Mycological research最新文献

{"title":"Purification and characterization of an exo-polygalacturonase from Pycnoporus sanguineus","authors":"Emma N. Quiroga ,&nbsp;Melina A. Sgariglia ,&nbsp;César F. Molina ,&nbsp;Diego A. Sampietro ,&nbsp;José R. Soberón ,&nbsp;Marta A. Vattuone","doi":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.09.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.09.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The present work describes the purification and characterization of a novel extracellular polygalacturonase, PGase I, produced by <em>Pycnoporus sanguineus</em> when grown on citrus fruit pectin. This substrate gave enhanced enzyme production as compared to sucrose and lactose. PGase I is an exocellular enzyme releasing galacturonic acid as its principal hydrolysis product as determined by TLC and orcinol-sulphuric acid staining. Its capacity to hydrolyze digalacturonate identified PGase I as an <em>exo</em>-polygalacturonase. SDS-PAGE showed that PGase I is an <em>N</em>-glycosidated monomer. The enzyme has a molecular mass of 42<!--> <!-->kDa, optimum pH 4.8 and stability between pH 3.8 and 8.0. A temperature optimum was observed at 50–60<!--> <!-->°C, with some enzyme activity retained up to 80<!--> <!-->°C. Its activation energy was 5.352<!--> <!-->cal<!--> <!-->mol⁻¹. PGase I showed a higher affinity towards PGA than citric pectin (Km<!--> <!-->=<!--> <!-->0.55<!--> <!-->±<!--> <!-->0.02 and 0.72<!--> <!-->±<!--> <!-->0.02<!--> <!-->mg<!--> <!-->ml⁻¹, respectively). Consequently, PGase I is an <em>exo</em>-PGase, EC 3.2.1.82.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19045,"journal":{"name":"Mycological research","volume":"113 12","pages":"Pages 1404-1410"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.mycres.2009.09.007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40037137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of the cell wall of the ubiquitous plant pathogen Botrytis cinerea","authors":"Dario Cantu,&nbsp;L. Carl Greve,&nbsp;John M. Labavitch,&nbsp;Ann L.T. Powell","doi":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.09.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.09.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The ascomycete <em>Botrytis cinerea</em> is a destructive and ubiquitous plant pathogen and represents a model organism for the study of necrotrophic fungal pathogens. Higher fungi possess a complex and dynamic multilayer cell wall involved in crucial aspects of fungal development, growth and pathogenicity. Plant resistance to microbial pathogens is determined often by the capacity of the plant to recognize molecular patterns associated with the surface of an interacting microbe. Here we report the chemical characterization of cell walls from <em>B. cinerea</em> during axenic growth. Neutral sugars and proteins constituted most of the mass of the <em>B. cinerea</em> cell walls, although chitin and uronic acids were detected. Glucose was the most abundant neutral sugar, but arabinose, galactose, xylose and mannose also were present. Changes in cell wall composition during culture were observed. As the culture developed, protein levels declined, while chitin and neutral sugars increased. Growth of <em>B. cinerea</em> was associated with a remarkable decline in the fraction of its cell wall material that was soluble in hot alkali. These results suggest that the cell wall of <em>B. cinerea</em> undergoes significant modifications during growth, possibly becoming more extensively covalently cross-linked, as a result of aging of mycelia or in response to decreasing nutrient supply or as a consequence of increasing culture density.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19045,"journal":{"name":"Mycological research","volume":"113 12","pages":"Pages 1396-1403"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.mycres.2009.09.006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40037138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fungal biomass associated with the phyllosphere of bryophytes and vascular plants","authors":"M.L. Davey ,&nbsp;L. Nybakken ,&nbsp;H. Kauserud ,&nbsp;M. Ohlson","doi":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.08.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.08.