{"title":"Co-evolution of science and ethics in the clinical translation of nanocarriers for oncology: A perspective","authors":"Sobia Noreen","doi":"10.1016/j.nano.2026.103015","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nano.2026.103015","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The journey of advanced nanomaterials, including nanocarrier-based therapeutics, has significantly transformed oncology by improving drug targeting, therapeutic delivery, biodistribution, and efficacy. However, the rapid clinical transition of emerging nanotechnology into clinical practice has introduced bioethical, regulatory, and social challenges that extend beyond the conventional biomedical paradigm. The current perspective argues that applying traditional bioethical principles, such as respect for persons, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice, is challenged by the unique physicochemical characteristics of nanocarriers during the clinical transition from bench to bedside. Key issues discussed are informed consent, patient understanding, long-term safety, equitable accessibility, accountability, regulatory oversight, and post-marketing surveillance. In addition, the discussion proposes a co-responsibility approach in which patients, researchers, clinicians, industry regulatory authorities, and society collectively participate in the ethical transition process. Moreover, a co-evolutionary approach is suggested, in which innovation, ethics, regulation, and clinical applications will develop together.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19050,"journal":{"name":"Nanomedicine : nanotechnology, biology, and medicine","volume":"76 ","pages":"Article 103015"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148851145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Recent advances in nanomaterial delivery systems to administer metformin for cancer therapy","authors":"Daiva Vozgirdaite, Katel Hervé-Aubert, Laurent Gros, Emilie Allard-Vannier","doi":"10.1016/j.nano.2026.103009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nano.2026.103009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recently, an increasing number of studies and clinical trials have associated an antidiabetic drug metformin (Met) with reduced risks of cancer. Moreover, a potential of Met as an adjuvant to conventional therapies of cancer treatment has been highlighted as well. Nevertheless, the unfavorable pharmacological properties of Met can hinder its efficacy in cancer treatment. To overcome this challenge, drug delivery systems (DDSs) based on various nanomaterials (NMs) have been implemented to entrap Met with or without other therapeutic agents. This review will provide a detailed overview of Met entrapment in NMs for cancer therapy, which will include lipid-based NMs, polymer-based NMs, and inorganic-based NMs. These studies have highlighted the advantage of entrapping Met, achieving sustained drug release, enhanced accumulations of the drug at the tumor sites, as well as enhanced efficacy of therapies compared to their free drug forms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19050,"journal":{"name":"Nanomedicine : nanotechnology, biology, and medicine","volume":"76 ","pages":"Article 103009"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148795893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Surface-charge-engineered magnetic silk fibroin nanocarriers for pH-responsive 5-fluorouracil delivery and in vitro magnetic localization","authors":"Yixin Luo, Zifan Zhang, Qitai Sun, Jiannan Wang, Jianmei Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.nano.2026.102986","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nano.2026.102986","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Surface-charge engineering offers a simple strategy to tune magnetic nanocarriers for anticancer drug delivery. In this study, silk fibroin/Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanocarriers (DMSs) were prepared by assembling silk fibroin (SF) with carboxyl- or amine-functionalized Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> cores and loaded with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). The two formulations showed opposite surface charges, nanoscale dimensions, preserved superparamagnetism, comparable drug-loading contents of 5.84% and 5.92%, and distinct silk fibroin matrix organizations. DMSs-COOH formed a relatively compact β-sheet-rich matrix, whereas DMSs-NH<sub>2</sub><sup>+</sup> showed a more favorable acid-responsive release behavior. Compared with free 5-FU, both DMSs suppressed burst release and enabled sustained release. DMSs-NH<sub>2</sub><sup>+</sup> produced the strongest inhibition of 4T1 cells at 24 h. Both rhodamine B-labeled DMSs were internalized by 4T1 cells, magnetically retained in an in vitro flow model, and showed hemolysis rates below 3%. These findings support magnetic-core surface charge as a useful parameter for tuning SF/Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanocarriers, although size optimization and in vivo validation are still required.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19050,"journal":{"name":"Nanomedicine : nanotechnology, biology, and medicine","volume":"75 ","pages":"Article 102986"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148369075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M.V. Pustovalova, V.D. Nekrasov, E.G. Kontareva, Z. Nofal, A.V. Smirnova, A.K. Chigasova, E.V. Andreev, I.N. Fadeikina, A.N. Nechaev, Y. Merkher, S.V. Leonov, A.N. Osipov
