New Journal of Botany最新文献

{"title":"Gaps in maps: disjunctions in European plant distributions","authors":"R. Crawford","doi":"10.1179/2042349714Y.0000000040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/2042349714Y.0000000040","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Maps of species distribution are normally used for information regarding occurrence. Valuable as such information is, the converse of knowing where species do not occur can also be meaningful. This is particularly the case where there are no obvious reasons for absence. There is a long history of hypotheses in botanical writing as to the causes of gaps in distribution, which vary in their geographical dimensions from limited local absences to more extensive non-occurrences. Examples of this latter situation are usually described as disjunct distributions. Some of the commonest disjunctions are found in the distribution of the species commonly referred to as Arctic-Alpines. The evolutionary relationship between the occurrences of these species in the Arctic as compared with more southern montane habitats has long been a source of speculation. The main questions have been whether or not these disjunct distributions are merely accidents of dispersal or the remnants of former widespread and contiguous distributions that have suffered either from physiological failure or other aspects of evolutionary maladaptation to a changing environment. The advent of molecular methods and their role in the discovery of previously unsuspected migration routes now makes it possible to reconsider the causes of some of these gaps.","PeriodicalId":19229,"journal":{"name":"New Journal of Botany","volume":"33 1","pages":"64 - 75"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89915662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dispersal of the non-native invasive species Crassula helmsii (Crassulaceae) may involve seeds and endozoochorous transport by birds","authors":"L. Denys, J. Packet, W. Jambon, K. Scheers","doi":"10.1179/2042349714Y.0000000046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/2042349714Y.0000000046","url":null,"abstract":"Reproductive abilities are essential to assess pathways of introduction, modes of dispersal, and possibilities for effective on-site remediation of invasive species, as well as to identify areas at risk and develop adequate biosafety protocols. Crassula helmsii (Kirk) Cockayne, an amphibious plant from New Zealand and Australia, was introduced in Great Britain in the early 1900s (Swale & Belcher, 1982) and now occurs throughout most of the British Isles. It was not recorded in continental Atlantic Europe until the 1980s (Margot, 1983) and it is still spreading rapidly there, especially in the Low Countries. Due to its proliferous growth and ensuing negative consequences (Robert et al., 2013), control of this highly invasive species is drawing considerable attention; efforts have so far met with little success. Dispersal of C. helmsii in Europe is believed to depend exclusively on the distribution of vegetative propagules (stem fragments or turion-like apical parts) by water, man, or animals. Overwintering also occurs in a vegetative state. As with many aquatic plants, minute fragments with a single node allow regrowth. Vaughan (1978) mentioned that the species ‘seems to set good fruit’ in Britain, but Dawson & Warman (1987) considered it likely that seeds from British plants are unviable, reporting that some were retrieved from soil samples but that these did not germinate. Germination experiments with UK material at CEH Dorset were unsuccessful (Brunet, 2002), whilst Delbart (2011) recovered only aborted seeds from three populations in southern Belgium. Recent reviews reiterate dependence on vegetative parts for dispersal, overwintering, and regrowth after management, noting uncertainty about seed viability in Europe (e.g. EPPO, 2007; Lansdown, 2012; Minchin, 2008; Willby, 2008) and current management strategies are entirely based on this presumption (Delbart et al., 2011). The rapid regrowth after sod-cutting at sites in Flanders, Belgium, where care was taken to remove even the smallest fragments, and observations of water birds grazing on stands of Crassula, led us to (re)consider (1) reproduction by means of seeds, and (2) the possibility of endozoochorous transport of vegetative propagules. Dense tufts of flowering C. helmsii were collected from the coastal dune nature reserve at D’Heye, Bredene, Belgium (51u149540N, 2u599190E) in October 2013. Plants were put into plastic bags and transferred to dark storage at 4uC for eight weeks, after which, wilted flowers with seemingly well-developed brown fruits (follicles) were removed by cutting the pedicel just below their base. Dissection of one hundred follicles yielded 30 mature seeds with a maximum of two per follicle. According to the literature, a single flower may produce two to five seeds, each c.500 mm long (EPPO, 2007). The elliptical seeds in our case were slightly smaller, 385–425 mm, and presented a characteristic rugulate surface texture (Fig. 1). 