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Little is known about the amount of fungal biomass in the phyllosphere of bryophytes compared to higher plants. In this study, fungal biomass associated with the phyllosphere of three bryophytes (<em>Hylocomium splendens</em>, <em>Pleurozium schreberi</em>, <em>Polytrichum commune</em>) and three vascular plants (<em>Avenella flexuosa</em>, <em>Gymnocarpium dryopteris</em>, <em>Vaccinium myrtillus</em>) was investigated using ergosterol content as a proxy for fungal biomass. Phyllosphere fungi accounted for 0.2–4.0 % of the dry mass of moss gametophytes, representing the first estimation of fungal biomass associated with bryophytes. Significantly more fungal biomass was associated with the phyllosphere of bryophytes than co-occurring vascular plants. The ergosterol present in moss gametophytic tissues differed significantly between species, while the ergosterol present in vascular plant leaf tissues did not. The photosynthetic tissues of mosses had less associated fungal biomass than their senescent tissues, and the magnitude of this difference varied in a species-specific manner. The fungal biomass associated with the vascular plants studied varied significantly between localities, while that of mosses did not. The observed differences in phyllosphere community biomass suggest their size could be affected by host anatomical and physiological attributes, including micro-niche availability and chemical host defenses, in addition to abiotic factors like moisture and nutrient availability.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19045,"journal":{"name":"Mycological research","volume":"113 11","pages":"Pages 1254-1260"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.mycres.2009.08.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28341928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Species delimitation in the European species of Clavulina (Cantharellales, Basidiomycota) inferred from phylogenetic analyses of ITS region and morphological data","authors":"Ibai Olariaga ,&nbsp;Begoña M. Jugo ,&nbsp;Koldo García-Etxebarria ,&nbsp;Isabel Salcedo","doi":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.08.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.08.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The identification of the conventionally accepted species of <em>Clavulina</em> (<em>Cantharellales</em>, <em>Basidiomycota</em>) in Europe (<em>Clavulina amethystina</em>, <em>Clavulina cinerea</em>, <em>Clavulina cristata</em>, and <em>Clavulina rugosa</em>) is often difficult and many specimens are not straightforwardly assignable to any of those four species, which is why some authors have questioned their identity. In order to assess the status of those species, a morphological examination was combined with the molecular analysis of the ITS region. The same six major clades were obtained in the Bayesian and parsimony phylogenetic analyses, and all six clades were well-supported at least by one of the analyses. Morphological characters, such as the overall branching pattern, the presence and intensity of grey colour, the cristation of the apices, and basidiospore size and shape were to various extents correlated with the phylogenetic signal obtained from the ITS region. The congruence between the molecular analyses and morphology, rather than geographical origin, suggests the existence of several species that can be delimited using a combined phylogenetic and morphological species recognition. The analyses revealed that <em>C. cristata</em> and <em>C. rugosa</em> are well-delimited species. In contrast, more than one taxa could be subsumed under the names <em>C. amethystina</em> and <em>C. cinerea</em>, the taxonomical complexity of which is discussed. The ITS region is proved to be adequate to separate phylogenetic species of <em>Clavulina</em>.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19045,"journal":{"name":"Mycological research","volume":"113 11","pages":"Pages 1261-1270"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.mycres.2009.08.008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28351570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mycological Research News","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.10.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mycres.2009.10.004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19045,"journal":{"name":"Mycological research","volume":"113 11","pages":"Pages 1229-1230"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.mycres.2009.10.004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72025200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Putative source of the invasive Sirex noctilio fungal symbiont, Amylostereum areolatum, in the eastern United States and its association with native siricid woodwasps","authors":"Charlotte Nielsen ,&nbsp;David W. Williams ,&nbsp;Ann E. Hajek","doi":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.08.012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.08.