Neuroendocrinology最新文献

{"title":"The Prenatal Hypoxic Pathology Associated with Maternal Stress Predisposes to Dysregulated Expression of the chrna7 Gene and the Subsequent Development of Nicotine Addiction in Adult Offspring.","authors":"Viktor Stratilov, Oleg Vetrovoy, Sophia Potapova, Ekaterina Tyulkova","doi":"10.1159/000536214","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000536214","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Previous studies have shown that fetal hypoxia predisposes individuals to develop addictive disorders in adulthood. However, the specific impact of maternal stress, mediated through glucocorticoids and often coexisting with fetal hypoxia, is not yet fully comprehended.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>To delineate the potential effects of these pathological factors, we designed models of prenatal severe hypoxia (PSH) in conjunction with maternal stress and prenatal intrauterine ischemia (PII). We assessed the suitability of these models for our research objectives by measuring HIF1α levels and evaluating the glucocorticoid neuroendocrine system. To ascertain nicotine dependence, we employed the conditioned place aversion test and the startle response test. To identify the key factor implicated in nicotine addiction associated with PSH, we employed techniques such as Western blot, immunohistochemistry, and correlational analysis between chrna7 and nr3c1 genes across different brain structures.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In adult rats exposed to PSH and PII, we observed increased levels of HIF1α in the hippocampus (HPC). However, the PSH group alone exhibited reduced glucocorticoid receptor levels and disturbed circadian glucocorticoid rhythms. Additionally, they displayed signs of nicotine addiction in the conditioned place aversion and startle response tests. We also observed elevated levels of phosphorylated DARPP-32 protein in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) indicated compromised glutamatergic efferent signaling. Furthermore, there was reduced expression of α7 nAChR, which modulates glutamate release, in the medial prefrontal cortex (PFC) and HPC. Correlation analysis revealed strong associations between chrna7 and nr3c1 expression in both brain structures.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Perturbations in the glucocorticoid neuroendocrine system and glucocorticoid-dependent gene expression of chrna7 associated with maternal stress response to hypoxia in prenatal period favor the development of nicotine addiction in adulthood.</p>","PeriodicalId":19117,"journal":{"name":"Neuroendocrinology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139417662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Systemic Glucose Regulation by a Hindbrain Inhibitory Circuit in a Mouse Model of Type 1 Diabetes.","authors":"J Anna Juras, Soledad Pitra, Bret N Smith","doi":"10.1159/000536142","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000536142","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Previous work showed that increasing the electrical activity of inhibitory neurons in the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) is sufficient to increase whole-body glucose concentration in normoglycemic mice. Here we tested the hypothesis that deactivating GABAergic neurons in the dorsal hindbrain of hyperglycemic mice decreases synaptic inhibition of parasympathetic motor neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) and reduces systemic glucose levels.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Chemogenetic activation or inactivation of GABAergic neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) was used to assess effects of modulating parasympathetic output on blood glucose concentration in normoglycemic and hyperglycemic mice. Patch-clamp electrophysiology in vitro was used to assess cellular effects of chemogenetic manipulation of NTS GABA neurons.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Chemogenetic activation of GABAergic NTS neurons in normoglycemic mice increased their action potential firing, resulting in increased inhibitory synaptic input to DMV motor neurons and elevated blood glucose concentration. Deactivation of GABAergic DVC neurons in normoglycemic mice altered their electrical activity but did not alter systemic glucose levels. Conversely, stimulation of GABAergic DVC neurons in mice that were hyperglycemic subsequent to treatment with streptozotocin changed their electrical activity but did not alter whole-body glucose concentration, while deactivation of this inhibitory circuit significantly decreased circulating glucose concentration. Peripheral administration of a brain impermeant muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist abolished these effects.