Nanomedicine : nanotechnology, biology, and medicine最新文献

{"title":"Engineering exosome-based delivery of IL-37 to enhance cytokine stability and antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo.","authors":"Zaheer Abbas, Naoakusa Fujimura, Samia Afzal, Muhammad Akram, Saad Tahir, Nadeem Ahmed","doi":"10.1016/j.nano.2026.103041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2026.103041","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Interleukin-37 (IL-37) is an anti-inflammatory cytokine with antitumor activity, yet its clinical utility is constrained by poor bioavailability and rapid degradation. This study engineered NCI-H226-derived exosomes as IL-37 nanocarriers and evaluated their anticancer efficacy in cellular and hepatic carcinoma models. Exosomes were isolated using Total Exosome Isolation (TEI) reagent and qEV10 size-exclusion chromatography. IL-37 loading by sonication achieved >80% encapsulation efficiency and sustained release, with cumulative release of 65.11 ± 0.25% and 59.95 ± 0.43% for qEV10- and TEI-isolated exosomes, respectively. IL-37-loaded exosomes exhibited greater cytotoxicity than free IL-37 across tested cancer cells. In the DEN-1 rat model, IL-37-loaded exosomes significantly reduced tumor burden, liver fibrosis, and serum ALT, AST, ALP level. Gene expression analysis showed normalization of inflammatory (IL-6, IL-1β) and fibrotic (α-Sma, Col1α1) markers. These findings support further investigation of exosome-based IL-37 delivery as a better immunotherapy platform.</p>","PeriodicalId":19050,"journal":{"name":"Nanomedicine : nanotechnology, biology, and medicine","volume":" ","pages":"103041"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149224624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential clinical significance of soluble and extracellular vesicle-bound HER2 in breast cancer.","authors":"N S Sergeeva, T A Karmakova, I I Alentov, L V Bolotina, D D Kozhevnikova, A M Yashchenok, V S Chernyshev, V V Kovalyuk, D A Gorin, M S Ruban, A D Kaprin","doi":"10.1016/j.nano.2026.103042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2026.103042","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>HER2, a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor family, is a cell surface protein that plays a critical role in the development of aggressive breast cancer phenotypes and serves as a molecular target for HER2-directed therapy. The extracellular domain of HER2 undergoes proteolytic shedding into the bloodstream, generating a circulating pool of soluble HER2. In parallel, circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs, including tumor-derived EV subpopulations) have emerged as a distinct liquid biopsy compartment, preserving full-length, membrane-anchored HER2 on their surface. This review summarizes current evidence on the clinical relevance of blood soluble HER2 and extracellular vesicle-bound HER2 levels in breast cancer. Particular emphasis is placed on their potential as surrogate markers of HER2-positive disease, prognostic indicators, predictors of response to systemic therapies, and an additional parameter for patient monitoring aimed at the preclinical detection of disease progression. Analysis of accumulated data indicates that soluble HER2 measurement cannot currently be recommended for routine clinical decision-making. At the same time, the consistent association between elevated soluble HER2 levels and poor prognosis in breast cancer supports further investigation of this biomarker. The recently developed analytical approaches for extracellular vesicle-bound HER2 are demonstrating complementary value as liquid biopsy tools. Identifying patient subgroups in which soluble HER2 and extracellular vesicle-bound HER2 may provide the greatest clinical utility will be essential for realizing their full diagnostic and prognostic potential.</p>","PeriodicalId":19050,"journal":{"name":"Nanomedicine : nanotechnology, biology, and medicine","volume":" ","pages":"103042"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149220546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cellular responses to electrostatic interaction with counterion-conjugated charged nanoparticles: Participation of chloride counterions in cancer cell apoptosis.","authors":"Sulagna Dutta, Saptydeep Das, Sajid Nawaz, Arghya Adhikary, Goutam Pramanik, Ujjal Das, Goutam Ghosh","doi":"10.1016/j.nano.2026.103040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2026.103040","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Disrupting intracellular ion homeostasis is an underexplored strategy in cancer therapy. We demonstrate that chloride-counterion-conjugated cationic iron oxide nanoparticles (CPC/PEG-IONPs) induce cancer cell death through a membrane-mediated mechanism. CPC/PEG-IONPs markedly reduced cancer cell-line viability while showing minimal toxicity toward non-cancerous and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. They also disrupted the size and architecture of 3D cancer spheroids, indicating impaired stemness and tumorigenic potential. Mechanistically, cancer cells expressed higher levels of chloride intracellular channel 1 (CLIC1), enabling chloride influx following electrostatic nanoparticle binding to cell membranes. Genetic upregulation of CLIC1 potentiated, whereas