3%-16% lifetime use) and were limited to populations with a history of tobacco use. The chemical composition of ONPs suggests fewer harmful/potentially harmful compounds at lower levels than cigarettes and smokeless tobacco (SLT), except formaldehyde. Industry-funded studies find substantially less cytotoxicity compared to cigarettes and suggest that higher nicotine-strength ONPs can deliver nicotine at levels comparable to or higher than SLT or cigarettes, although with slower nicotine release than cigarettes. Evidence on the cytotoxicity of ONPs relative to SLT is mixed.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>ONPs appear to be less toxic than cigarettes and deliver comparable nicotine, presenting an alternative for combustible product users, although key data are mainly available from industry-funded studies. Data from independent research is critically needed. Industry marketing of ONPs may encourage initiation in youth and situational and dual use in adults.</p><p><strong>Implications: </strong>The review provides an initial assessment of the potential role of ONPs in harm reduction and aims to determine unintended consequences of their use (youth uptake and dual-use) and identify populations that disproportionately use the product. This information is essential for tobacco regulatory bodies in determining the net public health impact of nicotine pouches.</p>","PeriodicalId":19241,"journal":{"name":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research","volume":" ","pages":"598-610"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11931220/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141331505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Widening the Price Gap: The Effect of The Netherlands' 2020 Tax Increase on Tobacco Prices.","authors":"Cloé Geboers, Math J J M Candel, Corné van Walbeek, Gera E Nagelhout, Hein de Vries, Bas van den Putte, Geoffrey T Fong, Marc C Willemsen","doi":"10.1093/ntr/ntae227","DOIUrl":"10.1093/ntr/ntae227","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The public health impact of a tobacco tax increase depends on the extent to which the industry passes the increase onto consumers, also known as tax-pass through. In 2020, the Netherlands announced tax increases aimed at increasing the retail price by €1 per 20 factory-made (FM) cigarettes and €2.50 per 50 g of roll-your-own (RYO) tobacco. This study examines the pass-through rate after the tax increase, and whether this differed by type of tobacco and brand segment.</p><p><strong>Aims and methods: </strong>Self-reported prices of 117 tobacco brand varieties (cigarettes = 72, RYO = 45) pre- and post-tax increases were extracted from the 2020 International Tobacco Control Netherlands Surveys (n = 2959 respondents). We calculated the tax pass-through rate per variant, examining differences between the type of tobacco and brand segments.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>On average, cigarette prices increased by €1.12 (SD = 0.49; 112% of €1) and RYO prices by €2.53 (SD = 0.60; 101% of €2.50). Evidence of differential shifting across segments was found, with evidence of overshifting in non-discount varieties. The average price of discount varieties increased by €0.20 less than non-discount varieties. Similarly, the net-of-tax price decreased in discount varieties (cigarettes = -€0.02; RYO = -€0.05), but increased in non-discount varieties (cigarettes = +€0.14; RYO = +€0.20).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Despite the large tax increase, the industry increased prices in line with or above the required level. Through differential shifting, the price gap between discount and non-discount varieties has widened, which may reduce the public health impact of the tax increase. Measures aimed at reducing price variability should be strengthened in taxation policy, such as the European Tobacco Tax Directive (TTD).</p><p><strong>Implications: </strong>We found that the industry used differential shifting after a significant tobacco tax increase in the Netherlands. Prices increased more than required in higher-priced products, but not in lower-priced products. This pattern was found both for FM cigarettes and RYO tobacco. Through differential shifting, the industry undermines the potential public health impact of tobacco tax increases, by offering a relatively cheaper alternative, which discourages people to quit or reduce consumption. The revision of the European TTD provides an opportunity to address the widening price gap-both between and within product segments-across the European Union.</p>","PeriodicalId":19241,"journal":{"name":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research","volume":" ","pages":"733-740"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11931203/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142365929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trends in Daily Cigarette Consumption Among Smokers: A Population Study in England, 2008-2023.","authors":"Sarah E Jackson, Harry Tattan-Birch, Vera Buss, Lion Shahab, Jamie Brown","doi":"10.1093/ntr/ntae071","DOIUrl":"10.1093/ntr/ntae071","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>This study aimed to estimate time trends in cigarette consumption among smokers in England between 2008 and 2023 and to explore differences by key potential moderators.