Journal of the Pakistan Dental Association最新文献

{"title":"Attitude and Practice of General Dental Practitioners and other Dental Specialties towards Pediatric Dentistry in Pakistan","authors":"A. Zalan","doi":"10.25301/jpda.311.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25301/jpda.311.11","url":null,"abstract":"OBJECTIVE: Pediatric patients have high unmet treatment needs in Pakistan. There are only a handful of pediatric dentists in Pakistan. Thus, the dental services to child patients have to be dependent on general dentists and other dental specialists. The aim of this study was to assess the attitude and practice of the dentists towards clinical pediatric dentistry in Pakistan. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study was conducted among the dentists in Pakistan. RESULTS: A total of 372 dentists participated in the study. These included 122 (32.8%) males and 250 (67.2%) females. The majority of the participants (n = 272, 73.1%) were between the ages of 25 to 35 years. As compared to other dentists, a significantly greater number of general dentists (p < 0.008) had received any training in the behavioral management of children. Operative dentists reported practicing more of the various procedures in child patients (pit and fissure sealants, stainless steel crowns, pulpectomies, fluoride varnishes, pulpotomies and restorations), as compared to the other dentists. Even though the operative dentists performed more of these procedures, more than 50% of them still did not frequently perform any of the procedures. A total of 244 (65.6%) dentists wanted to attend pediatric dentistry courses, if available. CONCLUSION: There is a major gap in the needs and availability of pediatric dentistry services. More training needs to be conducted at both the undergraduate and postgraduate levels in pediatric dentistry. KEYWORDS: Pediatric dentistry, general dentists, other dental specialists, attitude and practices.","PeriodicalId":191918,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pakistan Dental Association","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122279393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antibacterial Efficacy of Silver Nanoparticles Impregnated Calcium Hydroxide: An in Vitro Study","authors":"Zudia Riaz, Muhammad Raza, A. Hanif, Beenish Haider, Sadia Akram, Shamayem Safdar","doi":"10.25301/jpda.311.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25301/jpda.311.1","url":null,"abstract":"OBJECTIVE: To compare the in-vitro antibacterial effectiveness in terms of enterococcus faecalis elimination of conventional unmodified calcium hydroxide paste with an experimental calcium hydroxide impregnated with 1% silver nanoparticles. METHODOLOGY: This in vitro study was conducted during the period July 2019 - January 2020 at Materials Research Laboratory, Centralized Resource Laboratory (University of Peshawar) and Pathology Laboratory (Peshawar Medical College). Sixty human premolar teeth having single root with mature apices were obtained. These were distributed into two groups randomly (n=30); experimental group for testing the antibacterial efficacy of calcium hydroxide impregnated with 0.1% by weight silver nanoparticles and the other was used as a control group for testing the antibacterial efficacy of unmodified calcium hydroxide. Dentine specimens (size 4 x 4x 1mm) were prepared from the teeth using slow speed cutting saw machine. Smear layer was removed with EDTA. Specimens were autoclaved to sterilize them. Then each specimen was contaminated with enterococcus faecalis and incubated anaerobically for 24 hours at 37?C. After the application of medicaments, the zone of inhibition was measured and number of viable bacteria were determined using SEM. Statistical significance was calculated using t-test. p<0.05 was taken as significant. RESULTS: After the application of medicament, the zone of inhibition was greater (9.63mm) in experimental group when compared to control group (4mm) (p<0.001). Number of viable bacteria before application of medicament were 239 and 208 while after application of medicament reduced to 90 and 54 in control and experimental groups respectively (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: The addition of silver nanoparticles to calcium hydroxide significantly enhanced its potential to eliminate biofilm of enterococcus faecalis on dentin specimens. KEYWORDS: Silver nanoparticles, Calcium hydroxide, Root canal infections, Root canal medicament.","PeriodicalId":191918,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pakistan Dental Association","volume":"206 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114756768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Radiographic Location of Mental Foramen in Dentate Adults Visiting Dental Hospitals of Peshawar","authors":"Shamayem Safdar, Momena Rashid, Sadia Hassan Khan, Faiza Ijaz, S. A. Shah, Zudia Riaz","doi":"10.25301/jpda.311.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25301/jpda.311.5","url":null,"abstract":"OBJECTIVES: To determine the location of mental foramen in panoramic radiographs of dentate adults in local population of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa visiting the Peshawar dental hospital, Khyber college of dentistry and Sardar begum dental hospital, Peshawar. