{"title":"Carbon dynamics in northern forests using SIR-C/X-SAR imagery","authors":"K. Bergen, M. Dobson, Leland Pierce","doi":"10.1109/IGARSS.1996.516409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.1996.516409","url":null,"abstract":"A key large-scale question in ecology is the amount of carbon stored in terrestrial vegetation. The need to determine this over large regions is most efficiently met by remote sensing programs and is currently being tested using SIR-C/X-SAR imagery at the NASA Michigan Forests supersite. There are three goals in the present study. The first is to estimate carbon stored in living vegetation at the site. The second is to measure changes in carbon balance related to forest disturbance (clearcutting and thinning). The third is to determine carbon gain from annual growth (NPP). Biomass has been mapped in the image domain, and by applying an allometric relationship, results show that 12.82/spl times/10/sup 9/ kg of carbon are stored in the portion of the test site represented in the imagery. Clearcuts which were made between SRL-1 and SRL-2 have been extracted from the classified imagery and this analysis shows an estimated 300 ha of forest or 6.02/spl times/10/sup 6/ kg of carbon were removed. Ground data have been analyzed for annual growth; SIR-C/X-SAR images are currently being processed to demonstrate the sensor's sensitivity to this parameter.","PeriodicalId":190696,"journal":{"name":"IGARSS '96. 1996 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","volume":"177 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121242414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Phase B and breadboard results for the TOPEX POSEIDON FOLLOW-ON mission","authors":"L. Rey, N. Suinot, P. Oudart, G. Carayon","doi":"10.1109/IGARSS.1996.516314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.1996.516314","url":null,"abstract":"Pursuing the successful TOPEX POSEIDON altimetry mission, activities for the follow-on program are in progress. ALCATEL ESPACE completes the phase B of the next generation altimeter funded by the French Space Agency (CNES). The main evolution with respect to the former POSEIDON-1 rely upon the dual frequency (Ku & C bands) operation, and the doubled processed range depth within the same mass and power budgets. The altimeter design and development resulting from study and breadboarding activities are presented with regards to the function requirements and also the expected altimeter performances.","PeriodicalId":190696,"journal":{"name":"IGARSS '96. 1996 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121352727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"ART neural networks for remote sensing: vegetation classification from Landsat TM and terrain data","authors":"G. Carpenter, M. Gjaja, S. Gopal, C. Woodcock","doi":"10.1109/IGARSS.1996.516393","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.1996.516393","url":null,"abstract":"A new methodology for automatic mapping from Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and terrain data, based on the fuzzy ARTMAP neural network, is developed. System capabilities are tested on a challenging remote sensing classification problem, using spectral and terrain features for vegetation classification in the Cleveland National Forest. After training at the pixel level, system capabilities are tested at the stand level, using sites not seen during training. Results are compared to those of maximum likelihood classifiers, as well as back propagation neural networks and K Nearest Neighbor algorithms. ARTMAP dynamics are fast, stable, and scalable, overcoming common limitations of back propagation, which did not give satisfactory performance. Best results are obtained using a hybrid system based on a convex combination of fuzzy ARTMAP and maximum likelihood predictions. Fuzzy ARTMAP automatically constructs a minimal number of recognition categories to meet accuracy criteria. A voting strategy improves prediction by training the system several times on different orderings of an input set. Voting assigns confidence estimates to competing predictions.","PeriodicalId":190696,"journal":{"name":"IGARSS '96. 1996 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121374233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Gaikovich, A. N. Bogaturov, A. Gurvich, S. Kashkarov, S.N. Krivonozhkin, B.M. Shevtcov, V. Ivanov, V.D. Freylikher
{"title":"Duct detection over the sea by TRANSIT measurements","authors":"K. Gaikovich, A. N. Bogaturov, A. Gurvich, S. Kashkarov, S.N. Krivonozhkin, B.M. Shevtcov, V. Ivanov, V.D. Freylikher","doi":"10.1109/IGARSS.1996.516343","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.1996.516343","url":null,"abstract":"The results of ship-borne measurements (16-th expedition of research vessel \"Academician Nesmejanov\") of signals from navigation satellites TRANSIT at two frequencies (150 and 400 MHz) are presented. It was discovered that besides the basic modulation related with direct and reflected beams interference there was additional modulation with lesser (2-20 times) period. This modulation was evidently related with signal reflection from strong refraction index peculiarities in the atmosphere above the sea. These layers have been observed simultaneously from radiosonde refraction index profiles. The simple four-beam model was found to be in good agreement with measurements data. It appeared possible to estimate the height of reflection layers by measurements parameters.","PeriodicalId":190696,"journal":{"name":"IGARSS '96. 1996 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127151716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Performance analysis for the SeaWinds scatterometer","authors":"D. Long, M. Spencer","doi":"10.1109/IGARSS.1996.516698","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.1996.516698","url":null,"abstract":"The difficulties of accommodating traditional fan-beam scatterometers on spacecraft has lead to the development of a scanning pencil-beam instrument known as SeaWinds. SeaWinds will be part of the Japanese Advanced Earth Observing System II (ADEOS-II) to be launched in 1999. A brief description of the SeaWinds design, signal processing, and backscatter measurement approach is given in this paper. To analyze the performance of the SeaWinds design, a new expression for the measurement accuracy of a pencil-beam system is used which includes the effects of transmit signal modulation. Performance tradeoffs made in the development of SeaWinds are discussed.","PeriodicalId":190696,"journal":{"name":"IGARSS '96. 