</p><p><strong>Aims and methods: </strong>We used data from 57 778 adult cigarette smokers participating in a nationally representative monthly cross-sectional survey between January 2008 and September 2023. We estimated monthly time trends in mean daily consumption of (1) any, (2) manufactured, and (3) hand-rolled cigarettes among all smokers and by main type of cigarettes smoked, smoking frequency, age, gender, occupational social grade, region, nicotine replacement therapy use, and vaping status.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall cigarette consumption fell from 13.6 [95% CI = 13.3 to 13.9] to 10.6 [10.5 to 10.8] per day between January 2008 and October 2019 (a 22% decrease), then remained stable up to September 2023. Over this period, the proportion mainly or exclusively smoking hand-rolled cigarettes increased (from 30.6% [29.1%-32.1%] in 2008 to 52.1% [49.7%-54.5%] in 2023). As a result, manufactured cigarette consumption fell by 47%, from 9.5 [9.2-9.8] per day in January 2008 to 5.0 [4.7-5.3] in September 2023, while hand-rolled cigarette consumption increased by 35%, from 4.2 [3.9-4.4] to 5.6 [5.3-5.9], respectively. The decline in overall cigarette consumption was observed across all subgroups, but was greater among non-daily smokers, younger smokers, and those who vaped.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Over the last 15 years, the average number of cigarettes consumed each day by smokers in England has fallen by almost a quarter, but has plateaued since October 2019. There has been a sharp decline in the number of manufactured cigarettes consumed and an increase in the number of hand-rolled cigarettes consumed, as smokers have increasingly shifted towards using hand-rolled tobacco.</p><p><strong>Implications: </strong>While average cigarette consumption in England has fallen over the past 15 years, this declining trend has stalled (and reversed in some population groups) since 2019. The availability of cheap, hand-rolled tobacco appears to be undermining policies that aim to reduce smoking by raising the price of tobacco (eg, through taxation) and could be targeted to reignite the decline in cigarette consumption.</p>","PeriodicalId":19241,"journal":{"name":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research","volume":" ","pages":"722-732"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140852156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tobacco Outlet Availability, Density, and Proximity in Rural Areas in the Netherlands: An Ex ante Evaluation of the Impact of Tobacco Sales Bans.","authors":"Tessa R D van Deelen, Simona Belmonte, Els M Veldhuizen, Bas van den Putte, Anton E Kunst, Mirte A G Kuipers","doi":"10.1093/ntr/ntae030","DOIUrl":"10.1093/ntr/ntae030","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The Netherlands will ban tobacco sales from supermarkets in 2024 and from petrol stations and small outlets after 2030 (tobacco specialist shops exempted). Previous studies showed that this will reduce outlet availability, density, and proximity in Dutch urban areas.</p><p><strong>Aims and methods: </strong>This study assessed the distribution of tobacco outlets in Dutch rural areas, and potential outlet reductions after implementation of these bans. A cross-sectional quantitative audit of tobacco outlets was conducted in seven rural municipalities in the Netherlands. Tobacco outlet availability (N), density (per 10 000 capita and km2), and proximity (average distance of a street or city block to the closest tobacco outlet [meters]) were calculated, as well as predicted changes after implementation of upcoming sales bans.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>97 tobacco retailers were identified. There were 5.00 outlets per 10 000 capita and 0.09 per km2. The tobacco sales ban in supermarkets is expected to reduce availability by 57 outlets, and density by 2.94/10 000 per capita and 0.05/km2, while increasing average distance by 824 m. A tobacco sales ban in petrol stations is expected to further reduce availability (-26), density/10 000 capita (-1.34), and density/km2 (-0.02), while increasing distance (+1595 m). For small outlets, these numbers are -12, -0.62, and -0.01, respectively, while the closest tobacco outlet will be mostly outside municipality borders.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Assuming no new tobacco outlets will emerge in response to future tobacco sales bans, the bans could nearly eliminate tobacco outlets in rural areas. To meet the demand for tobacco, there is a risk that new tobacco specialist shops will be established.</p><p><strong>Implications: </strong>This study shows the potential impact of tobacco sales bans in, sequentially, supermarkets, petrol stations, and small outlets on tobacco outlet density and proximity in rural municipalities in the Netherlands. A ban on tobacco sales in supermarkets, petrol stations, and small outlets could reduce the number of tobacco outlets in rural areas of the Netherlands to nearly zero. As a result, supermarkets may be inspired to open tobacco specialist shops, which are exempt from the bans. To prevent the proliferation of such shops, retail licensing schemes may need to be established.</p>","PeriodicalId":19241,"journal":{"name":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research","volume":" ","pages":"757-761"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142546543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}