pharmacological inhibition attenuated, nanoparticle-induced cytotoxicity, establishing the CLIC1-chloride axis as a key mediator of cancer cell death. No detectable nanoparticle internalization indicates a predominantly membrane-driven mechanism. Overall, our findings uncover a previously unrecognized strategy in which nanoparticle-membrane electrostatic interactions exploit CLIC1-dependent chloride transport to induce programmed cancer cell death, highlighting ion homeostasis as a promising target for nanomedicine-based cancer therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":19050,"journal":{"name":"Nanomedicine : nanotechnology, biology, and medicine","volume":" ","pages":"103040"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149207519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Amine-PEG functionalized graphene oxide enhances the mechanical performance and biocompatibility of bovine pericardium for cardiovascular applications.","authors":"Jaqueline J S Soares, Antonio G Soares, Soraia K P Costa, Raynara M S Jacovone, Kleicy C Amaral, Daniel P Vieira, Carlos A R Costa, Marina J S Maizato, Solange K Sakata","doi":"10.1016/j.nano.2026.103037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2026.103037","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Valvular heart disease remains a global health challenge, with increasing demand for aortic valve replacement procedures worldwide. Tissue engineering has emerged as a promising strategy to overcome limitations of conventional bioprosthetic valves, particularly long-term degeneration and limited durability. In this study, graphene oxide (GO) functionalized with amine-polyethylene glycol (GO-PEG-NH₂) was incorporated into bovine pericardium by adsorption and chemical reaction to improve mechanical performance for cardiovascular applications. Structural, chemical, and morphological characterizations supported successful GO synthesis and functionalization with PEG-NH₂. Atomic force microscopy demonstrated surface modifications and reduced roughness, particularly through chemical reaction. Mechanical assays revealed improvements in stiffness, 0.2% offset yield strength, tensile strength, and maximum load, with chemically incorporated membranes showing superior performance. GO reduced cell viability at concentrations ≥50 μg/mL, whereas GO-PEG-NH₂ did not significantly reduce CHO cell viability at 10-200 μg/mL. Isolated atrial reactivity showed a more favorable biological response to GO-PEG-NH₂ than to unmodified GO under the evaluated conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":19050,"journal":{"name":"Nanomedicine : nanotechnology, biology, and medicine","volume":" ","pages":"103037"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149148950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Infection microenvironment-responsive guanidine-modified nanostructures for precision photothermal therapy of diabetic wounds","authors":"Mingyue Wang,&nbsp;Jie Qin,&nbsp;Yufei Zhang,&nbsp;Yin Zheng,&nbsp;Xinhuan Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.nano.2026.103029","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nano.2026.103029","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Diabetic wounds are among the most challenging complications of diabetes, particularly when persistent bacterial biofilms sustain infection, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Here, we developed an infection-microenvironment-responsive nanotherapeutic platform (AuNCs@PGD) by associating guanidine-rich PGD polymers with gold nanoclusters (AuNCs). The cationic PGD coating promotes interaction with negatively charged bacterial and biofilm components, while phenylboronic-acid motifs provide additional affinity for diol-containing surface glycoconjugates. Under 808-nm irradiation, AuNCs@PGD produced a reproducible photothermal response and, together with bacterial capture and membrane disruption, markedly reduced bacterial viability and biofilm burden in vitro. In a polymicrobial diabetic full-thickness wound model, AuNCs@PGD2 + NIR accelerated wound closure and was associated with reduced bacterial burden, lower ROS/MDA and inflammatory cytokine levels, increased collagen deposition, and enhanced CD31-positive neovascularization. Overall, AuNCs@PGD integrates bacterial localization, photothermal antibacterial activity, and redox modulation in a single platform for infected diabetic wound treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19050,"journal":{"name":"Nanomedicine : nanotechnology, biology, and medicine","volume":"77 ","pages":"Article 103029"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149112534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nano-catalytic carbon dot disrupts hypoxia-driven cascade reaction and ameliorates temozolomide-mediated glioblastoma suppression","authors":"Anjali Nisha,&nbsp;Rahul Bhardwaj,&nbsp;Trilok Chand Saini,&nbsp;Nandini Teji,&nbsp;Amitabha Acharya","doi":"10.1016/j.nano.2026.103034","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nano.2026.103034","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Glioblastoma (GBM), the most aggressive WHO grade 4 brain tumor, has a median survival of ~15 months and a five-year survival rate of only 7%. The current surgical and chemotherapeutic