1996 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","volume":"2001 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127316290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Expected errors in satellite-derived estimates of the high latitude surface radiation budget","authors":"J. Key, R. Stone, A. Schweiger","doi":"10.1109/IGARSS.1996.516427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.1996.516427","url":null,"abstract":"An analysis of the spatial and temporal variations of the polar radiation budget will undoubtedly require the use of multi-spectral satellite data. How well we can estimate the radiation balance depends on how well we can estimate the physical and microphysical properties of the surface and atmosphere that directly affect it; e.g., surface temperature and albedo, cloud particle effective radius, cloud optical depth, cloud thickness and cloud height. However, the retrieval of cloud and surface parameters is particularly problematic at high-latitudes. The authors examine their current ability to retrieve these geophysical parameters using visible and thermal satellite data, in particular the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) on-board the NOAA polar-orbiting satellites. Both empirical and theoretical methods used in their retrieval are briefly described and the expected accuracy for each of these parameters is quantified. On the basis of their uncertainty analysis they speculate on the utility of estimating radiative fluxes derived from satellite data for the study of climate change in polar regions.","PeriodicalId":190696,"journal":{"name":"IGARSS '96. 1996 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127358529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Model-based technique for super resolution and enhanced target characterization using a step-frequency radar: a simulation study","authors":"S. Chakrabarti, P. Kannagaratnam, P. Gogineni","doi":"10.1109/IGARSS.1996.516823","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.1996.516823","url":null,"abstract":"In this investigation, the signal reflected by a target to the step-frequency radar is processed using both non-parametric and parametric approaches. An autoregressive moving average (ARMA) model of the reflected signal is first used to estimate the location of the targets. Then, an extended Prony's method is used to estimate the magnitude of the reflection coefficients of the targets. These model-based approaches are found to provide super resolution and improvement in target characterization as compared to a conventional non-parametric approach. Several simulations are made to compare the performances of these methods.","PeriodicalId":190696,"journal":{"name":"IGARSS '96. 1996 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127363027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A multitemporal land-cover change analysis tool using change vector and principal components analysis","authors":"G.A. Parra, M. Mouchot, C. Roux","doi":"10.1109/IGARSS.1996.516790","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.1996.516790","url":null,"abstract":"Scientists are devoting a lot of energy to monitor and to assess the impact of fires and to measure the evolution on land cover in tropical savannas. A key element in a monitoring system is the land cover changes analysis tool. While some land cover changes are caused by natural processes, such as long term changes of the climate or shorter-term vegetation successions, human activity modifies surface cover through direct actions, such as deforestation, farming activities, or indirectly, through man-induced climatic change. This paper presents a method that applies principal components analysis for land-cover change detection with multitemporal SPOT data.","PeriodicalId":190696,"journal":{"name":"IGARSS '96. 1996 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","volume":"105 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124722625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Vegetation obscuration effects on mid-infrared laser reflectance of soil","authors":"B. Guenther, R. Narayanan","doi":"10.1109/IGARSS.1996.516368","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.1996.516368","url":null,"abstract":"Mid-infrared laser reflectances of soils containing specific minerals show diagnostic features in the 9-11 /spl mu/m wavelength range, resulting in their suitability for remote sensing of terrestrial lithology. However, the presence of actively growing vegetation can obscure these diagnostic features, in some cases almost completely, so as to make mineral identification virtually impossible. An experimental study was carried out to determine the effects of growing grass on the mid-infrared laser reflectance of bare soil in order to determine the conditions under which the underlying soil reflectance loses its diagnostic features, reflectance ratios (indicative of diagnostic features) were investigated as a function of grass-blade height for different grass densities. It was found that, under specific soil conditions, there appeared a grass-blade height value at which the diagnostic ratios level off to a value of 1.0, thereby masking the underlying soil features. These results are expected to be useful for identifying optimal conditions under which soil mineralogy can be identified under overlying vegetation.","PeriodicalId":190696,"journal":{"name":"IGARSS '96. 1996 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124872717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"KidSat: youth enhancing space","authors":"Moon-Young Choi, Go Nagatani, J. Way, E. J. Stork","doi":"10.1109/IGARSS.1996.516424","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.1996.516424","url":null,"abstract":"The mission of KidSat is to identify how middle school students can utilize images of Earth to promote inquiry and foster knowledge by using mounted cameras onboard the Space Shuttle. Students engage in scientific inquiry by using content rich middle school curricula based on images of Earth taken during Shuttle flights. The students use the tools of modern technology to distribute the images and results widely. A research and discovery model promotes individual student growth, inquiry and achievement while helping students solve real-world problems. Teamwork, mentoring and the active participation of precollegiate and collegiate students, educators, engineers and scientists further enhances this educational process.","PeriodicalId":190696,"journal":{"name":"IGARSS '96. 1996 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","volume":"140 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124885990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}