{"title":"Cyclodextrin-stabilized silver and gold nanoparticles induce radiosensitization of MDA-MB-231 and MCF7 breast cancer cells","authors":"M.V. Pustovalova, V.D. Nekrasov, E.G. Kontareva, Z. Nofal, A.V. Smirnova, A.K. Chigasova, E.V. Andreev, I.N. Fadeikina, A.N. Nechaev, Y. Merkher, S.V. Leonov, A.N. Osipov","doi":"10.1016/j.nano.2026.102992","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nano.2026.102992","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nanomedicine highlights nanoparticles as a promising approach to improve radiation therapy, especially for breast cancer. This research investigates the impact of silver and gold nanoparticles stabilized with β-cyclodextrin (Ag-CD and Au-CD), on the X-ray susceptibility of both radiosensitive (MDA-MB-231) and radioresistant (MCF7) breast cancer cell lines. Ag-CD and Au-CD nanoparticles had an average diameter of 12 ± 3 and 16 ± 4 nm, respectively. Both demonstrated good biocompatibility with erythrocytes and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). NPs elevated oxidative stress following exposure to 6 Gy radiation in both cell lines. After exposure to 6 Gy, both nanoparticles led to a larger decrease in cell mitochondrial activity, as evidenced by the Alamar Blue test. At the same dose, nanoparticles raised the mRNA of <em>SOD2</em> and <em>CAT</em> genes in MCF7 cells but lowered their expressions in MDA-MB-231 cells. Ag-CD nanoparticles induced the increase of γH2AX and 53BP1 foci formation in MDA-MB-231 cells 1 h and 24 h after 2 Gy irradiation. Au-CD nanoparticles elicited similar effects in MCF7 cells only. Both silver and gold nanoparticles efficiently induced apoptotic cell death in MDA-MB-231 cells after 6 Gy exposure. Dose-response clonogenic assay indicated significant decrease in the survival of NPs-treated cells compared to control groups. Our findings reveal that silver and gold nanoparticles stabilized with cyclodextrin can enhance radiation therapy for breast cancer. These radiosensitizing effects warrant further development of target-specific nanoparticle formulations, underscoring their potential as adjunctive agents in radiotherapy protocols.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19050,"journal":{"name":"Nanomedicine : nanotechnology, biology, and medicine","volume":"75 ","pages":"Article 102992"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148405294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"PEGylation-associated hemodynamic effects in a rodent model of acute hypersensitivity reaction: Complement activation-mediated mechanisms","authors":"Sin-Ting Ngo, Yun Cheng, Si-Yi Chen, Ming-Tsung Sun, Jau-Song Yu, Kun-Yi Chien, Hsi-Mei Chen, Yunn-Hwa Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.nano.2026.102983","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nano.2026.102983","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-modified nanocomposites may induce acute hypersensitivity reactions (HSR), including complement activation and hypotension, followed by tachyphylaxis with an unknown mechanism. We tested a hypothesis that complement activation mediated hypotension induced by PEGylated magnetic nanoparticles (PEG-MNP) in a rodent model of acute HSR. Blood flow of renal/cremaster vasculature and aortic arch was measured in anesthetized rats using ultrasonic flowmetry or laser speckle contrast imaging. PEG-MNP (250 or 50 nm) induced a temporary reduction in arterial pressure by approximately 30 mmHg, with significant reduction in renal/cremaster blood flow and cardiac output, followed by tachyphylaxis and thrombocytopenia. PEG-MNP, but not pristine MNP, significantly increased renal vascular resistance (RVR) with a reduction in the calculated cross-sectional area of renal vessels, whereas the vasodilator acetylcholine decreased both blood pressure and RVR before and after administration of PEG-MNP. Complement depletion by cobra venom factor induced a transient reduction in blood flow and prevented PEG-MNP-induced hemodynamic effects. Proteomic analysis identified much higher complement protein ratio in the hard corona of PEG-MNP <em>vs.</em> MNP in plasma from rats; preexposure of the rats to PEG-MNP or MNP <em>in vivo</em> greatly reduced plasma proteins with high affinity for PEG-MNP. In conclusion, complement activation in the protein corona may mediate PEGylated nanocomposite-induced transient microvascular occlusion that entrains the reversible hemodynamic effects in HSR; complement depletion, at least in part, may mediate tachyphylaxis in response to the 2nd dose of PEGylated nanocomposite. The findings may facilitate predicting or preventing acute HSR to PEGylated nanomedicine or vaccines with growing clinical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19050,"journal":{"name":"Nanomedicine : nanotechnology, biology, and medicine","volume":"75 ","pages":"Article 102983"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148308349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alejandro Velarde-Calderón, José Jesús Guzmán-Mendoza, Erasmo Orrantia-Borunda, David Chávez-Flores, María del Carmen González-Horta, Arely M. González-González, Patricia Talamás-Rohana, Blanca Sánchez-Ramírez