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional study was conducted in outpatient department of three dental hospitals of Peshawar from November 2018 to April 2019. A total of 280 subjects (140 males, 140 females) were included that fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Subjects underwent the standard OPG procedure. JPEG file format of OPG images were analyzed by Adobe Photoshop software 2008 version to analyze the location of mental foramen. RESULTS: The mental foramen was located in class I, 0 cases (0%), class II, 11 cases (2%), classIII, 295 cases (53%), class IV, 245 cases (44%) and class V, 9 cases (1%). CONCLUSION: The most common location of mental foramen in local population of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa was between mandibular 1st and 2nd premolar (Class III). KEYWORDS: Mental foramen, Panoramic radiograph, Adobe Photoshop software","PeriodicalId":191918,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pakistan Dental Association","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128284536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prosthodontic Rehabilitation of Hypodontia – A Team Approach","authors":"K. Tariq, Muhammad Waseem ullah Khan, Momina Akram, Sahar Illyas, Muhammad Azeem","doi":"10.25301/jpda.304.279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25301/jpda.304.279","url":null,"abstract":"Hypodontia can have an impact on speech, aesthetics, function and psycho-social behavior of individuals afflicted by the problem. Rehabilitation of patients with hypodontia usually requires complex treatment planning, depending upon the pattern of tooth absence, amount of residual spacing, presence of malocclusion and patient compliance. It is an interdisciplinary intervention, involving prosthodontists, orthodontists, oral surgeons, speech pathologists and psychologists to achieve an optimal outcome for the patient. This case report describes the close work of a committed team from orthodontic, oral surgery and prosthodontic department of de'Montmorency College of Dentistry, Lahore, to reach final aesthetic and functional outcomes for an 18 year old girl with oligodontia. Her chief complaint was poor esthetics and absence of multiple anterior teeth with unsightly spacing between remaining teeth. Orthodontic redistribution of spaces followed by fixed full arch prosthetic rehabilitation were the goals achieved at the end of her treatment. KEYWORDS: Oligodontia, interdisciplinary team work, prosthodontic rehabilitation, fixed restorations.","PeriodicalId":191918,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pakistan Dental Association","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129480657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Management Strategies for Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic","authors":"H. K. Siddiqui, J. Safdar, Kanza Ghauri","doi":"10.25301/jpda.304.275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25301/jpda.304.275","url":null,"abstract":"The novel-coronavirus (2019-nCOV) emerged in Wuhan City in December 2019, this resulted in a quick and catastrophic health problem all over the world but our country is slightly less affected by the pandemic. There could be a number of reasons for less numbers of Covid positive cases and lack of awareness and reduced Covid testing capacity and hence less mortality in Pakistan. In order to provide assistance to an ever increasing number of infected patients and, at the same time taking care of urgent maxillofacial conditions. This manuscript gives the reader in a nutshell the overall surgical experience of oral and maxillofacial practice at Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan in the COVID-19 pandemic and would like to provide a number of recommendations that would assist the scheduling process of surgical management during the COVID-19 pandemic and reduce the risk of infection among healthcare workers and others involved with the service. KEYWORDS: Maxillofacial surgery; Coronavirus; COVID-19; Pandemic","PeriodicalId":191918,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pakistan Dental Association","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130151841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Knowledge and Behavior of Dentists, and Practice Modifications in Response to the Outbreak of Novel COVID-19 in Dentists of Pakistan","authors":"N. Sarwar, Saba Ansar, Momminah Qamar","doi":"10.25301/jpda.304.261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25301/jpda.304.261","url":null,"abstract":"OBJECTIVES: The current study is conducted to assess the knowledge and behavior of dentists in Pakistan and various practice modifications adopted in response to current outbreak of COVID-19. METHODOLOGY: Well-constructed online questionnaires were distributed among 300 subjects including dental students (3rd year and 4th year), house surgeons, and dental surgeons of two public hospitals of Punjab, Pakistan. RESULTS: 90% of dentists are afraid of getting the infection and reluctant to continue their dental practice. Most of the dentists 95% are aware of the mode of transmission of disease and follow WHO guidelines but still a large number of dentists are in fear and anxious to perform only emergency dental procedures. CONCLUSION: Most dentists resume their dental practice by following WHO new guidelines related to practice in COVID -19 outbreak but still a significant number of dentists close their dental practice for an indefinite period due to anxiety and fear of being ill or got infected by COVID-19. KEYWORD: anxiety and fear, practice modifications, outbreak, COVID-19, knowledge and behavior","PeriodicalId":191918,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pakistan Dental Association","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115947540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Cross Infection Control in Dentistry; A Patients’ Perception Study","authors":"A. Zafar, S. Adnan, Naseer Ahmed, M. Abbasi, M. A. Ahmed, R. Jouhar, Saqib Hameed","doi":"10.25301/jpda.304.249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25301/jpda.304.249","url":null,"abstract":"OBJECTIVE: To assess the perception of patients visiting a dental OPD in Karachi regarding cross infection control measures that should be taken in dental practice. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the OPD of Altamash Institute of Dental Medicine from January to August 2020. A total of 546 patients aged 20-75 years of either gender coming for routine dental check-ups were included in the study using non-probability convenience sampling. A well-structured and validated questionnaire was used to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices of patients regarding cross infection measures that should be present in dental practices. SPSS-25 was used to analyze the data. Descriptive statistics was used to calculate frequency and percentage of qualitative (gender, socioeconomic and education status, knowledge attitude and practice levels of patients) and quantitative variables (age groups). Chi-square test was used to detect the relation of patient's knowledge levels with potential factors like the age groups, gender, socioeconomic and education status. The p-value of (< 0.05) was considered as significant. RESULTS: Out of the total participants, 79.1% had good knowledge about cross infection control measures in dental practice. Majority of the patients (84.6%) agreed that dentists should wear gloves during treatment, though majority were of the opinion that a dentist can treat several patients with the same set of gloves. About 4.9% of the patients said that they ask the dentist to wear face mask and gloves while treating them, and only 3.3% said that they ask the dentist about sterilization of instruments. The knowledge level of patients showed variation with their education status but not with respect to socioeconomic status, age and gender. CONCLUSION: Although overall the patients visiting dental clinics had good perception and showed positive attitudes towards cross infection control, the dental health practitioners need to disseminate basic technical information about the infection-control practices required for safe dental practice to dental patients and the community at large. KEYWORDS: cross infection, knowledge, dentist, dental patients, perception","PeriodicalId":191918,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pakistan Dental Association","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126967923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation and Assessment of Antimicrobial Property of Resin Based Composites Impregnated with Proanthocyanidin and Titanium Dioxide","authors":"Mumtaz ul Islam, Sardar Muhammad, F. Ghani","doi":"10.25301/jpda.304.243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25301/jpda.304.243","url":null,"abstract":"OBJECTIVE: To synthesize three experimental resin based composites (RBCs) out of a commercial preperation (Control) by impregnating into each a fixed weight (0.01%) of titanium dioxide (TiO2) and three different weight % (0.01, 0.02 and 0.03) of proanthocyanidin (PA) and to compare antibacterial property, from the zones of inhibition of streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), of the specimen restorations made in the experimental and control RBCs. METHODOLOGY: In the first phase, Streptococcus mutans were isolated and identified from the oral cavity of patients and identified on the basis of morphogenic appearance of colonies and confirmed through catalase test and microscopic examination. Isolates were then incubated and cultured for sensitivity. Specimens for control and experimental RBCs were made through a metallic mold having 2mm thickness and 5mm diameter for all the 4 groups. Specimen restorations made in the commercial as supplied RBC acted as the control (Group A). Specimen restorations in the Group B, C, and D were made in each of the experimental RBCs modified with 0.01% proanthocyanidin (PA) and 0.01% titanium dioxide (TiO2), 0.02% PA and 0.01% TiO2 and 0.03% PA and 0.01% TiO2. The antimicrobial property of all the specimen restorations in all the groups was evaluated by Bauer-Kirby (Disc Diffusion) method through the formation of zones of inhibition of S. mutans colonies on blood agar plates. Data were computed using SPSS version 21 for descriptive statistics and analyzed using one-way ANOVA with p value 0.05 taken as significant. RESULTS: The range of the zone of inhibition for specimen RBC restorations (N= 12) containing PA and TiO2 was 0.00 for Group A, 10-12mm for Group B, 12-14mm for Group C and 9-10mm for Group D. The mean inhibition zone for the experimental restoration specimens was 11±2mm for Group B, 12.7±1mm for Group C and 9.7±1mm for Group D compared to no inhibition zones (0.00 mm) with the control RBC Group A. The order of the inhibition zones from maximum to minimum was Group C > Group B > Group D > Group A. The differences between the mean values for the control and the experimental RBC restoration specimens were significant (p < 0.000). The specimen restorations in the Group D appeared under cured and could impact on their mechanical properties. CONCLUSION: Irrespective of the mentioned concentrations, impregnating PA and TiO2 rendered the RBC antimicrobial. RBC restorations made with the experimental RBC with 0.02% PA and 0.01% TiO2 proved relatively more effective in terms of antimicrobial effect. KEY WORDS: dental materials, resin based dental restorations, antibacterial resin based composite, proanthocyanidin, titanium dioxide.","PeriodicalId":191918,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pakistan Dental Association","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130089217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of Repeated Chemical and Microwave Disinfection on Dimensional Accuracy of Gypsum Casts","authors":"Mariya Khalid, M. A. Chughtai, S. Shaheed, Syed Nasir Shah","doi":"10.25301/jpda.304.235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25301/jpda.304.235","url":null,"abstract":"OBJECTIVE: The aim of this experimental study is to compare the dimensional accuracy of gypsum casts after repeated disinfection in microwave at 900 Watts, 2450 MHz (5 minutes) and immersion in 0.5% Sodium hypochlorite (10 minutes). Disinfecting casts is recommended to prevent cross infection but may cause dimensional changes. During fabrication of prosthesis, a cast may get contaminated several times so there is a need of repeated disinfection. METHODOLOGY: Sample size was 33 (11 in each group), calculated through WHO software for sample size determination by using standard deviation of 0.16 at 95% confidence interval and 80% power of study. Impressions in irreversible hydrocolloid were recorded of an acrylic cast fabricated for this study. The impressions were poured with die stone and were randomly divided into 3 groups; Group I: Microwave disinfection, Group II: Immersion disinfection in 0.5% Sodium hypochlorite, Group III: Control group. For Groups I and II, each cast was disinfected 7 times with 5 minutes interval between two disinfection cycles, after every cycle anteroposterior and mediolateral measurements were recorded using digital Vernier caliper (accuracy upto 0.01 mm). For group III, casts were rinsed with distilled water, dried in open air within temperature range of 28+/-2OC for 10 mins followed by anteroposterior and mediolateral measurements. This procedure was repeated seven times for each cast. RESULTS: Anteroposterior and Mediolateral differences of dimensional change between and within the Group A, B and C was calculated by One Way ANOVA. Inter/intra examiner reliability was taken into consideration at the time of study. Mean dimensional change in the casts were insignificant through six disinfecting cycles. However, in the seventh cycle, a significant difference (p=0.003) was observed in the anteroposterior dimension (0.03% dimensional change for Group A and 1.26 % for Group B whereas, in mediolateral dimension, dimensional change was 0.35% for Group A and 0.59% for Group B (p=0.004). Dimensional change of >0.5% was considered as the cutoff value for casts to be considered as dimensionally accurate. Casts disinfected through immersion disinfection did not produce dimensionally inaccurate casts in anteroposterior dimension after third cycle and in seventh cycle in mediolateral dimension. However, result is significant only in seventh cycle. Microwave disinfection produced dimensionally accurate casts throughout all cycles. CONCLUSION: Microwave disinfected casts remained dimensionally stable compared to immersion disinfection. KEYWORDS: Disinfection, microwave, immersion, dimensional stability, gypsum casts","PeriodicalId":191918,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pakistan Dental Association","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114935011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quality and Readability of Online Information Available for the General Public on Orofacial Granulomatosis","authors":"Zain Akram, M. Anwar","doi":"10.25301/jpda.304.267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25301/jpda.304.267","url":null,"abstract":"OBJECTIVE: Orofacial granulomatosis (OFG) is a relatively rare entity. The information pertaining to it is accessible to patients and care-givers on the internet in a scarce quantity. The aims of the current study were to evaluate quality, readability, understandability and actionability of information regarding the disease-orofacial granulomatosis-available to the public on the internet. The purpose of the study was to evaluate ease of access and understandability of language available for individuals affected by OFG. Although the incidence of the disease is very low in Pakistan, patients with symptoms of OFG rarely report to clinics due to social stigma. METHODOLOGY: A vivid selection process was chosen for the study. The study was conducted online on 'google scholar' website. Four different search terms were used 'ofg disease', 'orofacial granulomatosis', 'cheilitis granulomatosa' and 'Melkersson Rosenthal Syndrome' to seek information on orofacial granulomatosis. All of this was done during July, 2020 to October 2020. The first 100 results from each term were shortlisted and evaluated further. Exclusion criteria was used and several repetitive sites, non-functional links, sites containing content irrelevant to the search were excluded. This resulted in 58 websites relevant to the search that were then categorized according to affiliation, specialisation, content type as well as content presentation. Three grading assessments were utilized to assess the quality of this online information; the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) benchmarks, the Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool for Printable Materials (PEMAT-P) and the presence of Health on the Net (HON) seal. In order to assess the readability of the content in the websites, the Flesch Reading Ease Score (FRES) and Simple Measure of Gobbledygook (SMOG) were used. RESULTS: The overall quality of online information on orofacial granulomatosis is difficult to comprehend and act upon as assessed by the PEMAT. The HON seal was visible on only 5 (9%) websites. In terms of readability, only one (2%) website was fairly easy to read. CONCLUSIONS: The online information on orofacial granulomatosis is qualitatively poor and does not serve its purpose in true sense. There is a need to devise better, high quality online readable information for patients and the public to understand. KEY WORDS: Orofacial granulomatosis, cheilitis granulomatosa, PEMAT.","PeriodicalId":191918,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Pakistan Dental Association","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134539193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}