Mycological research最新文献

{"title":"Ectomycorrhizal responses to organic and inorganic nitrogen sources when associating with two host species","authors":"Meghan L. Avolio ,&nbsp;Amy R. Tuininga,&nbsp;J.D. Lewis,&nbsp;Michael Marchese","doi":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.05.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.05.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>While it is established that increasing atmospheric inorganic nitrogen (N) deposition reduces ectomycorrhizal fungal biomass and shifts the relative abundances of fungal species, little is known about effects of organic N deposition. The effects of organic and inorganic N deposition on ectomycorrhizal fungi may differ because responses to inorganic N deposition may reflect C-limitation. To compare the effects of organic and inorganic N additions on ectomycorrhizal fungi, and to assess whether host species may influence the response of ectomycorrhizal fungi to N additions, we conducted an N addition experiment at a field site in the New Jersey pine barrens. Seedlings of two host species, <em>Quercus velutina</em> (black oak) and <em>Pinus rigida</em> (pitch pine), were planted at the base of randomly-selected mature pitch pine trees. Nitrogen was added as glutamic acid, ammonium, or nitrate at a rate equivalent to 227.5 kg ha⁻¹ y⁻¹ for eight weeks, to achieve a total application of 35 kg ha⁻¹ during the 10-week study period. Organic and inorganic N additions differed in their effects on total ectomycorrhizal root tip abundance across hosts, and these effects differed for individual morphotypes between oak and pine seedlings. Mycorrhizal root tip abundance across hosts was 90 % higher on seedlings receiving organic N compared to seedlings in the control treatment, while abundances were similar among seedlings receiving the inorganic N treatments and seedlings in the control. On <strong><em>oak</em></strong>, 33–83 % of the most-common morphotypes exhibited <strong><em>increased</em></strong> root tip abundances in response to the three forms of N, relative to the control. On <strong><em>pine</em></strong>, 33–66 % of the most-common morphotypes exhibited <strong><em>decreased</em></strong> root tip abundance in response to inorganic N, while responses to organic N were mixed. Plant chemistry and regression analyses suggested that, on oak seedlings, mycorrhizal colonization increased in response to N limitation. In contrast, pine root and shoot N and C contents did not vary in response to any form of N added, and mycorrhizal root tip abundance was not associated with seedling N or C status, indicating that pine received sufficient N. These results suggest that <em>in situ</em> organic and inorganic N additions differentially affect ectomycorrhizal root tip abundance and that ectomycorrhizal fungal responses to N addition may be mediated by host tree species.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19045,"journal":{"name":"Mycological research","volume":"113 8","pages":"Pages 897-907"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.mycres.2009.05.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28193135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A multi-gene phylogeny for Stachybotrys evidences lack of trichodiene synthase (tri5) gene for isolates of one of three intrageneric lineages","authors":"Brenda Koster,&nbsp;Bess Wong,&nbsp;Neil Straus,&nbsp;David Malloch","doi":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.04.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.04.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Members of the mitosporic fungal form-genus <em>Stachybotrys</em>, including common indoor contaminants <em>Stachybotrys chartarum</em>, <em>Stachybotrys echinata</em> and <em>Stachybotrys chlorohalonata</em>, are capable of producing potent, protein synthesis-inhibiting, trichothecene mycotoxins. A combined multi-gene approach was used to investigate relationships among species of <em>Stachybotrys</em> against which the presence/absence of the trichothecene biosynthetic pathway gene, trichodiene synthase (<em>tri5</em>), was evaluated. Phylogenetic analyses partitioned species of <em>Stachybotrys</em> into three strongly supported lineages, two of which contained common indoor taxa. No <em>tri5</em> PCR product was amplified from members of the third clade, which included the only member of the group with a known sexual state, <em>Stachybotrys albipes</em>. Isolates grouped with S. <em>albipes</em> also tested negative for <em>tri5</em> in Southern analyses. The phylogenetic distribution of <em>tri5</em> was consistent with known toxin production for the group. For isolates with <em>tri5</em> product, Bayesian analysis suggested that signal from amino acid determining sites conflicted with the combined phylogeny. Incongruence however, was not supported by either SH-test results or maximum likelihood analyses. Moreover, sites rates analysis showed that <em>tri5</em> was highly conserved at the amino acid level suggesting that identity at variable sites, among otherwise divergent taxa, might be the result of chance events.