Telmo De Cesaro Júnior, Claudio André Lopes de Oliveira, Douglas Lau, Rafael Rieder
{"title":"Fine-Grained Recognition of Insect Pests from Digital Images: A Survey.","authors":"Telmo De Cesaro Júnior, Claudio André Lopes de Oliveira, Douglas Lau, Rafael Rieder","doi":"10.1007/s13744-026-01385-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13744-026-01385-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Effective pest management requires accurate and continuous monitoring. This monitoring helps assess population dynamics and guides the development of integrated pest management strategies. Traps used to capture insects are an alternative applied to various crops. However, the identification and manual counting of specimens are time-consuming, require taxonomic knowledge, and depend on the expertise of specialists. Automation could reduce costs, increase accuracy, and enable scalable analyses. Current computer vision and artificial intelligence techniques can quickly and accurately identify objects in digital images. This study presents a systematic review of literature retrieved from multidisciplinary and specialized databases (Scopus, ACM, Web of Science, IET, DBLP, Springer, and ScienceDirect), focusing on the intersections of agriculture, ecology, and computer science. We found 284 studies published between 2020 and 2025. Among them, 57 fulfilled the eligibility criteria, considering applied computing solutions for insect identification and counting using digital images of specimens collected via traps or photographed in situ on plants, in both field and laboratory settings. The findings highlight the use of electronic traps for real-time data collection and improvements in convolutional neural networks, with visual transformers and attention mechanisms for multi-species and fine-grained recognition. They also indicate opportunities to leverage microscopy resources, overcome limitations in the large-scale deployment and integration of electronic trap networks, and integrate real-time monitoring data with forecasting models using weather predictions to promote early warning systems for integrated pest management.</p>","PeriodicalId":19071,"journal":{"name":"Neotropical Entomology","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13139295/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147817996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
María Candela Barakat, Rodrigo de Vilhena Perez Dios, Sofía Pilar Díaz, María Fernanda Cingolani
{"title":"Natural History Characterization and Biological Observations of Neobrachelia edessae (Diptera: Tachinidae), an Antagonist Fly of the Stink Bug Pest Edessa meditabunda (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae).","authors":"María Candela Barakat, Rodrigo de Vilhena Perez Dios, Sofía Pilar Díaz, María Fernanda Cingolani","doi":"10.1007/s13744-026-01396-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13744-026-01396-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Natural enemies are a good alternative for pest control. To enhance their role as biocontrol agents, understanding their biology and ecology is necessary. Pentatomid hemipterans are pests of important crops, and tachinids are natural enemies of their adult stage. Neobrachelia edessae (Diptera: Tachinidae) is a Neotropical parasitoid fly of the stink bug Edessa meditabunda (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), with practically unknown biology. We evaluated the life history of this parasitoid when developing on adults of E. meditabunda, and described the morphology of larval instars. Differences in developmental times and longevity were evaluated considering the number of parasitoid larvae per host, sex of the parasitized host and sex of the fly offspring. Egg to pupa development time was affected by the number of larvae developing within the host. On average, 27 days were needed to complete larval development if there was a single larva per host, whereas 30 days on average were needed when more than one larva developed within a host. Pupa to adult development time was on average 19 days, and average adult longevity was 11 days. Developmental time and longevity of parasitoid offspring were not affected by either host sex or parasitoid sex. Given that biological information for this species is scarce, as is the case for most tachinid species, these results are relevant for the design of biological control programs in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":19071,"journal":{"name":"Neotropical Entomology","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13132913/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147776479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Are Full-Night Samplings Necessary? Unraveling the Hourly Structure and Climatic Responses of Three Moth Groups in a Brazilian Pampa Grassland.","authors":"Matheus Eduardo Schwantes, Isabela Andrade Bahima, Viviane Gianluppi Ferro","doi":"10.1007/s13744-026-01394-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13744-026-01394-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The daily activity of a species can be affected by several biotic and abiotic factors. Since the activity patterns and flight times of Neotropical moths are both poorly understood, our goal was to record and analyze the flight times of moths from the Pampa biome, in the extreme south of Brazil, as well as its responses to climatic factors. We recorded hours of activity and investigated the influence of four climatic variables on the activity patterns of Arctiinae (Erebidae), Sphingidae, and Saturniidae. Data analysis showed that different species have different activity periods, and the abundance and richness of each taxon has its own patterns. Arctiinae had a higher abundance in the early evening, although it did not show a richness concentration at any hour. Saturniidae and Sphingidae had both abundance and richness concentrated in the middle of the night. Climatic variables related to abundance and richness differed between taxa and species. We provide evidence of possible niche partitioning and differential physiological adaptations between taxa, as well as differences in flight time strategy between potential competing species. Our study highlights the necessity of full-night sampling for optimal faunal inventories.