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Disinhibiting vagal motor neurons decreases hyperglycemia in a mouse model of type 1 diabetes. This inhibitory brainstem circuit emerges as a key parasympathetic regulator of whole-body glucose homeostasis that undergoes functional plasticity in hyperglycemic conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":19117,"journal":{"name":"Neuroendocrinology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139403793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional Characterization of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone and Corazonin Signaling Systems in Pacific Abalone: Toward Reclassification of Invertebrate Neuropeptides.","authors":"Mi Ae Kim, Tae Ha Kim, Priyadharshini Kannan, Kang Hee Kho, Keunwan Park, Young Chang Sohn","doi":"10.1159/000533662","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000533662","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The proposed evolutionary origins and corresponding nomenclature of bilaterian gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-related neuropeptides have changed tremendously with the aid of receptor deorphanization. However, the reclassification of the GnRH and corazonin (CRZ) signaling systems in Lophotrochozoa remains unclear.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We characterized GnRH and CRZ receptors in the mollusk Pacific abalone, Haliotis discus hannai (Hdh), by phylogenetic and gene expression analyses, bioluminescence-based reporter, Western blotting, substitution of peptide amino acids, in vivo neuropeptide injection, and RNA interference assays.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Two Hdh CRZ-like receptors (Hdh-CRZR-A and Hdh-CRZR-B) and three Hdh GnRH-like receptors (Hdh-GnRHR1-A, Hdh-GnRHR1-B, and Hdh-GnRHR2) were identified. In phylogenetic analysis, Hdh-CRZR-A and -B grouped within the CRZ-type receptors, whereas Hdh-GnRHR1-A/-B and Hdh-GnRHR2 clustered within the GnRH/adipokinetic hormone (AKH)/CRZ-related peptide-type receptors. Hdh-CRZR-A/-B and Hdh-GnRHR1-A were activated by Hdh-CRZ (pQNYHFSNGWHA-NH2) and Hdh-GnRH (pQISFSPNWGT-NH2), respectively. Hdh-CRZR-A/-B dually coupled with the Gαq and Gαs signaling pathways, whereas Hdh-GnRHR1-A was linked only with Gαq signaling. Analysis of substituted peptides, [I2S3]Hdh-CRZ and [N2Y3H4]Hdh-GnRH, and in silico docking models revealed that the N-terminal amino acids of the peptides are critical for the selectivity of Hdh-CRZR and Hdh-GnRHR. Two precursor transcripts for Hdh-CRZ and Hdh-GnRH peptides and their receptors were mainly expressed in the neural ganglia, and their levels increased in starved abalones. Injection of Hdh-CRZ peptide into abalones decreased food consumption, whereas Hdh-CRZR knockdown increased food consumption. Moreover, Hdh-CRZ induced germinal vesicle breakdown in mature oocytes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Characterization of Hdh-CRZRs and Hdh-GnRHRs and their cognate peptides provides new insight into the evolutionary route of GnRH-related signaling systems in bilaterians.</p>","PeriodicalId":19117,"journal":{"name":"Neuroendocrinology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10285687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regulation of the MCHergic Neural Circuit to Dorsal Raphe Nucleus on Emotion-Related Behaviors and Intestinal Dysfunction in Mice Model of Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Diarrhea.","authors":"Xing Ming, Shengli Gao, Jinqiu Sun, Nana Zhang, Ruixiao Guo, Xufei Feng, Xinchi Luan, Han Xing, Yang Jiao, Feifei Guo","doi":"10.1159/000538582","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000538582","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea (IBS-D) is frequently accompanied by depression and anxiety, resulting in a reduced quality of life and increased medical expenditures. Although psychological factors are known to play an important role in the genesis and development of IBS-D, an understanding of the central neural control of intestinal dysfunction remains elusive. Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is a gut-brain peptide involved in regulating feeding, sleep-wake rhythms, and emotional states.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study investigated the regulation of the MCHergic neural circuit from the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) to the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) on anxiety- and depression-like behaviors, intestinal motility, and visceral hypersensitivity in a mice model of IBS-D. The models of IBS-D were prepared by inducing chronic unpredictable mild stress.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Chemogenetic activation of the MCH neurons in the LHA could excite serotonin (5-HT) neurons in the DRN and induce anxiety- and depression-like behaviors and IBS-D-like symptoms, which could be recovered by microinjection of the MCH receptor antagonist SNAP94847 into the DRN. The mice model of IBS-D showed a reduction of 5-HT and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression in the DRN, while an elevation of 5-HT and BDNF was observed in the colon through immunofluorescent staining, ELISA, and Western blot analysis. SNAP94847 treatment in the DRN alleviated anxiety- and depression-like behaviors, improved intestinal motility, and alleviated visceral hypersensitivity responses by normalizing the 5-HT and BDNF expression in the DRN and colon.