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Two genotypes of the fungal symbiont <em>Amylostereum areolatum</em> are associated with the invasive woodwasp <em>Sirex noctilio</em> first found in North America in 2004. <em>S. noctilio</em> is native to Europe but has been introduced to Australasia, South America and Africa where it has caused enormous losses in pine plantations. Based on nucleotide sequence data from the intergenic spacer region (IGS) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA, the <em>A. areolatum</em> genotypes found in North America are most similar to genotypes found in Europe, and not to genotypes from the southern hemisphere. Although two IGS strains of <em>A. areolatum</em> were found in North America it cannot be stated whether <em>A. areolatum</em> was introduced to North America from Europe once or twice based on our study. Genetic groupings formed by sequencing data were in most cases supported by vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs). Other siricid woodwasp species in the genus <em>Sirex</em> are native to North America. The North American native <em>Sirex edwardsii</em> emerging from the same tree as <em>S. noctilio</em> carried the same strain of <em>A. areolatum</em> as <em>S. noctilio</em>. The North American native <em>Sirex</em> sp. ‘<em>nitidus</em>’ collected outside the geographical range of <em>S. noctilio</em> carried a unique strain within <em>A. areolatum</em>. Our findings of <em>A. areolatum</em> in the native North American species, <em>S.</em> sp. ‘<em>nitidus</em>’, contrast with the previous view that <em>A. areolatum</em> was not present in North America before the accidental invasion of <em>S. noctilio</em>.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19045,"journal":{"name":"Mycological research","volume":"113 11","pages":"Pages 1242-1253"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.mycres.2009.08.012","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28369282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Halotolerant and halophilic fungi","authors":"Nina Gunde-Cimerman ,&nbsp;Jose Ramos ,&nbsp;Ana Plemenitaš","doi":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.09.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.09.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Extreme environments have for long been considered to be populated almost exclusively by prokaryotic organisms and therefore monopolized by bacteriologists. Solar salterns are natural hypersaline environments characterized by extreme concentrations of NaCl, often high concentrations of other ions, high <span>uv</span> irradiation and in some cases extremes in pH. In 2000 fungi were first reported to be active inhabitants of solar salterns. Since then many new species and species previously known only as food contaminants have been discovered in hypersaline environments around the globe. The eukaryotic microorganism most studied for its salt tolerance is <em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em>. However, <em>S. cerevisiae</em> is rather salt sensitive and not able to adapt to hypersaline conditions. In contrast, some species like <em>Debaryomyces hansenii</em>, <em>Hortaea werneckii</em>, and <em>Wallemia ichthyophaga</em> have been isolated globally from natural hypersaline environments. We believe that all three are more suitable model organisms to study halotolerance in eukaryotes than <em>S. cerevisiae</em>. Furthermore, they belong to different and distant taxonomic groups and have developed different strategies to cope with the same problems of ion toxicity and loss of water.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19045,"journal":{"name":"Mycological research","volume":"113 11","pages":"Pages 1231-1241"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.mycres.2009.09.002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28395317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The genus Laetiporus (Basidiomycota, Polyporales) in East Asia","authors":"Yuko Ota ,&nbsp;Tsutomu Hattori ,&nbsp;Mark T. Banik ,&nbsp;Gregor Hagedorn ,&nbsp;Kozue Sotome ,&nbsp;Sawako Tokuda ,&nbsp;Yasuhisa Abe","doi":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.08.014","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.08.014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Relationships among East Asian, North American and European <em>Laetiporus sulphureus s. lat.</em>, a cosmopolitan brown rot species complex, were assessed with phylogenetic analyses and incompatibility tests. Three East Asian taxa, <em>Laetiporus cremeiporus</em> sp. nov., <em>Laetiporus montanus</em> and <em>Laetiporus versisporus</em>, are described and illustrated as well as compared with related taxa from Southeast Asia, North America and Europe. Phylogenetic analyses showed that <em>L. cremeiporus</em> and <em>L. versisporus</em> are clearly distinct species among <em>Laetiporus</em> taxa. The three conifer inhabiting species, <em>Laetiporus conifericola</em>, <em>Laetiporus huroniensis</em> and <em>L. montanus</em>, are closely related to each other. The European population of <em>L. montanus</em> exhibits two sequence variants of the EF1α: one is the same as observed in <em>L. sulphureus</em> in Europe and the other is that observed in East Asian population of <em>L. montanus</em>. A key to the known species of <em>Laetiporus</em> in the northern hemisphere is provided.