300 flowers were sown in a shallow t","PeriodicalId":19229,"journal":{"name":"New Journal of Botany","volume":"210 1","pages":"104 - 106"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73614267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plant records","authors":"","doi":"10.1179/2042348914Z.00000000053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/2042348914Z.00000000053","url":null,"abstract":"Records for publication must be submitted to the appropriate Vice-county Recorder (see BSBI Year Book), and not to the Editors. Following publication of the New Atlas of the British & Irish Flora and the Vice-county Census Catalogue, new criteria have been drawn up for the inclusion of records in Plant Records. (See BSBI News no. 95, January 2004 pp 10 & 11). These are outlined below: N First records of all taxa (species, subspecies and hybrids) included in the VCCC, designated as native, archaeophyte, neophyte or casual.","PeriodicalId":19229,"journal":{"name":"New Journal of Botany","volume":"103 1","pages":"110 - 118"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77668162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First records of Barringtonia asiatica (Lecythidaceae) from UK waters and a review of north-western European records","authors":"D. Quigley, P. Gainey, A. Dinsdale","doi":"10.1179/2042349714Y.0000000042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/2042349714Y.0000000042","url":null,"abstract":"The tree that produces the Box Fruit is known as the Fish Poison or Sea Poison Tree, Barringtonia asiatica (L.) Kurz, which is native to mangrove habitats on tropical coasts and islands in the Indian and western Pacific Oceans from Zanzibar east to Taiwan, Philippines, Fiji, New Caledonia, Solomon Islands, Cook Islands, Wallis and Futuna Islands, and French Polynesia. B. asiatica was one of the first successful colonists of Krakatau Island (Indonesia) after most of its vegetation was destroyed by volcanic eruptions during 1883. Although the species is not native to the western tropical Atlantic, it has been widely planted in this region and elsewhere and now has a pantropical distribution. It is a bushy tree that grows up to 20 m in height and has spoon-shaped leaves with prominent veins. The tree produces spectacular flowers which only open for one night; the 4–5 white petals and pink stamens fall away by dawn. When intact, the outside casing (exocarp) of the Box Fruit is thin and papery, while the underlying mesocarp is thick and fibrous. Each fruit contains a solitary seed in the centre. Due to their high-level of buoyancy, Box Fruits have been used by traditional fishermen as floats for their nets. The seed, measuring 40–50 mm in diameter, contains a saponin toxin which is used to make fish poison (Gunn & Dennis, 1976; Nelson, 2000; Perry & Dennis, 2010). On 21 January 2012, PAG found a specimen of the Box Fruit stranded on Crantock Beach (50.407232uN, 5.118219uW), near Newquay, Cornwall. The well-worn specimen, which measured c. 75 mm at its base, was virtually devoid of its exocarp, but exhibited fully its very fibrous interior (mesocarp) (Fig. 1). There were no overt signs of any colonising macro-epibionts on the surface of the specimen. This specimen represents the first known record of B. asiatica from UK waters. On the 16 February 2014, and following a prolonged period of severe storms during the first half of February, AD found a specimen of the Box Fruit stranded on the wrack line of the highest storm ridge between Camber Sands and Dungeness on the East Sussex and Kent border (50.923839uN, 0.85432708uE). The square-shaped dark-brown smooth outer exocarp, measuring c. 90 mm in height, c. 90 mm in width, and c. 110 mm from corner to corner at its base, was extensively eroded, exposing the underlying straw coloured fibrous mesocarp (Fig. 2). There were no overt signs of any colonising macro-epibionts on the surface of the specimen. This specimen represents the second known record of B. asiatica from UK waters. There are only two previous records of B. asiatica from European waters. The first specimen, which was extensively eroded, was found stranded during January 1985 on Inishskea Island, Co. Mayo, western Ireland (Viney, 1985, 2000). Nelson (2000) was convinced that the latter specimen was a genuine peregrine drifter. On 12 January 2012, the second specimen, which was reported to have been very fresh, was found stranded on the Dutch No","PeriodicalId":19229,"journal":{"name":"New Journal of Botany","volume":"8 1","pages":"107 - 109"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79151755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Herbarium