</p>","PeriodicalId":19071,"journal":{"name":"Neotropical Entomology","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13128753/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147777057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Host-Associated Occurrence of Wolbachia in Natural Populations of the Pyriform Scale Protopulvinaria pyriformis (Cockerell, 1894) in Moroccan Orchards.","authors":"Imane Mrabti, Hassan Grijja, Hayat Benzahra, Raied Abou Kubaa, Rachid Azenzem, Najiba Brhadda, Rabea Ziri, Khalid Haddi, Mohamed Afechtal","doi":"10.1007/s13744-026-01395-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13744-026-01395-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Scale insects are a highly diverse group of phloem-feeding pest insects that cause economic losses in a wide range of cultivated crops worldwide. Among these pests, Protopulvinaria pyriformis (Cockerell, 1894), recently reported in Morocco, represents an emerging threat to citrus (Citrus spp.) and avocado (Persea americana) production, two strategically important crops in the country. Like other hemipterans, P. pyriformis maintains close associations with prokaryotic endosymbionts, particularly Wolbachia, a facultative intracellular bacterium capable of influencing host reproduction, population dynamics, and interactions with host plants. Between June 2023 and March 2025, a survey was conducted in two adjacent avocado and citrus orchards in Kénitra, northwestern Morocco, to detect the presence of Wolbachia in natural populations of scale insects and assess its potential role in their population dynamics. A total of 180 individuals were collected (150 from Citrus sinensis and 30 from P. americana var. Hass) and subjected to molecular analyses. Detection of Wolbachia was performed by PCR targeting the coxA gene. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the Moroccan isolate belongs to the A supergroup of Wolbachia. Only P. pyriformis collected from citrus tested positive for Wolbachia, with 90% prevalence, whereas specimens from avocado, despite high infestations, were negative. Within the citrus-avocado system examined, infection was observed only in populations associated with citrus, suggesting a host-associated pattern in this specific context. This study provides the first global evidence of Wolbachia infection in P. pyriformis in Moroccan orchards and provides a foundation for future research aimed at exploring the ecological significance of this association.</p>","PeriodicalId":19071,"journal":{"name":"Neotropical Entomology","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147777118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sandy García-Atencia, Valentina Tovar-Redondo, María Argenis Bonilla, Yamileth Domínguez-Haydar, Claudia E Moreno
{"title":"Landscape Configuration Filters Dispersal-Related Traits in Phytophagous Scarab Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae \"Pleurosticti\") of the Serranía del Perijá.","authors":"Sandy García-Atencia, Valentina Tovar-Redondo, María Argenis Bonilla, Yamileth Domínguez-Haydar, Claudia E Moreno","doi":"10.1007/s13744-026-01393-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13744-026-01393-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Agricultural expansion transforms the structure of tropical landscapes, altering the environmental filters that determine the functional composition of insect communities. We evaluated the variation in the functional composition of phytophagous scarab beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in response to landscape composition metrics (percentage of area) and configuration metrics (patch shape and inter-patch distance), together with local variables (canopy cover and elevation), in the Serranía del Perijá, northern Colombia. Four landscape windows, defined as rectangular sampling units of approximately 4 km<sup>2</sup> and separated from each other by at least 1.5 km, were surveyed, each including three land-cover types (forest, regeneration, and crop). Six functional traits related to dispersal and resource use were measured. Functional composition was analyzed using community-weighted means (CWM), principal component analysis, and generalized additive mixed models. A total of 3661 individuals representing 30 species were recorded. At the regional scale, no significant differences among cover types were detected; however, trait-environment associations emerged within landscape windows and differed among traits and cover types. Dispersal-related traits showed detectable but context-dependent responses to spatial gradients, particularly in regeneration areas, whereas biomass and diet exhibited weak or inconsistent patterns. Overall, these results indicate that functional trait responses are heterogeneous and depend on environmental context rather than a single dominant landscape gradient, underscoring the importance of integrating landscape heterogeneity and local conditions into restoration and agroforestry management strategies aimed at maintaining functional diversity in fragmented tropical landscapes.</p>","PeriodicalId":19071,"journal":{"name":"Neotropical Entomology","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147776432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Paulino Siqueira Ribeiro, Cássio Lázaro da Silva-Inacio, Francielly Felchicher, Shayenne Olsson Freitas da Silva, Marcial Corrêa Cárcamo, Élvia Elena Silveira Vianna, Patricia Jacqueline Thyssen