approaches remain insufficient for its treatment. A major obstacle in its treatment is the presence of hostile tumor microenvironment (TME), marked by severe hypoxia, elevated H₂O₂ and acidic pH, which promotes resistance to the standard drug, Temozolomide (TMZ). Hypoxia, orchestrated by HIF-1α, stabilizes TMZ in its inactive form, reducing its efficacy. To address this, we developed plant-based carbon dots (ASA@p-CD, ~8 nm) with catalase, peroxidase, glycosidase, and phosphatase-like multienzyme activities that enhance active TMZ conversion by ~1.27 fold. In U-87 MG cells, ASA@p-CD + TMZ treatment increased cytotoxicity by ~2.71 fold while ASA@p-CD alleviated hypoxia, reducing HIF-1α by ~1.5 fold and ROS by ~2.0 fold. Overall, this suppressed hypoxia signalling, impaired DNA repair and enhanced apoptosis, established ASA@p-CD as a TME-responsive, bifunctional nano-catalytic agent which may pave the path for future cancer therapeutics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19050,"journal":{"name":"Nanomedicine : nanotechnology, biology, and medicine","volume":"77 ","pages":"Article 103034"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149112588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Size and morphology optimization-driven in vivo targeting of nanomedicines: Mechanisms and characterization techniques","authors":"Jiayong Wu,&nbsp;Lizhou Song,&nbsp;Chenglong Zhu,&nbsp;Yan Liao,&nbsp;Haoling Zhang,&nbsp;Wangzheqi Zhang,&nbsp;Zui Zou","doi":"10.1016/j.nano.2026.103032","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nano.2026.103032","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nanoparticles (NPs) have promising biomedical applications with great potential for drug delivery, disease diagnosis, and precision therapy. However, the biosafety and delivery efficiency of NPs remain critical bottlenecks. This review systematically examines the in vivo fate of NPs, clarifying their main exposure routes and toxicity effects. Specifically, we analyze the key steps in the systemic circulation transport of NPs, cellular uptake and intracellular transport, and we show the impact of the blood flow microenvironment on the in vivo behavior of NPs by taking full account of fundamental hemodynamic considerations. Size and morphology are the fundamental physical features governing NP tissue distribution, toxic effect intensity, uptake efficiency, and final in vivo fate. The applications and limitations of various NP characterization techniques are critically discussed, and a concrete technical roadmap for \"multimodal combination\" is proposed. In-depth understanding and precise regulation of the physicochemical properties of NPs are the core prerequisites for designing efficient and safe nanomedicine carriers, and are of crucial significance for promoting the clinical translation of nanomedicine. Although the direct application of advanced light scattering techniques to guide in vivo targeted therapy and safety assessment is still in the early exploratory stage, the theoretical framework constructed and characterization strategies proposed in this article provide important theoretical bases and technical ideas for the future development of more intelligent and reliable nanomedicine platforms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19050,"journal":{"name":"Nanomedicine : nanotechnology, biology, and medicine","volume":"77 ","pages":"Article 103032"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149112555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Piceatannol loaded Mesenchymal Stem Cells derived Exosomes for cutaneous regenerative treatment of psoriasis-like symptoms in Imiquimod-Induced Mice Model: Modulation of the JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway","authors":"Majid Al-Sawahli,&nbsp;Atheer Mohammed Jasim Al-Zurfi,&nbsp;Ayad A. Hussein Ameen,&nbsp;Ahmed N. Abdallah,&nbsp;Jawaher Abdullah Alamoudi,&nbsp;Asmaa Saleh,&nbsp;Rania El-Telbany,&nbsp;Ahmad Salahuddin,&nbsp;Mohammad Y. Alfaifi,&nbsp;Ali A. Shati,&nbsp;Serag Eldin I. Elbehairi,&nbsp;Amira B. Kassem,&nbsp;Asmaa F. Galal,&nbsp;Mohamed S. Kishta,&nbsp;Zaenah Zuhair Alamri,&nbsp;Sherin Zakaria,&nbsp;Ayman M. Noreddin,&nbsp;Dalia Farag A. El-Telbany,&nbsp;Shimaa A. Abass","doi":"10.1016/j.nano.2026.103025","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nano.2026.103025","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The chronic failure of psoriasis treatment strongly recommends a tailored biocompatible therapeutic platform considering the immunological and inflammatory factors of psoriasis pathogenesis. This strategy recommends the utilization of natural phytomolecule of piceatannol due to its healing cutaneous potential, mesenchymal Stem cell-derived exosomes as a regenerative natural nanocarriers and a hydrogel facilitating prolonged release. This work aimed to augment the anti-psoriatic pattern of piceatannol utilizing the mesenchymal stem cells derived exosomes <em>via</em> topical delivery to imiquimod-induced psoriatic mice skin. The formulated exosomal piceatannol platforms were assayed for particle size analysis, entrapment efficiency, flow cytometry analysis, functional size of 137.6 nm, zeta potential of −61.4 ± 6.04 mV, PDI of 0.331, &gt;97% positive expression of all the three tetraspanin markers (CD9, CD63, CD81), entrapment efficiency of 32.8 ± 1.7%, prolonged cumulative release reaching 37.5% after 72 h and satisfactory characterization of 2% w/w carboxymethylcellulose hydrogel. <em>In vivo</em> experimental estimation of the anti-psoriatic activity was conducted and supported by molecular analysis of IL-17, TNF-α, and pSTAT3 levels. mRNA expression of JAK3 was analyzed to explore the targeting of Janus kinase/STAT3. The findings revealed the promising anti-psoriatic activity of the exosomal piceatannol, supported by molecular potential in reducing the mentioned cytokine levels, targeting of JAK/STAT3 pathway and histopathological healing pattern in the psoriasis-induced skin. In conclusion, piceatannol was successfully shown to have a promising regenerative anti-psoriatic profile when loaded as an exosomal hydrogel.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19050,"journal":{"name":"Nanomedicine : nanotechnology, biology, and medicine","volume":"77 ","pages":"Article 103025"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149002061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oral dual-targeted nanosystem for ameliorating colonic barrier injury and secondary liver injury","authors":"Xi Huang,&nbsp;Ziyi Zhao,&nbsp;Pengyu Ji,&nbsp;Zonghao Guo,&nbsp;Zhi Li","doi":"10.1016/j.nano.2026.103033","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nano.2026.103033","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study designed an oral colon-localized nanomotor system, MS@LA-BBR-(TA/CHI)₅, that achieved passive hepatic accumulation. The system employs aminated mesoporous silica conjugated with L-arginine, loaded with berberine hydrochloride (BBR), and a protective shell constructed via layer-by-layer self-assembly of tannic acid and chitosan. In vitro release studies demonstrated that the nanoformulation exhibited pH-dependent release behavior, and further accelerated drug release in the presence of 3% H₂O₂, confirming the ROS-responsive degradation. Meanwhile, the experimental results of ROS consumption and particle size variation under hydrogen peroxide conditions, further verified the ROS-responsive degradation. In animal experiments, pharmacokinetic results demonstrated that, compared with free BBR, the nanoformulation increased AUC₀–₂₄ h and Cmax by 45.0% and 70.0%, respectively, and shortened the mean absorption time by 30.2%, significantly improving oral bioavailability. In the DSS-induced colitis with liver injury mouse model, the nanomotor system adhered to inflamed colonic sites, penetrated the intestinal barrier, and accumulated in the liver. Notably, FITC-dextran permeability assay confirmed that the nanoformulation effectively restored intestinal barrier function. The results of Oil Red O staining revealed that nanoformulation groups significantly reduced hepatic lipid accumulation, furthermore, serum AST and ALT levels were significantly decreased in the nanoformulation groups compared with the DSS model groups (p &lt; 0.05). Collectively, the nanosystem effectively alleviated colonic barrier injury and hepatic steatosis, offering a promising therapeutic strategy for colitis and secondary liver injury.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19050,"journal":{"name":"Nanomedicine : nanotechnology, biology, and medicine","volume":"77 ","pages":"Article 103033"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149112568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biomimetic cell-membrane-coated metallic nanoparticles in cancer therapy: Design, functional mechanisms, and translational challenges","authors":"Hiti Narula,&nbsp;Raj Kamal,&nbsp;Thakur Gurjeet Singh,&nbsp;Chander Parkash Dora,&nbsp;Sonia Dhiman","doi":"10.1016/j.nano.2026.103014","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nano.2026.103014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cancer remains a major health concern worldwide, with the need to identify better and more specific treatment measures. The concept of using metallic nanoparticles in drug delivery has attracted significant attention due to their distinct physicochemical characteristics, including surface area, size, and multifunctionality. However, their clinical use is constrained by rapid immune elimination, lack of specificity, and toxicity. To overcome these issues, metallic nanoparticles with cell-membrane-coating surfaces have become a good biomimetic platform that combines synthetic nanomaterials as well as biological activities in a single platform. These systems can be generated to have better immune evasion, long-term circulation, and better targeting because of receptor-mediated and homotypic interactions by mimicking natural cells. Additionally, stimuli-responsive controlled drug delivery increases therapeutic efficacy and decreases systemic side effects. Their effectiveness in other cancer therapies, such as photodynamic, chemodynamic, sonodynamic and immunotherapy, has been shown with greater tumour inhibition and lower toxicity in preclinical models.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19050,"journal":{"name":"Nanomedicine : nanotechnology, biology, and medicine","volume":"76 ","pages":"Article 103014"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148851120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}