{"title":"L220-derived peptide-bioconjugated carbon nanotubes protect hamsters against amoebic liver abscess through IL-17A-associated immune response","authors":"Alejandro Velarde-Calderón, José Jesús Guzmán-Mendoza, Erasmo Orrantia-Borunda, David Chávez-Flores, María del Carmen González-Horta, Arely M. González-González, Patricia Talamás-Rohana, Blanca Sánchez-Ramírez","doi":"10.1016/j.nano.2026.102972","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nano.2026.102972","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of effective vaccines against <em>Entamoeba histolytica</em> remains a major challenge, particularly for preventing amoebic liver abscess (ALA). In this study, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were evaluated as nanocarriers through bioconjugation with L220-derived peptides (PL220-CNTs). CNTs were synthesized, purified, and characterized, confirming successful bioconjugation (42%). <em>In vitro</em>, PL220-CNTs exhibited negligible cytotoxicity in J774 macrophages and induced morphological changes characterized by cytoplasmic prolongations and phagosome-like structures. <em>In vivo</em>, subcutaneous immunization of hamsters induced antigen-specific responses, including splenocyte proliferation and increased IL-17A production, suggesting the participation of an IL-17A-associated immune response. Notably, animals immunized with PL220-CNTs exhibited limited antibody production against L220-derived peptides, suggesting a predominantly cellular immune response. PL220-CNT immunization conferred complete protection against ALA following intrahepatic challenge, whereas L220 alone provided partial protection. Histological analyses revealed preservation of hepatic architecture and reduced inflammatory damage in PL220-CNT-immunized animals. Overall, these findings support the potential of bioconjugated CNTs as immunomodulatory nanoplatforms for vaccine development against amoebiasis and other infectious diseases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19050,"journal":{"name":"Nanomedicine : nanotechnology, biology, and medicine","volume":"75 ","pages":"Article 102972"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148278183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tingyi Li, Jingyuan Zhao, Jinnan Liu, Yanwei Chen, Shuai Li
{"title":"Dual inhibition of glycolysis and epigenetics via a nanodelivery system for colorectal cancer treatment","authors":"Tingyi Li, Jingyuan Zhao, Jinnan Liu, Yanwei Chen, Shuai Li","doi":"10.1016/j.nano.2026.102977","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nano.2026.102977","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Colorectal cancer (COAD) is characterized by altered metabolism and epigenetic regulation, driving tumor progression and therapeutic resistance. Here, we developed a dual-drug nanodelivery system, SD@MSN-glu, co-encapsulating shikonin (SHK, a glycolysis inhibitor) and dBET6 (a BRD4 degrader) within dextran-modified mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Characterization confirmed uniform spherical morphology, appropriate drug loading, and good short-term stability. The dextran coating hydrolyzes in the intestine to form a glucose-modified surface, enhancing tumor-specific uptake. SHK inhibits PKM2-mediated glycolysis, while dBET6 promotes BRD4 degradation, preventing metabolic compensation. In vitro, SD@MSN-glu markedly inhibited COAD cell proliferation and induced apoptosis. In vivo, it effectively suppressed tumor growth with minimal toxicity to normal organs. This dual-targeting nanoplatform simultaneously modulates metabolic and epigenetic pathways, providing enhanced therapeutic efficacy with low systemic side effects, highlighting SD@MSN-glu as a promising strategy for colorectal cancer treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19050,"journal":{"name":"Nanomedicine : nanotechnology, biology, and medicine","volume":"75 ","pages":"Article 102977"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148252617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ahmad AlMukhallalati, Amal Yousfan, Diego Hidalgo-Martínez, Samer Ibrahim, Khitam Al Moarrawi, Abdulsamie Hanano