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19045,"journal":{"name":"Mycological research","volume":"113 8","pages":"Pages 877-886"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.mycres.2009.04.003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28157863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multigene phylogeny of filamentous ambrosia fungi associated with ambrosia and bark beetles","authors":"Sepideh Massoumi Alamouti ,&nbsp;Clement K.M. Tsui ,&nbsp;Colette Breuil","doi":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.03.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.03.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Most ‘ambrosia’ fungi are members of a heterogeneous group of ophiostomatoids that includes the anamorph genera <em>Ambrosiella</em>, <em>Raffaelea</em> and <em>Dryadomyces</em>. The taxonomy of these fungi based on morphological features has been complicated by these features being poorly descriptive and having evolved convergently. In this work we report maximum parsimony and Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of a multigene dataset (nSSU rDNA, nLSU rDNA and β-tubulin gene) from sixty-seven taxa that include members of genera <em>Ambrosiella</em>, <em>Raffaelea</em> and <em>Dryadomyces</em> and a diverse set of ophiostomatoid relatives. We discuss the phylogenetic status of genus <em>Ambrosiella</em> and its relationships with representatives of <em>Ophiostomatales</em> teleomorph and anamorph genera. Our analysis shows that ten of the thirteen species that had been assigned to the genus <em>Ambrosiella</em> are related to the teleomorph genera <em>Grosmannia</em> or <em>Ophiostoma</em>, within the <em>Ophiostomatales</em>. The multigene analysis and expanded taxon samplings provide a higher resolution for the species phylogeny and clarify detailed relationships between <em>Ambrosiella</em> associates of ambrosia and bark beetles and the closely related species of genera <em>Raffaelea</em> and <em>Dryadomyces</em>. We discuss difficulties in using the morphology of conidiophores and the mode of conidiogenesis to re-define the phylogenetic classification of <em>Ambrosiella</em> species. Finally, we report a correlation between the molecular classification of <em>Ophiostomatales</em>-related species of <em>Ambrosiella</em> and <em>Raffaelea</em> and their ecological niches.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19045,"journal":{"name":"Mycological research","volume":"113 8","pages":"Pages 822-835"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.mycres.2009.03.003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28096563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fingerprinting using extrolite profiles and physiological data shows sub-specific groupings of Penicillium crustosum strains","authors":"Silva Sonjak ,&nbsp;Jens Christian Frisvad ,&nbsp;Nina Gunde-Cimerman","doi":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.03.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.03.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Fingerprinting of <em>Penicillium crustosum</em> strains was performed using different phenotypic characteristics. Seven strains of this extremely homogenous species were selected; of these, five originated from geographical locations characterized by low temperatures, and one from a location with a low water activity. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed using micromorphological data, temperature- and water-dependent growth rates, and extrolite profiles obtained by HPLC analysis. The micromorphological data were less informative, while the growth-rate data were informative only if the strains investigated already showed slight adaptations to the selected external parameter. In contrast, PCA analyses of the extrolite data showed groupings of the strains according to their origins and known physiological differences. These groupings are in full agreement with the clustering obtained by previous amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) study. We thus demonstrate here for the first time that combined qualitative and quantitative extrolite profiles can be used as a tool for phenotypic fingerprinting, to complement, or replace, molecular fingerprinting techniques.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19045,"journal":{"name":"Mycological research","volume":"113 8","pages":"Pages 836-841"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.mycres.2009.03.005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28104829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “An overlooked source of fungal diversity: novel hyphomycete genera on trichomes of cerrado plants” [Mycol. Res. 113 (2) (2009) 261–274]","authors":"Rita C. Pereira-Carvalho ,&nbsp;German Sepúlveda-Chavera ,&nbsp;Eliane A.S. Armando ,&nbsp;Carlos A. Inácio ,&nbsp;José C. Dianese","doi":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.04.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.04.001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19045,"journal":{"name":"Mycological research","volume":"113 8","pages":"Page 911"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.mycres.2009.04.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"54849365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphology and development of Nigrosabulum globosum, a cleistothecial coprophile in the Bionectriaceae (Hypocreales)","authors":"Marcie J.R. Plishka,&nbsp;Akihiko Tsuneda,&nbsp;Randolph S. Currah","doi":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.02.