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study suggests that the activation of MCH neurons in the LHA may induce IBS-D symptoms via the DRN and that the MCH receptor antagonist could potentially have therapeutic effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":19117,"journal":{"name":"Neuroendocrinology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140318762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Neuropeptide HGAP Regulates Growth, Reproduction, Metamorphosis, Tissue Damage Repair, and Response against Starvation in Pacific Abalone.","authors":"Md Abu Hanif, Shaharior Hossen, Doo Hyun Cho, Kang Hee Kho","doi":"10.1159/000535945","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000535945","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Neuropeptides regulate vital physiological processes in multicellular organisms, including growth, reproduction, metamorphosis, and feeding. Recent transcriptome analyses have revealed neuropeptide genes with potential roles in vertebrate and invertebrate growth and reproduction. Among these genes, haliotid growth-associated peptide (HGAP) was identified as a novel gene in abalone.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study focused on HGAP in Pacific abalone (Haliotis discus hannai), where the complete cDNA sequence named Hdh-HGAP was identified and characterized. Samples from different experiments, such as metamorphosis, juvenile abalone growth, gonad development stages, muscle remodeling, and starvation, were collected for mRNA expression analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The sequence spans 552 bp, encoding 96 amino acids with a molecular weight of 10.96 kDa. Expression analysis revealed that Hdh-HGAP exhibited higher levels in muscle tissue. Notably, during metamorphosis, Hdh-HGAP exhibited greater expression in the trochophore, veliger, and juvenile stages than in the cell division stages. Regarding growth patterns, Hdh-HGAP was highly expressed during rapid growth compared to stunted, minimal, and normal growth. In gonadal development, Hdh-HGAP mRNA reached its highest expression level during the ripening stage, indicating a potential role in gonadal cell proliferation and maturation. The in vivo effects of GnRH on gonad development and the expression of the Hdh-HGAP neuropeptide indicate its involvement in regulating reproduction in Pacific abalone. While tissue remodeling is primarily governed by immune genes, Hdh-HGAP was also upregulated during muscle tissue remodeling. Conversely, Hdh-HGAP was downregulated during prolonged starvation.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study marks the first comprehensive exploration of the Hdh-HGAP neuropeptide gene in Pacific abalone, shedding light on its involvement in growth, reproduction, metamorphosis, tissue remodeling, and response to starvation, although regulatory mechanisms are mostly unknown.</p>","PeriodicalId":19117,"journal":{"name":"Neuroendocrinology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11108583/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139032481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinicoradiological Factors Predicting Lymph Node Metastasis in Patients with Nonfunctioning Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Boryeong Jeong, Subin Heo, Dong Wook Kim, Kyung Won Kim","doi":"10.1159/000534029","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000534029","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Lymph node metastasis of nonfunctioning pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (pNENs) potentially leads to poor survival. Given the contradictory results in the literature regarding factors associated with lymph node metastasis of nonfunctioning pNENs, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the preoperative predictors of lymph node metastasis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Original studies reporting factors associated with lymph node metastasis in patients with nonfunctioning pNENs were identified in PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases, and data from eligible studies were analyzed using random-effects meta-analysis to obtain pooled estimates of odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Eleven studies were included. Tumor size (&gt;2 cm or &gt;2.5 cm; OR, 5.80 [95% CI, 4.07-8.25]) and pancreatic head location (OR, 1.75 [95% CI, 1.05-2.94]) were significant preoperative predictors of lymph node metastasis. Old age (OR, 1.07 [95% CI, 0.68-1.68]) and male sex (OR, 1.12 [95% CI, 0.74-1.70]) were not significantly associated with lymph node metastasis.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>A large tumor size and pancreatic head location can be useful for planning optimal treatment in patients with nonfunctioning pNENs.