{"title":"Distribution and Seasonality of Aedeomyia (Aedeomyia) squamipennis Theobald, 1901 in the Coastal Plain of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil: Ecological and Epidemiological Implications.","authors":"Paulino Siqueira Ribeiro, Cássio Lázaro da Silva-Inacio, Francielly Felchicher, Shayenne Olsson Freitas da Silva, Marcial Corrêa Cárcamo, Élvia Elena Silveira Vianna, Patricia Jacqueline Thyssen","doi":"10.1007/s13744-026-01398-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13744-026-01398-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Aedeomyia squamipennis is the only Neotropical representative of a genus recognized for its ornithophilic behavior and potential involvement in the transmission of avian malaria and arboviruses. Despite its broad distribution in South America, ecological information on its habitat preferences and seasonal patterns remains scarce. This study investigated the spatial distribution and climatic factors associated with Ad. squamipennis in three habitat types within the Coastal Plain of southern Brazil, an ecologically relevant region for migratory and overwintering birds. Mosquitoes were sampled monthly from August 2014 to May 2015 in urban, rural, and forested environments across three municipalities. Abundance patterns were compared using nonparametric tests, and correlations with mean temperature, precipitation, and relative humidity were assessed. A total of 1,156 specimens were collected, with higher abundances in rural (79.1%) and forested areas (20.7%), whereas urban environments contributed only 0.2% of captures. Ad. squamipennis abundance was significantly higher in rural habitats compared with other areas (p < 0.05). Population peaks showed a strong positive correlation with temperature (r = 0.84; p = 0.0026) and a negative correlation with relative humidity (r = -0.86; p = 0.0020), indicating that warmer and less humid conditions favored adult activity. Precipitation showed a negative correlation with mosquito abundance in Rio Grande (r = -0.441; p = 0.202) and in São Lourenço do Sul (r = -0.590; p = 0.056), with no statistically significant association during the study period. Ad. squamipennis was primarily associated with rural flooded areas and adjacent forested habitats. Temperature and humidity were the main drivers of its population dynamics, highlighting seasonal fluctuations in abundance and implications for parasite transmission. These findings support integrated monitoring of ornithophilic mosquitoes and advance the understanding of ecological interfaces relevant to avian parasite circulation within a One Health framework.</p>","PeriodicalId":19071,"journal":{"name":"Neotropical Entomology","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147777068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carolina Henao-Sepúlveda, Eliana Buenaventura, Marta Wolff
{"title":"Description and Key for Third-Instar Larvae of the Most Common Flesh Fly Species (Diptera, Sarcophagidae) with Forensic Importance in an Urban Ecosystem in Colombia.","authors":"Carolina Henao-Sepúlveda, Eliana Buenaventura, Marta Wolff","doi":"10.1007/s13744-026-01381-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13744-026-01381-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sarcophagidae (flesh flies; Diptera) include numerous species of socio-economic, medical, veterinary, and forensic importance, as their immature stages develop in the tissues of humans and other animals. Species identification is challenging, often requiring adult male specimens due to the reliance on genitalic characteristics, while morphological features of females remain largely uninformative. Sarcophagids are still underexplored, with even less attention given to their larval stages, which are dominant in carcasses. This study focuses on the morphological characterization of third-instar larvae of nine forensically relevant urban sarcophagid species: Blaesoxipha (Gigantotheca) plinthopyga (Wiedemann, 1830), Helicobia rapax (Walker, 1849), Oxysarcodexia fluminensis Lopes, 1946, Oxysarcodexia similata Lopes and Tibana, 1987, Peckia (Peckia) chrysostoma (Wiedemann, 1830), Peckia (Euboettcheria) collusor (Curran & Walley, 1934), Peckia (Squamatodes) ingens (Walker, 1849), Peckia (Pattonella) intermutans (Walker, 1861), and Sarcophaga (Liopygia) ruficornis (Fabricius, 1794). We provide a dichotomous key for third-instar larvae, using observable morphological characters under stereoscopy/microscopy and slide preparations. This study advances regional forensic entomology by enabling rapid and reliable identification from field-collected larvae.</p>","PeriodicalId":19071,"journal":{"name":"Neotropical Entomology","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147777135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Juliana Hipólito, Carmen Sílvia Soares Pires, Jeferson Gabriel da Encarnação Coutinho, Braulio Ferreira de Souza Dias
