Neuroendocrinology最新文献

{"title":"Real-World Observational Study of Somatostatin Analogs and Rescue Medication Usage for Neuroendocrine Tumors in Canada.","authors":"Daniel Rayson, Myriam Troesch, Callahan LaForty, Winson Cheung, Jonathan Loree","doi":"10.1159/000551525","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000551525","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are uncommon malignancies with increasing incidence in Canada. Long-acting somatostatin analogs (SSA) such as Lanreotide Autogel® (LAN-ATG) and Octreotide Long-Acting Release (OCT-LAR) are first-line treatments for well-differentiated gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors either with or without carcinoid syndrome. Despite their efficacy, many patients require short-acting SSA for breakthrough symptoms. We investigated the impact of switching between long-acting SSAs on the usage of breakthrough medications and the incidence of above maximum recommended dose (AMRD) prescriptions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This population-based study used claims data from the IQVIA Canadian Private Drug Plan (PDP) that includes data from all Canadian provinces and public drug programs from Ontario and Québec. We identified NET patients who switched SSAs between September 2015 and December 2021. We analyzed breakthrough medication usage and AMRD prescriptions before and after the switch.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 170 patients who switched SSAs, there was a 59.1% overall reduction in breakthrough medication claims post-switch. Patients switching from OCT-LAR to LAN-ATG experienced a 66.5% reduction, while those switching from LAN-ATG to OCT-LAR saw a 21.9% decrease. Pre-switch, significantly more patients on OCT-LAR exceeded the AMRD threshold compared to those on LAN-ATG (43.8% vs. 18.2%, p value = 0.008).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Switching between long-acting SSAs can reduce the need for breakthrough medications and lower the incidence of AMRD prescriptions, with a more pronounced effect observed when switching from OCT-LAR to LAN-ATG. These findings have potential implications for improving quality of life and reducing treatment costs for NET patients, which should be evaluated in a formal health economic analysis.</p>","PeriodicalId":19117,"journal":{"name":"Neuroendocrinology","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147474720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aggressive Pituitary Tumors and Pituitary Carcinomas - A Narrative Review of Clinical Features and Management.","authors":"Barbara Buchalska, Jacek Kunicki","doi":"10.1159/000551557","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000551557","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Aggressive pituitary tumors (APTs) are commonly defined as invasive neoplasms refractory to treatment with early recurrences, while pituitary carcinomas (PCs) represent a subset of APTs that have developed metastases. However, the diagnostic criteria for APTs remain poorly standardized, and many different classifications of these tumors currently exist. Early and accurate identification of APTs is essential, as these tumors frequently recur and are associated with significant therapeutic challenges.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>In this review we provide an overview of different classifications of APTs and summarize the key characteristics and treatment methods for these tumors. Proposed criteria of APTs include histopathological features (such as high Ki-67 index, increased mitotic activity, aggressive histopathological subtypes), genetic alterations (most commonly involving TP53 and ATRX), radiological findings (like invasive behavior, multilobulated morphology, microcystic changes, low signal intensity on T2-weighted MRI), and clinical characteristics (including rapid growth, early recurrences, resistance to standard therapies). Treatment of APTs typically requires a multimodal approach. Most patients undergo at least one surgical resection, followed by radiotherapy, and in selected cases, pharmacological treatment with temozolomide (TMZ). Other drugs like immunotherapeutics or cytotoxic agents are also used. In this review we provide an overview of different classifications of APTs and summarize the key characteristics and treatment methods for these tumors.</p><p><strong>Key messages: </strong>Early identification of APTs and PCs may be achieved by integrating histopathological, genetic, radiological, and clinical features.</p>","PeriodicalId":19117,"journal":{"name":"Neuroendocrinology","volume":" ","pages":"1-25"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147458688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hormonal rhythm disturbance is a potential contributor to postoperative cognitive dysfunction of pituitary tumor surgery.","authors":"Mengni Li, Xiaoqing Song, Shujun Zhang, Weijie Xu, Xiaoli Shi, Kun Dong, Xuefeng Yu, Yan Yang, Qinghai Tan, Wenjie Wei, Xi Chen","doi":"10.1159/000551446","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000551446","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a common disorder following surgery. The mechanisms underlying are still under exploration. We hypothesize that hormonal changes in patients undergone pituitary surgery contribute to the pathogenesis of POCD.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In a 12-month follow-up study, a total of 103 patients with pituitary adenoma and received pituitary surgery were included. Patients were categorized into three groups based on their postoperative hormonal supplement: stable; sufficient; and insufficient, to eliminate the effects of surgery and hormone dosage. Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) were employed as evaluation tools to assess the degree of cognitive impairment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The MoCA score in stable group showed no significant decrease, while in sufficient and insufficient groups, the score began to decrease from the 6th month compared to 0 month of each group. Compared to the stable group at the same time point, the MoCA scores in both groups decreased at 6th month and 12th month. A similar trend was observed on MMSE score. Cognitive impairment (MCI and dementia) in both sufficient group and insufficient group increased significantly by the 3rd month after surgery, but the rate of increase was much slower subsequently in sufficient group than in insufficient group.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our study confirms that POCD is highly prevalent in patients after pituitary tumor surgery. Postoperative hormone deficiency plays a crucial role in the progression of POCD, especially ACTH and the glucocorticoids it affects. It is worth mentioning that, a novel aspect of our study is the identification of hormonal rhythms disturbance as a potential contributor to POCD, which provide valuable insights into the mechanisms of POCD in pituitary surgery. We call for more personalized and chronobiological hormone replacement therapy approaches.</p>","PeriodicalId":19117,"journal":{"name":"Neuroendocrinology","volume":" ","pages":"1-24"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147458649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Foxiangsan Modulates Dopaminergic and Motilin Pathways to Improve Gastrointestinal Motility in Diabetic Gastroparesis.","authors":"Jukai Huang, Shu Zhang, Shuli Cheng, Xiaohui Yang","doi":"10.1159/000551403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000551403","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Background Diabetic gastroparesis (DGP) is a severe diabetic complication with limited therapeutic options. This study investigates the effects of Foxiangsan on DGP and elucidates its molecular mechanisms. Methods A rat model of DGP was established and divided into five groups: model (MG), western medicine (WMG, domperidone), and three Foxiangsan dose groups (LDG, MDG, HDG). Serum dopamine (DA) and motilin levels, along with striatal dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) expression, were measured. Network pharmacology identified bioactive compounds and targets, and pathway enrichment and molecular docking were used to evaluate mechanistic interactions. Results Foxiangsan significantly improved gastrointestinal motility, increased motilin levels, reduced DA levels, and enhanced DRD2 expression in the striatum. Network pharmacology identified DRD2, AKT1, and MAPK3 as key targets, while molecular docking confirmed strong binding affinities of bioactive compounds such as β-sitosterol and baicalein with DRD2. The therapeutic effects of Foxiangsan involve modulation of the cAMP, serotonin, and dopamine pathways. Conclusion Foxiangsan exerts multi-component, multi-target, and multi-pathway actions in DGP by modulating neuroendocrine function, suggesting its potential as a novel therapeutic approach. Further investigations are needed to confirm its clinical efficacy.</p>","PeriodicalId":19117,"journal":{"name":"Neuroendocrinology","volume":" ","pages":"1-34"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147366080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of Glymphatic Dysfunction with Cognitive Performance in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Prediabetes.","authors":"Liya Gong, Jing He, Ziqi Wu, Mingxuan Gao, Yanmei Zeng, Wei Cui, Jingwen Luo, Junyan Wen, Ge Wen","doi":"10.1159/000551127","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000551127","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The glymphatic system (GS) is a brain-wide clearance pathway whose dysfunction has been implicated in cognitive decline. This study was designed to assess GS alterations in prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) using multiple MRI-derived metrics and to examine their associations with cognitive performance.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2023 to June 2024 at Nanfang Hospital, a tertiary care center. A total of 147 participants were recruited, including 52 patients with T2DM, 44 with prediabetes, and 51 healthy controls (HC). All participants underwent brain MRI, laboratory examinations, and cognitive function assessments. GS function was evaluated using MRI-derived metrics, including choroid plexus (CP) volume, perivascular space (PVS) volume, free water (FW) index, and the diffusion tensor imaging analysis along the PVS (DTI-ALPS) index. Group differences were tested with general linear models adjusted for sex, age, and education, and associations with clinical variables were evaluated using partial correlations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Compared with HC, prediabetes showed increased CP volume and FW index, without significant changes in DTI-ALPS index or PVS volume. T2DM showed reduced DTI-ALPS index, increased CP volume, and higher FW index, with unchanged PVS volume. In both groups, lower DTI-ALPS index and higher CP volume or FW index correlated with poorer cognitive performance.