</p>","PeriodicalId":19117,"journal":{"name":"Neuroendocrinology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10285688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Treatment and Long-Term Safety Outcomes of Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy for Metastatic Neuroendocrine Tumours: An Asian Experience.","authors":"Wei Ying Tham, Hian Liang Huang, David Wai Meng Tai, John C Allen, Jacqueline S G Hwang, Lih Ming Loh, Brian K P Goh, Simon Y K Ong, Peng Chin Kek, Damien M Y Tan, David C E Ng, Kelvin S H Loke","doi":"10.1159/000538523","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000538523","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) is a targeted molecular therapy used to treat neuroendocrine tumours (NETs). It has been shown to be effective and well tolerated in patients with metastatic NETs in several centres in the USA, Europe, and Australia. Tolerability and efficacy data emerging from Asian centres remain few. Epidemiological evidence suggests that there are differences in neuroendocrine neoplasms between the population groups. We aim to describe the treatment and safety outcomes of PRRT in the Asian population.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>One hundred and seven (107) patients with metastatic NETs who had undergone PRRT treatment from January 2012 to March 2019 were included in this retrospective study. The response rates using RECIST 1.1 and qualitative analysis were examined. The overall and progression-free survival curves were also evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The median progression-free survival was 49 months. Response assessment after completion of treatment showed that 33 (37.9%) of 87 patients had partial or complete response. Subgroup analysis comparing high- and low-grade NET showed that there was a significant difference in the time to progression curves. Comparison of the number of cycles and progression-free and overall survival also showed a significant difference. Ten patients (9%) had grade 3 or more haematological toxicities. Four patients (4%) had grade 3/4 hepatobiliary toxicities, although the presence of extensive liver metastases was a confounding factor. None of the patients had grade 3/4 acute kidney injury.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our results show that PRRT is safe and effective in the treatment of metastatic NET in the Asian population. There was a significant difference in the progression-free survival curves between low-grade and high-grade NET and in the progression-free and overall survival comparing the number of cycles received.</p>","PeriodicalId":19117,"journal":{"name":"Neuroendocrinology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140294112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pediatric Macrocorticotropinoma: Do They Differ from Microcorticotropinoma?","authors":"Chethan Yami Channaiah, Saba Samad Memon, Vijaya Sarathi, Anurag Ranjan Lila, Shilpa Sankhe, Sneha Arya, Manjiri Karlekar, Virendra Ashokrao Patil, Nalini Shah, Tushar Bandgar","doi":"10.1159/000533770","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000533770","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Cushing's disease (CD) due to macrocorticotropinoma (MC) in children and adolescents is a rare entity with limited information regarding its characteristics. The objective of the study is to describe the clinical, biochemical, imaging, management, outcome, and genetic characteristics of children and adolescents with CD due to MC and compare them with those of microcorticotropinoma (mc).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective study was conducted at a single tertiary care center. Thirty-two patients with CD and MC (maximum tumor dimension ≥10 mm on imaging) and 65 patients with mc (&lt;10 mm on imaging) aged ≤20 years at presentation were enrolled.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Nineteen girls and 13 boys with MC presented at a median (IQR) age of 14.5 (12.0-17.9) years. Patients with MC had higher body mass index-standard deviation score (BMI-SDS) (3.70 ± 2.60 vs. 2.59 ± 2.01, p = 0.04), more frequent neuro-ophthalmic symptoms (25% vs. 9% p = 0.04) and short stature (59% vs. 34%, p = 0.049) but less frequent livid striae (53% vs. 77%, p = 0.01), hypokalemia (12% vs. 36%, p = 0.04), and lower cortisol (nmol/L) to corticotropin (pmol/L) ratio (41.20 vs. 55.74, p = 0.04) than those with mc. The remission (59% vs. 64%, p = 1.0) and relapse (53% vs. 37%, p = 0.26) rates after first-line surgery and remission rate after radiotherapy (RT) were comparable between the two cohorts, whereas time to remission after RT (27 vs. 13 months, p = 0.05) was longer in the MC group. A patient with MC had a pathogenic germline variant in CDH23.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In this large monocentric series of pediatric CD, frequent mass effect symptoms and short stature, higher BMI-SDS, less frequent livid striae, and hypokalemia with lower effective cortisol secretion characterize the MC cohort. The outcomes of surgery and RT were similar between the groups except for a longer time to remission after RT in the MC cohort. Germline variants are rare (4%) in pediatric MC.