specimens reveal the exchange network of British and Irish botanists, 1856–1932","authors":"Q. Groom, C. O’Reilly, T. Humphrey","doi":"10.1179/2042349714Y.0000000041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/2042349714Y.0000000041","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The labels on herbarium specimens hold information on the plant collected, but also on the botanist. Recent digitisation allows these data to be used for many types of investigation, including study of the botanists themselves. As a proof of concept, we reconstructed prosopographical networks of botanical exchange that existed in Britain and Ireland in the nineteenth and twentieth century and investigate the nature of these networks and their actors. Data from British Herbaria digitised on Herbaria@home were used to create network diagrams from the names of collectors, determiners, communicators and curators mentioned on herbarium specimens collected from 1856 to 1932. Data from herbarium specimens credibly reconstructed botanical exchange networks. These networks provided metrics on the actors in botanical exchange and can be used to quantify the role of different categories of actor. The botanical networks of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century were shown to be highly connected and despite the existence of two exchange clubs during part of this period the network was not divided. Herbarium specimens are a useful resource for botanical scientometrics; revealing scientific links between botanists that are not visible in correspondence, citation and co-authorship networks. Further digitisation of herbarium specimens coupled with openness of the data will further facilitate our understanding of how botanists work.","PeriodicalId":19229,"journal":{"name":"New Journal of Botany","volume":"3 1","pages":"103 - 95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85402160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"History and status of the Ghost Orchid (Epipogium aphyllum, Orchidaceae) in England","authors":"S. R. Cole","doi":"10.1179/2042349714Y.0000000038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/2042349714Y.0000000038","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper provides a full and detailed summary of the occurrence of the Ghost Orchid (Epipogium aphyllum Sw.) in England, from its initial discovery in 1854 to the present day. Phenology and frequency of occurrence is covered, along with a description of habitat and other ecological requirements. All known records are listed, along with details of the initial discovery for each. A list of uncorroborated records is included to encourage observers to complete the picture of its occurrence. Details for all extant herbarium specimens are listed. The species’ exact requirements are discussed, along with its potential future occurrence in Britain.","PeriodicalId":19229,"journal":{"name":"New Journal of Botany","volume":"78 1","pages":"13 - 24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75523738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Critical notes on species of Hieracium (Asteraceae) reported as common to Sweden and Britain","authors":"T. Tyler","doi":"10.1179/2042349713Y.0000000034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/2042349713Y.0000000034","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract All species of Hieracium sectt. Hieracium, Vulgata (incl. Bifida) and Oreadea originally described from the Nordic countries, but reported in recent accounts as occuring in the British Isles, have been scrutinised based on specimens and published descriptions. Out of 29 species stated as occurring in Britain and native to Fennoscandia, only four are confirmed (H. caesiomurorum, H. oistophyllum, H. pellucidum and H. triviale). These are all species with wide distributions in Fennoscandia and northern Europe and their occurence in Britain is thus not surprising. In addition, the first British occurrence of the widespread European species H. neopinnatifidum is reported. Apart from the above four, H. caesitium, H. diaphanoides and H. austrinum (H. scanicum) are possibly also native to both areas, although the material examined is not fully conclusive. In addition, at least a few species occur as aliens in both Sweden and Britain, but a further twelve need to be critically compared. Most of the Nordic names used for British plants are found to be based on misidentifications and the species concerned will have to be described and named anew. It is concluded that it is not good practice to borrow names of Hieracium species from distant areas without critically comparing types, authentic specimens and relevant literature. Only a very few species of this genus have distributions that stretch into several countries or across major water bodies.","PeriodicalId":19229,"journal":{"name":"New Journal of