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.02.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Recent DNA sequence analyses indicated that <em>Nigrosabulum globosum</em> is a cleistothecial representative of the <em>Bionectriaceae</em> in the <em>Hypocreales</em>, but morphological characters supporting this relationship are unknown. Using light and electron microscopy we followed the development of the ascomata of this species, from the formation of gametangia through to the development of mature ascospores, and observed a series of characters that confirmed its hypocrealean affinities. These included the formation of a gel-filled centrum during early stages of ascoma development, the subsequent appearance of hyaline peridial tissue enclosed within a layer we interpret as representing a melanized uniloculate stroma, apically derived paraphyses, and an ascogenous system that gives rise to asci that were both cylindrical to clavate and globose. Ascospores, previously reported to be smooth, were ornamented with a honeycomb-like reticulum and were able to germinate within the ascoma. The carbonaceous outer (stromatic) walls of the mature, grit-like cleistothecia indicate possible resistance to UV radiation and desiccation. Furthermore, the complement of germinated ascospores would enable mature ascomata to function as propagules that could quickly initiate new growth when transferred to fresh substrate. Our reexamination of <em>N. globosum</em> also provides data that support the hypothesized close relationship with other bionectriaceous, cleistothecial coprophiles, i.e., species of <em>Hapsidospora</em>, and <em>Bulbithecium</em> in particular.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19045,"journal":{"name":"Mycological research","volume":"113 8","pages":"Pages 815-821"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.mycres.2009.02.005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28011832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular phylogeny of animal pathogen Lacazia loboi inferred from rDNA and DNA coding sequences","authors":"Raquel Vilela ,&nbsp;Patricia S. Rosa ,&nbsp;Andréa F.F. Belone ,&nbsp;John W. Taylor ,&nbsp;Suzana M. Diório ,&nbsp;Leonel Mendoza","doi":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.04.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.04.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><em>Lacazia loboi</em> is a geographically restricted, uncultivated fungal pathogen of humans and dolphins. Previous investigations using 18S small unit rDNA, <em>chitin synthase 2</em> and <em>gp43</em> DNA sequences positioned <em>L. loboi</em> as a close relative of <em>Paracoccidioides brasiliensis</em>. However, given the few individuals of <em>L. loboi</em> studied and the high degree of genetic variation observed in <em>P. brasiliensis</em>, the existence of <em>L. loboi</em> as an independent species has been questioned. To investigate the phylogenetic position of this species, we conducted a phylogenetic analysis using 20 <em>L. loboi</em> collections (<em>L. loboi</em> was obtained from proven cases of lacaziosis and 14 collections were maintained in mice, the others were analyzed from DNA taken directly from infected human tissue.). <em>L. loboi</em> DNA sequence was compared to that from 17 <em>P. brasiliensis</em> strains that represented the known variation in this species, and outgroup taxa in the Onygenales (<em>Ajellomyces</em> and <em>Coccidioides</em> species). Our analyses used DNA sequence from <em>ITS</em> rRNA, and partial coding sequences of <em>chitin synthase 4</em>, <em>ADP-ribosylation factor</em>, and <em>gp43</em>. Nucleotide variation among strains of <em>L. loboi</em> was minor but numerous nucleotide mismatches and multiple gaps were found for these gene regions among members in the Ajellomycetaceae, including <em>P. brasiliensis</em>. Phylogenies inferred using neighbor-joining, maximum parsimony and Bayesian analyses showed no significant conflict and depicted <em>L. loboi</em> as a well-supported, monophyletic group that was sister to the <em>Paracoccidioides</em> clade. These results argue for maintaining <em>L. loboi</em> as a taxon independent from <em>Paracoccidioides</em> within the Ajellomycetaceae.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19045,"journal":{"name":"Mycological research","volume":"113 8","pages":"Pages 851-857"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.mycres.2009.04.007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28172156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Production of microsclerotia of the fungal entomopathogen Metarhizium anisopliae and their potential for use as a biocontrol agent for soil-inhabiting insects","authors":"Mark A. Jackson ,&nbsp;Stefan T. Jaronski","doi":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.03.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.03.