{"title":"Pollinator-Friendly Policies in Brazil: History and Future Directions.","authors":"Juliana Hipólito, Carmen Sílvia Soares Pires, Jeferson Gabriel da Encarnação Coutinho, Braulio Ferreira de Souza Dias","doi":"10.1007/s13744-025-01355-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13744-025-01355-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article reviews existing and proposed Brazilian policies aimed at promoting the conservation and sustainable use of wild and managed pollinators. Emphasis is placed on strategies for habitat conservation and restoration, as well as the reduction of stress associated with agrochemical use. The origins and development of the International Pollinators Initiative (IPI) under the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the Brazilian Pollinators Initiative are detailed, including their connections to pollinator and pollination assessments conducted by the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) and its national counterpart, the Brazilian Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (BPBES). A summary of Brazil's current nature conservation policies, particularly the Native Vegetation Protection Law (the updated version of the Brazilian Forest Code), is provided, alongside policies that promote sustainable agriculture. The article also presents a concise review of the usage and impacts of agrochemicals in Brazil on both humans and pollinators, with a focus on bees, and discusses the prospects for biological control. The paper concludes by outlining critical areas requiring greater attention from public policies.</p>","PeriodicalId":19071,"journal":{"name":"Neotropical Entomology","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13106253/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147776783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anderson Gaedke, Paulo Miamoto, Victor Wilson Botteon, Marcelle Cristina Simioni Chupel, Luiz Roberto Fontes, Denise Mouga
{"title":"Contribution of the Termite Nasutitermes itapocuensis (Isoptera, Termitidae, Nasutitermitinae) to the Estimation of the Postmortem Interval in Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.","authors":"Anderson Gaedke, Paulo Miamoto, Victor Wilson Botteon, Marcelle Cristina Simioni Chupel, Luiz Roberto Fontes, Denise Mouga","doi":"10.1007/s13744-026-01392-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13744-026-01392-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In August 2024, a human skeleton was found in a forested area in Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil. The human remains were partially buried and hidden by vegetation. Analysis of the anthropological profile was consistent with that of an adult female. The skeleton showed numerous taphonomic alterations caused by the termite Nasutitermes itapocuensis (Holmgren, 1910) and a lamellar mass resembling a nest was found within the cranial cavity. Bone degradation caused by the termite, combined with other changes observed in the skull, allowed us to estimate the most probable post-mortem interval (PMI) to be up to 3 years.</p>","PeriodicalId":19071,"journal":{"name":"Neotropical Entomology","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147777073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Mosquitocidal Activity and Enzyme Inhibition of Citrus sinensis Essential Oil Against Anopheles gambiae: In Vivo and In Silico Insights.","authors":"Abiola Olajumoke Solomon, Wahab Oluwanisola Okunowo, Akinniyi Adediran Osuntoki, Femi Abiola Ogunleye, Rukayat Olajumoke Jimoh, Sylvia Ogochukwu Nnopu, Temitope Olukemi Vanlare, Eric Chibueze Linus","doi":"10.1007/s13744-026-01390-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13744-026-01390-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The growing resistance of Anopheles gambiae Giles, 1902 to synthetic insecticides poses a major challenge to malaria control, driving interest in botanical alternatives. This study assessed the mosquitocidal and enzyme-inhibitory potential of Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck, 1765 essential oil (CiSEO) and its primary constituents through in vivo bioassays and in silico analyses. Larvicidal and adulticidal activities were evaluated following World Health Organization (WHO) protocols, and biochemical assays measured acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) inhibition, along with superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations examined interactions with A. gambiae AChE and GST. CiSEO showed strong toxicity against larvae (LC<sub>50</sub> = 45.68 µg/mL) and adults (LC<sub>50</sub> = 10.06 µg/mL). Limonene and L-carvone were the most potent constituents, with LC<sub>50</sub> values of 17.31 µg/mL and 6.53 µg/mL, respectively. CiSEO and some of its compounds significantly inhibited AChE and GST, while limonene, geraniol, L-carvone, and linalool increased SOD and CAT activities, suggesting induced oxidative stress. Docking identified L-carvone, citral, Naphthalene,1,2,3,5,6,8a hexahydro-4,7-dimethyl-1-methyl ethyl (NHDME), 1-methyl-4-(ethyl-ethylene trans-2-cyclohexen-1-ol (MEET), and 3-carene as strong AChE binders, and NHDME, geraniol, 3-carene, MEET, and limonene as top GST binders. MD simulations revealed MEET formed the most stable AChE complex, supported by low root mean square deviation (RMSD), root mean square fluctuation (RMSF), and radius of gyration values (Rg), and the highest hydrogen-bond (H-Bond) stability. These results demonstrate that CiSEO and its bioactive constituents possess potent mosquitocidal activity and target key detoxification and neural enzymes in A. gambiae. Their efficacy, combined with potential environmental safety, supports further development as eco-friendly alternatives for malaria vector control.</p>","PeriodicalId":19071,"journal":{"name":"Neotropical Entomology","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147776361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}