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Prediabetes and T2DM exhibit GS alterations, including reduced DTI-ALPS index and increased CP volume and FW index, which are associated with poorer cognition. GS metrics may serve as potential neuroimaging biomarkers for cognitive impairment in this population.</p>","PeriodicalId":19117,"journal":{"name":"Neuroendocrinology","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13143255/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147366004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Crosstalk between Circadian Rhythm and Neuroinflammation.","authors":"Guocheng Mei, Huiqiong Pan, Jinyu Zheng, Kepei Chen, Weihong Zheng, Hang Xu, Zhiming Liu, Wei Lin, Zhenlang Lin, Min Zhang","doi":"10.1159/000551312","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000551312","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The circadian rhythm is an intrinsic, approximately 24-h cycle of physiological, behavioral, and psychological changes formed through organisms' long-term evolutionary adaptation to the 24-h light-dark cycle on Earth. It regulates the body's homeostatic processes according to a daily schedule, ensuring the proper execution of physiological processes and the stability of the internal environment. In recent years, numerous studies have indicated crosstalk between the circadian rhythm and neuroinflammation. Disruption of the circadian rhythm can influence the onset and progression of various acute and chronic central nervous system diseases.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>This review outlines the basic components and mechanisms of the circadian timing system and divides the development of neuroinflammation into several parts: initiation of neuroinflammation, glial cell activation, disruption of the neurovascular unit, oxidative stress response, and cellular energy metabolism. By revealing the role of circadian mechanisms in each part, the relationship between the biological clock and neuroinflammation is analyzed from a molecular biology perspective, aiming to provide a new theoretical basis for the clinical intervention of neuroinflammation and the treatment of related diseases.</p><p><strong>Key messages: </strong>Disrupted circadian rhythms participate in various stages of neuroinflammation through \"crosstalk,\" making them a factor that cannot be ignored in the treatment of neurological disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":19117,"journal":{"name":"Neuroendocrinology","volume":" ","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147344792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Expression in Somatotroph Adenomas: Implications for Clinical Course and Treatment Outcomes.","authors":"Sanem Cil, Aslihan Pekmezci, Huseyin Karatay, Fatih Mert Dogukan, Sebnem Burhan, Mehmet Said Cil, Ebubekir Akpinar, Buruc Erkan, Mutlu Niyazoglu, Esra Hatipoglu","doi":"10.1159/000551012","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000551012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a potent vasodilatory neuropeptide involved in inflammation, vascular regulation, and pain mechanisms with potential relevance to endocrine and neurological processes. Furthermore, it exerts specific effects on the tumor microenvironment in certain malignancies. The contribution of CGRP to pituitary adenogenesis has yet to be elucidated. This study aimed to investigate CGRP expression by immunohistochemistry in patients with acromegaly and nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs) and its associations with tumor features, symptoms, and treatment response.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study included tissue samples obtained from 49 patients who were followed and underwent transsphenoidal surgery at our center: 30 with acromegaly and 19 with NFPAs. Tumor samples were evaluated for CGRP using a polyclonal anti-CGRP antibody (GeneTex, 1:200). Clinical, radiological, and surgical data were collected. Histopathology included hormone staining, estrogen receptor, granularity, transcription factors, Ki-67, and mitotic count.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>CGRP positivity was observed in 50% of acromegaly patients and in none of the NFPA group (p < 0.001). CGRP expression was not significantly associated with tumor size, invasion, need for surgery, residual tumor, treatment resistance, or granularity. In acromegaly cases with CGRP-positive adenomas, chronic headache tended to be more common (40% vs. 13%, p = 0.09), and postoperative headache resolution rate was lower (33.3% vs. 80%, p = 0.07). The postoperative remission rate tended to be lower (60% vs. 86.7%, p = 0.09).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>CGRP was found to be notably present in somatotropin-producing adenoma tissues, yet it was entirely absent from nonfunctioning adenoma tissues. The detection of CGRP within adenoma tissue could correlate with an increased incidence of persistent headaches and diminished postoperative remission probabilities in acromegaly.</p>","PeriodicalId":19117,"journal":{"name":"Neuroendocrinology","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147308408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retraction Statement.","authors":"","doi":"10.1159/000550814","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000550814","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The authors' accepted manuscript \"Soyasaponin Aa Prevents Obesity-Related Precocious Puberty by Inhibiting Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis in Female Sprague-Dawley Rats\" [Neuroendocrinology. 