{"title":"One-step lipid–polymeric hybrid nanoparticles as intracanal drug delivery system: Synthesis, characterization, antimicrobial activity, and dentinal penetration","authors":"Ahmad AlMukhallalati, Amal Yousfan, Diego Hidalgo-Martínez, Samer Ibrahim, Khitam Al Moarrawi, Abdulsamie Hanano","doi":"10.1016/j.nano.2026.102979","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nano.2026.102979","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>This study developed two lipid–polymeric hybrid nanoparticle thermosensitive gels, hypothesizing enhanced physicochemical properties, antimicrobial efficacy, and dentinal penetration compared to free drugs.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Ciprofloxacin-loaded lecithin–PLGA nanoparticles (CIP-LPNPs) and chitosan–lecithin nanoparticles (CS-LNPs) were synthesized via nanoprecipitation and characterized by DLS, SEM, FTIR and HPLC. Antimicrobial activity against <em>Enterococcus faecalis</em>, <em>Escherichia coli</em> and <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em> was assessed by disk diffusion, MIC and biofilm assays; dentinal penetration of FITC-labeled CS-LNPs was evaluated by confocal microscopy.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>CIP-LPNPs and CS-LNPs measured 140.6 and 130.9 nm with zeta potentials of −29.4 and +28.9 mV, respectively. CIP-LPNPs showed 55.7% encapsulation and biphasic release. Both nanoparticles enhanced biofilm eradication against all strains; CS-LNPs exhibited two-fold lower MICs and significantly deeper tubular penetration than free chitosan (<em>p</em> < 0.0001).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Both CIP-LPNPs and CS-LNPs improved physicochemical and antibiofilm properties over their free drugs; however, as no biocompatibility assessment was performed, these formulations cannot be considered safe without such validation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19050,"journal":{"name":"Nanomedicine : nanotechnology, biology, and medicine","volume":"75 ","pages":"Article 102979"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148265294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Khalid Al-asfory, Wael I. Mortada, O.Y. El-Khawaga, Raghda W. Magar
{"title":"Mentha-derived green synthesized ZnO nanoparticles potentiate methotrexate induced molecular and migratory inhibition via gene expression modulation in T24 bladder cancer cells","authors":"Khalid Al-asfory, Wael I. Mortada, O.Y. El-Khawaga, Raghda W. Magar","doi":"10.1016/j.nano.2026.102991","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nano.2026.102991","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bladder cancer is characterized by high recurrence rates and limited responsiveness to conventional chemotherapy, including Methotrexate (MTX). Nanotechnology-based strategies may enhance therapeutic efficacy while reducing drug resistance. In this study, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) were green-synthesized using <em>Mentha</em> sp. extract and evaluated alone and in combination with MTX against T24 bladder cancer cells. The synthesized ZnO-NPs exhibited stable physicochemical properties and pronounced cytotoxic activity compared with MTX monotherapy. Combination treatment produced an additive cytotoxic effect but demonstrated enhanced mechanistic activity, including increased apoptosis, cell-cycle arrest, and DNA damage. Molecular analysis revealed significant upregulation of pro-apoptotic genes (TP53, BAX, CASP3) and suppression of the anti-apoptotic gene BCL2. In addition, the combination treatment significantly modulated TGF-β1 expression, interculture reactive oxygen species and altered cell migratory behavior. Collectively, these findings indicate that green-synthesized ZnO-NPs can potentiate MTX-induced molecular responses, supporting their potential as a nanomedicine-based adjuvant strategy for bladder cancer treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19050,"journal":{"name":"Nanomedicine : nanotechnology, biology, and medicine","volume":"75 ","pages":"Article 102991"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148382661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Dual PLGA nanoparticles co-encapsulating P5091 and Resveratrol synergistically target the USP7–MDM2–P53 axis for glioma therapy","authors":"Sunny Kumar, Mrinal K. Ghosh","doi":"10.1016/j.nano.2026.102990","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nano.2026.102990","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Glioma, a Grade-IV brain tumor, often exhibits functional suppression of P53 signaling due to aberrant stabilization of MDM2 by the deubiquitinase USP7, presenting a therapeutically exploitable vulnerability that remains under-utilised because of poor drug bioavailability and limited blood–brain barrier penetration. Here, we developed a rationally designed PLGA-based dual-loaded nanoformulation co-encapsulating USP7 inhibitor P5091 and P53-modulating polyphenol Resveratrol, to significantly attenuate the USP7–MDM2–P53 axis. Guided by synergy analysis, nanoparticles were formulated at an optimized molar ratio enabling controlled and sustained drug release with favourable physicochemical stability. Dual nanoencapsulation significantly enhanced synergistic cytotoxicity in glioma cells and 3D spheroids by inducing apoptosis through significant P53 restoration. Dual co-encapsulation improves pharmacokinetics and suppresses tumor growth with improved survival in orthotopic glioma model without any obvious vital organs histological damage. These findings highlight a mechanism-guided nanotherapeutic strategy for glioma treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19050,"journal":{"name":"Nanomedicine : nanotechnology, biology, and medicine","volume":"75 ","pages":"Article 102990"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148387739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}