Botany","volume":"47 1","pages":"25 - 32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72805493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"British Sorbus (Rosaceae): six new species, two hybrids and a new subgenus","authors":"T. Rich, D. Green, L. Houston, M. Lepší, S. Ludwig, J. Pellicer","doi":"10.1179/2042349714Y.0000000036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/2042349714Y.0000000036","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Six new Sorbus species are described in Sorbus subgenus Aria; S. evansii T.C.G. Rich, sp. nov., S. greenii T.C.G. Rich, sp. nov., S. herefordensis D. Green, sp. nov., S. richii L. Houston, sp. nov., S. sellii T.C.G. Rich, sp. nov., and S. spectans L. Houston, sp. nov. The occurrence of two new subgeneric hybrids is noted – S. aucuparia × minima (subgenus Soraria) and a distinct member of subgenus Tormaria of unknown parentage – which do not merit binomials. Subgenus Triparens M. Lepší & T.C.G. Rich is described to accommodate taxa that originated as crosses between Sorbus subgenus Aria, subgenus Sorbus and subgenus Torminaria.","PeriodicalId":19229,"journal":{"name":"New Journal of Botany","volume":"15 1","pages":"12 - 2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83767713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sarracenia purpurea subsp. purpurea (Sarraceniaceae) naturalised in Britain and Ireland: distribution, ecology, impacts and control","authors":"K. Walker","doi":"10.1179/2042349714Y.0000000035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/2042349714Y.0000000035","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Sarracenia purpurea subsp. purpurea is a North American carnivorous plant that has been deliberately planted on lowland bogs and mires throughout Britain and Ireland since the late nineteenth century. Since then, established populations have been reported from 38 sites where it has often been conserved for ‘scientific’ reasons. Although there are now several large, long-established colonies, any impacts on native species have been localised due to limited waterborne dispersal of seed. Where plants occur at high density, these impacts have included the displacement of Sphagnum and associated flora, most notably epiphytic liverworts. Many small populations have been successfully removed by hand but on larger sites significant regeneration has occurred from juveniles and the seed-bank. The relative effectiveness of other control measures (e.g. chemical treatment, turf-stripping) is currently under investigation. In conclusion, S. purpurea subsp. purpurea is unlikely to pose a significant threat to native species if control is carried out soon after introduction and regeneration is carefully monitored. The removal of large, established populations, however, will be much more challenging as the control measures required (e.g. chemical treatment, turf-stripping) are unlikely to be acceptable on sensitive sites supporting assemblages of rare and threatened plants and insects.","PeriodicalId":19229,"journal":{"name":"New Journal of Botany","volume":"15 1","pages":"33 - 41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88865402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Scanning electron micrographs of leaves of British Carex species, 2. Subgenus Vignea. Carices with several hermaphrodite spikes","authors":"M. Proctor, M. Bradshaw","doi":"10.1179/2042349714Y.0000000039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/2042349714Y.0000000039","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Most species of Carex subgenus Vignea have several similar hermaphrodite spikes, channelled or keeled leaves, smooth below and smooth to roughened above with low papillae at the apices of the epidermal cells, and are hypostomous with superficial stomata. Most of the variation is quantitative, in growth-habit, in the breadth and folding of the leaf, in the roughness of the upper leaf surface, and in the form and degree of the toothing of the margins and keel of the leaf. The main exceptions to this pattern are the section Heleoglochin, where the stomata are in distinctive pits or grooves in the lower surface, the section Physoglochin (C. dioica and related species), which is dioecious (in Europe), single-spiked and has linear leaves, and the section Heleonastes (C. lachenalii) which has characteristically papillose leaf surfaces and the similar C. canescens (section Canescentes) which is amphistomous. The approximate size and distribution of stomata, papillae and teeth (‘prickles’) of the species are listed. The overall pattern of variation is such that consistent differences at sectional level are few.","PeriodicalId":19229,"journal":{"name":"New Journal of Botany","volume":"106 1","pages":"47 - 60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74342971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}