2025; https://doi.org/10.1159/000550176] by Yunfei Jiang, Wen Xie, Dani Qin, Qiuju Zheng, Huiping Shen, and Yong Lei has been retracted by the Publisher and the Editor.After peer review, the accepted, unedited manuscript was published online as Early View. Before the final Version of Record was published, concerns were identified in the data underlying the study. The authors were asked to comment on the concerns. Review of the concerns and the authors' response resulted in the Editor's decision to rescind the original, provisional acceptance decision and reject the manuscript. Consequently, the published author's accepted manuscript has been retracted.The authors have been informed of this decision.</p>","PeriodicalId":19117,"journal":{"name":"Neuroendocrinology","volume":" ","pages":"175-176"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147434359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Novel Relationship between Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Level and High-Altitude Hypoxia in Human and Rat Model.","authors":"Fan Ping Kong, Gang Xu, Ping Ping Wang, Shao Jun Chen, Ke Hao, Jian Chen, Jun Lin, Jian Wang, John Coote, Nicholas C Spitzer, Ji Zeng Du, Yang Zhao, Yu Qi Gao, Xue Qun Chen","doi":"10.1159/000549191","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000549191","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><p>Background: Acute mountain sickness (AMS) strikes people who travel too quickly to high altitude, outstripping their ability to acclimatize. Individual susceptibility to AMS remains unpredictable. The aim of study was to investigate the neuroendocrine mechanisms regulation of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and associated with AMS.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Volunteers performed exercise by cycling or by running, and the other was assigned to ascend from low to high altitude. CRH and cortisol levels were tested. AMS questionnaires were answered by volunteers. Rats were exposed in a hypobaric chamber for altitude hypoxia. CRH, Crhr1mRNA, and corticosterone levels were measured. LDH and O₂ saturation were evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In rats, hypobaric hypoxia resulted in increased CRH release and mRNA expression in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN). Hypobaric hypoxia also upregulated Crhr1mRNA in the pituitary and PVN in a hypoxia exposure-dependent manner, along with activation of apoptotic gene mRNA and neuronal apoptosis in cortex. These effects were associated with activation of CRHR1. Hypoxia-enhanced plasma CRH levels were negatively correlated with brain CRH level but positively with plasma corticosterone in rats. In humans, exercise at low altitude increased CRH and cortisol levels in both plasma and saliva. The increased levels in plasma correlated with increased salivary CRH. Significantly, lowlanders with high plasma CRH at low altitude developed AMS after rapid ascent to the Tibet plateau. At high altitude, lowlanders with high AMS scores had high salivary and plasma CRH levels.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Hypobaric hypoxia is associated with high plasma CRH in rats. In humans, strong activation of CRH and CRHR1 is positively linked to AMS. CRH levels in saliva or plasma appear to predict individual responses to hypoxia. </p>.</p>","PeriodicalId":19117,"journal":{"name":"Neuroendocrinology","volume":" ","pages":"97-114"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12707918/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145422306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Direct Intra-Accumbens 17 Beta-Estradiol Administration Increases Voluntary Wheel Running in Ovariectomized Rats.","authors":"Dusti Shay, Yonca Cam, Kayla Burkle, Samantha Marquis, Brett Froeliger, Matthew J Will, Victoria J Vieira-Potter","doi":"10.1159/000550361","DOIUrl":"10.1159/000550361","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Metabolic dysfunction and the associated diseases (e.g., diabetes) are globally on the rise, and a sedentary lifestyle directly contributes to this issue. In fact, postmenopausal women are at increased risk for obesity and metabolic disease due to the loss of metabolically protective 17β-estradiol (E2). Exercise is vital for overall health, greatly reducing disease risk, but the central brain regions involved in drive for physical activity remain unclear.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Female Sprague-Dawley rats were ovariectomized (OVX) and concurrently bilaterally implanted with cannulae targeting the nucleus accumbens brain region, traditionally associated with reward and addiction. Daily voluntary wheel running (VWR) was tracked before and after OVX. One month after surgery, rats were treated with intra-accumbens microinjections (0.5 μL total volume) of one of three doses of E2: 0.6 μg/μL (low), 1.5 μg/μL (moderate), or 10 μg/μL (high).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Daily VWR was significantly increased by intra-accumbens E2 microinjections in a non-rapid manner that persisted 48 h following microinjections.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Findings demonstrate for the first time that intra-accumbens E2 partially rescues OVX-induced decreases in daily wheel running.</p>","PeriodicalId":19117,"journal":{"name":"Neuroendocrinology","volume":" ","pages":"139-150"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13069523/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145948983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}