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Microsclerotia (MS), overwintering structures produced by many plant pathogenic fungi, have not been described for <em>Metarhizium anisopliae</em>. Three strains of <em>M. anisopliae</em> – F52, TM109, and MA1200 – formed MS in shake flask cultures using media with varying carbon concentrations and carbon-to-nitrogen (C:N) ratios. Under the conditions of this study, all strains produced MS, compact hyphal aggregates that become pigmented with culture age, in addition to more typical blastospores and mycelia. While all strains formed desiccation tolerant MS, highest concentrations (2.7–2.9<!--> <!-->×<!--> <!-->10⁸ <!-->L⁻¹ liquid medium) were produced in rich media with C:N ratios of 30:1 and 50:1 by strain F52. All three strains of <em>M. anisopliae</em> produced similar biomass concentrations when media and growth time were compared. Strain MA1200 produced higher concentrations of blastospores than the other two strains of <em>M. anisopliae</em> with highest blastospore concentrations (1.6 and 4.2<!--> <!-->×<!--> <!-->10⁸ <!-->blastospores<!--> <!-->ml⁻¹ on days 4 and 8, respectively) in media with the highest carbon and nitrogen concentrations. Microsclerotial preparations of <em>M. anisopliae</em> containing diatomaceous earth survived air-drying (to &lt;5 % moisture) with no significant loss in viability. Rehydration and incubation of air-dried MS granules on water agar plates resulted in hyphal germination and sporogenic germination to produce high concentrations of conidia. Bioassays using soil-incorporated, air-dried MS preparations resulted in significant infection and mortality in larvae of the sugar beet root maggot, <em>Tetanops myopaeformis</em>. This is the first report of the production of sclerotial bodies by <em>M. anisopliae</em> and provides a novel approach for the control of soil-dwelling insects with this entomopathogenic fungus.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19045,"journal":{"name":"Mycological research","volume":"113 8","pages":"Pages 842-850"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.mycres.2009.03.004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28103429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cloning, expression and biochemical characterization of mitochondrial and cytosolic malate dehydrogenase from Phytophthora infestans","authors":"Patricia E. López-Calcagno ,&nbsp;Johanna Moreno ,&nbsp;Luis Cedeño ,&nbsp;Luis Labrador ,&nbsp;Juan L. Concepción ,&nbsp;Luisana Avilán","doi":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.02.012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.02.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The genes of the mitochondrial and cytosolic malate dehydrogenase (mMDH and cMDH) of <em>Phytophthora infestans</em> were cloned and overexpressed in <em>Escherichia coli</em> as active enzymes. The catalytic properties of these proteins were determined: both enzymes have a similar specific activity. In addition, the natural mitochondrial isoenzyme was semi-purified from mycelia and its catalytic properties determined: the recombinant mitochondrial isoform behaved as the natural enzyme. A phylogenetic analysis indicated that mMDH, present in all stramenopiles studied, can be useful to study the relationships between these organisms. MDH with the conserved domain MDH_cytoplasmic_cytosolic is absent in some stramenopiles as well as in fungi. This enzyme seems to be less related within the stramenopile group. The <em>Phytophthora</em> cMDHs have an insertion of six amino acids that is also present in the stramenopile cMDHs studied, with the exception of <em>Thalassiosira pseudonana</em> cMDH, and is absent in other known eukaryotic cMDHs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19045,"journal":{"name":"Mycological research","volume":"113 6","pages":"Pages 771-781"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.mycres.2009.02.012","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28012309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A combined ITS rDNA and β-tubulin phylogeny of Thai species of Hypocrella with non-fragmenting ascospores","authors":"Suchada Mongkolsamrit ,&nbsp;J. Jennifer Luangsa-ard ,&nbsp;Joseph W. Spatafora ,&nbsp;Gi-Ho Sung ,&nbsp;Nigel L. Hywel-Jones","doi":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.02.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mycres.2009.02.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A combined ITS and β-tubulin gene phylogeny has revealed new species of <em>Hypocrella</em> and <em>Aschersonia</em> related to the type species <em>Hypocrella discoidea</em> from natural forest in Thailand. As a result, <em>Hypocrella calendulina</em> and <em>Hypocrella luteola</em> are named as new species with <em>Aschersonia sensu stricto</em> anamorphs for specimens previously identified as <em>Hypocrella discoidea sensu</em> Petch. <em>Hypocrella siamensis</em> and <em>Aschersonia minutispora</em> are described as new species, both exhibiting brown stromata, with the former producing whole ascospores.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19045,"journal":{"name":"Mycological research","volume":"113 6","pages":"Pages 684-699"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.mycres.2009.02.004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72026240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}