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19045,"journal":{"name":"Mycological research","volume":"113 11","pages":"Pages 1283-1300"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.mycres.2009.08.014","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28416287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Description of Cryptosporiopsis kienholzii and species profiles of Neofabraea in major pome fruit growing districts in the Pacific Northwest USA","authors":"Robert A. Spotts ,&nbsp;Keith A. Seifert ,&nbsp;Kelly M. Wallis ,&nbsp;David Sugar ,&nbsp;Chang Lin Xiao ,&nbsp;Maryna Serdani ,&nbsp;Jose L. Henriquez","doi":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.08.013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.08.013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The objectives of this study were i) to give a taxonomic description of a fungus phylogenetically related to <em>Neofabraea</em> and assign the name <em>Cryptosporiopsis kienholzii</em> to this fungus, ii) to expand previous <em>Neofabraea</em> species profiles from infected apple and pear fruit collected from major pome fruit production districts in Oregon and Washington, and iii) to determine the sensitivity of <em>Neofabraea alba</em>, <em>Neofabraea malicorticis</em>, <em>Neofabraea perennans</em>, and <em>C. kienholzii</em> to a range of fungicides. A name is given herein to the anamorph of the fungus previously called ‘<em>Neofabraea</em> sp. nov.’ in the literature, and the fungus is designated as <em>C. kienholzii</em>. The teleomorph of this fungus has never been observed <em>in vivo</em> or <em>in vitro</em>. <em>N. alba</em>, <em>N. perennans</em>, and <em>C. kienholzii</em> accounted for 61.3, 35.6, and 3.1 %, respectively, of 608 isolates obtained from pear fruit and 6.0, 81.3, and 12.7 % of 150 isolates from apple fruit. <em>N. alba</em> was the most common species in Oregon and <em>N. perennans</em> was most common in Washington. <em>N. malicorticis</em> was not found in any of the districts and may be limited to the wet climates west of the Cascade mountain range. <em>C. kienholzii</em> occurs in pome fruit orchards from southern Oregon to North Central Washington, and this is the first report of <em>C. kienholzii</em> in the state of Washington. The four most effective fungicides for control of bull's-eye rot caused by all species were thiabendazole, thiophanate-methyl, pyrimethanil, and pyraclostrobin<!--> <!-->+<!--> <!-->boscalid. Other fungicides gave acceptable control of some species of <em>Neofabraea</em> but not others. There was good agreement of the microbioassay with fungicide evaluations using wound-inoculated pear fruit for five of seven fungicides, but the microbioassay was not consistent enough for determination of the sensitivity of <em>Neofabraea</em> species to new fungicides.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19045,"journal":{"name":"Mycological research","volume":"113 11","pages":"Pages 1301-1311"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.mycres.2009.08.013","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28384289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Are the microcyclic rust species Puccinia melampodii and Puccinia xanthii conspecific?","authors":"Marion K. Seier ,&nbsp;Louise Morin ,&nbsp;Marlien van der merwe ,&nbsp;Harry C. Evans ,&nbsp;Ángel Romero","doi":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.08.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mycres.2009.08.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The taxonomic relationship between two microcyclic rust species, <em>Puccinia melampodii</em> and <em>Puccinia xanthii</em>, recorded from a number of <em>Asteraceae</em> hosts, was explored by comparing teliospore morphology, host specificity and sequence data. Teliospore morphology varied between and within individual rust accessions but, in general, teliospores of <em>P. xanthii</em> were larger than those of <em>P. melampodii</em>. Field observations and cross-inoculation greenhouse studies showed that <em>P. melampodii</em> accessions were highly specific to their original host species and unable to establish compatible interactions with related <em>Asteraceae</em> species. Though small amounts of genetic variation were detected between <em>P. melampodii</em> and <em>P. xanthii</em> accessions, the ITS and TEF phylogenetic analyses comprising several other rust species grouped these accessions within a well supported clade. Our data indicate that despite differences between <em>P. xanthii</em> and <em>P. melampodii</em> accessions these rusts cannot readily be separated at the species level, supporting earlier taxonomic conclusions and the recent proposal to group them into a morphospecies. Based on host-specificity data, the name <em>Puccinia xanthii</em> var. <em>parthenii-hysterophorae</em> is proposed to accommodate all Mesoamerican records of <em>P. melampodii</em> associated with the host <em>Parthenium hysterophorus</em>.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":19045,"journal":{"name":"Mycological research","volume":"113 11","pages":"Pages 1271-1282"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.mycres.2009.08.009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28351571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}