</p>","PeriodicalId":19117,"journal":{"name":"Neuroendocrinology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10439135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relation between WHO Classification and Location- and Functionality-Based Classifications of Neuroendocrine Neoplasms of the Digestive Tract.","authors":"Noah C Helderman, Manon Suerink, Gül Kilinç, José G van den Berg, Maartje Nielsen, Margot E T Tesselaar","doi":"10.1159/000534035","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000534035","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Practice of neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) of the digestive tract, which comprise of a highly diverse group of tumors with a rising incidence, faces multiple biological, diagnostic, and therapeutic issues. Part of these issues is due to misuse and misinterpretation of the classification and terminology of NENs of the digestive tract, which make it increasingly challenging to evaluate and compare the literature. For instance, grade 3 neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are frequently referred to as neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs) and vice versa, while NECs are, by definition, high grade and therefore constitute a separate entity from NETs. Moreover, the term NET is regularly misused to describe NENs in general, and NETs are frequently referred to as benign, while they should always be considered malignancies as they do have metastatic potential. To prevent misconceptions in future NEN-related research, we reviewed the most recent terminology used to classify NENs of the digestive tract and created an overview that combines the classification of these NENs according to the World Health Organization (WHO) with location- and functionality-based classifications. This overview may help clinicians and researchers in understanding the current literature and could serve as a guide in the clinic as well as for writing future studies on NENs of the digestive tract. In this way, we aim for the universal use of terminology, thereby providing an efficient foundation for future NEN-related research.</p>","PeriodicalId":19117,"journal":{"name":"Neuroendocrinology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10836754/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10192910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Long-Term Dietary High Fat and Eicosapentaenoic Acid on Behavior and Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Activity in Amyloidogenic APPswe/PSEN1dE9 Mice.","authors":"Breanna N Harris, Mahsa Yavari, Latha Ramalingam, P Logan Mounce, Kaylee Alers Maldonado, Angela C Chavira, Sarah Thomas, Shane Scoggin, Caroline Biltz, Naima Moustaid-Moussa","doi":"10.1159/000536586","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000536586","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Alzheimer's disease (AD) alters neurocognitive and emotional function and causes dysregulation of multiple homeostatic processes. The leading AD framework pins amyloid beta plaques and tau tangles as primary drivers of dysfunction. However, many additional variables, including diet, stress, sex, age, and pain tolerance, interact in ways that are not fully understood to impact the onset and progression of AD pathophysiology. We asked: (1) does high-fat diet, compared to low-fat diet, exacerbate AD pathophysiology and behavioral decline? And, (2) can supplementation with eicosapentaenoic (EPA)-enriched fish oil prevent high-fat-diet-induced changes?</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Male and female APPswePSdE9 mice, and their non-transgenic littermates, were randomly assigned to a diet condition (low-fat, high-fat, high-fat with EPA) and followed from 2 to 10 months of age. We assessed baseline corticosterone concentration during aging, pain tolerance, cognitive function, stress coping, and corticosterone response to a stressor.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Transgenic mice were consistently more active than non-transgenic mice but did not perform worse on either cognitive task, even though we recently reported that these same transgenic mice exhibited metabolic changes and had increased amyloid beta. Mice fed high-fat diet had higher baseline and post-stressor corticosterone, but diet did not impact cognition or pain tolerance. Sex had the biggest influence, as female mice were consistently more active and had higher corticosterone than males.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Overall, diet, genotype, and sex did not have consistent impacts on outcomes. We found little support for predicted interactions and correlations, suggesting diet impacts metabolic function and amyloid beta levels, but these outcomes do not translate to changes in behaviors measured here.</p>","PeriodicalId":19117,"journal":{"name":"Neuroendocrinology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11153005/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139672308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}