Molecular Plant-microbe Interactions最新文献

{"title":"Comparative Transcriptome Profiling of <i>Nicotiana benthamiana</i> Plants Infected with Potato Mop-Top Virus and Its Mutant Lacking a Gene for the 8K Protein Underlines the Role of Chloroplasts During Infection.","authors":"Shweta Roy, Katalin Nemes, Ganapathi Varma Saripella, Ramesh Raju Vetukuri, Abu Bakar Siddique, Eugene I Savenkov","doi":"10.1094/MPMI-10-25-0146-R","DOIUrl":"10.1094/MPMI-10-25-0146-R","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Potato mop-top virus (PMTV) is a significant pathogen causing potato \"spraing\" disease worldwide. The PMTV 8K protein functions as a weak viral suppressor of RNA silencing (VSR), has viroporin activity, and plays a role in pathogenicity by promoting viral long-distance movement and modulating host responses. Uniquely, PMTV can establish systemic infection in the absence of the 8K protein, though the infection is slightly delayed. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying PMTV-host interactions, we conducted comprehensive RNA-seq analysis comparing wild-type PMTV with a mutant lacking the <i>8K</i> gene (PMTV-Δ8K) in <i>Nicotiana benthamiana</i>. Our transcriptomic analysis shows that wild-type PMTV and PMTV-Δ8K elicit largely distinct transcriptional responses in the host, with more unique than shared differentially expressed genes. The analysis also revealed extensive reprogramming of metabolic pathways, stress responses, and defense mechanisms. Notably, wild-type PMTV induced more defense-related transcription factors, including 27 <i>WRKY</i> genes compared with 8 in PMTV-Δ8K infections. RNA-silencing pathway genes displayed distinct expression patterns, with <i>AGO2</i>, <i>RDR1</i>, and <i>AGO-MEL1</i> showing notably enhanced upregulation (up to 9.7-fold) in PMTV-Δ8K infections. Functional analysis identified chloroplast-associated genes <i>GNS2</i>, <i>CHUP1</i>, and <i>KIN5l</i> as host restriction factors. Virus-induced gene silencing experiments confirmed that GNS2 and CHUP1 restrict viral accumulation under both infection scenarios (wild-type PMTV and PMTV-Δ8K), and localization studies revealed that the TGB2 protein and GNS2 colocalize at chloroplast structures. These findings provide insights into PMTV pathogenesis, suggest that 8K is a multifunctional protein operating through diverse mechanisms, and advance understanding of viral suppression strategies. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2026 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.</p>","PeriodicalId":19009,"journal":{"name":"Molecular Plant-microbe Interactions","volume":" ","pages":"351-366"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146125837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modes of Action and in Planta Antifungal Activity of <i>Olea europaea</i> Defensin OefDef1.1-Derived Peptide Variant.","authors":"Ruby Tiwari, S Hamsa, James Godwin, Meenakshi Tetorya, Emery Usher, Dilip Shah","doi":"10.1094/MPMI-10-25-0149-R","DOIUrl":"10.1094/MPMI-10-25-0149-R","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Peptide-based biopesticides represent a promising strategy for sustainable disease control in agriculture. Synthetic antifungal peptides incorporating the γ-core motif of plant defensins offer multiple modes of action (MoAs) and potential as biofungicides. We investigated a synthetic short-chain variant of the olive defensin OefDef1.1 for antifungal activity, structure-function relationships, and MoAs against <i>Botrytis cinerea</i>, a necrotrophic pathogen causing gray mold disease in fruits and vegetables. A disulfide-bridged peptide, GMAOe1C_V1*, derived from OefDef1.1 (G32-Y53) modified with hydrophobic amino acid substitutions inhibited <i>B. cinerea</i> growth <i>in vitro</i> and reduced lesion formation in detached leaves. Foliar application of GMAOe1C_V1* suppressed disease symptoms in pepper plants. Mechanistically, GMAOe1C_V1* rapidly permeabilized the fungal plasma membrane and accumulated in vacuole, triggering vacuolar expansion and cell death. It also inhibited protein synthesis <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i>, suggesting a role as a translation inhibitor. Alanine scanning mutagenesis of the non-disulfide-bridged variant identified the ⁷RHSKH¹¹ motif as essential for antifungal activity. Circular dichroism revealed an unstructured conformation with minimal secondary structure. Transcriptomic analysis of GMAOe1C_V1*-treated <i>B. cinerea</i> showed downregulation of genes involved in mitochondrial function and amino acid biosynthesis. These findings demonstrate the potential of an olive defensin-derived peptide as a bio-inspired antifungal agent with multifaceted MoAs for crop protection. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2026 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.</p>","PeriodicalId":19009,"journal":{"name":"Molecular Plant-microbe Interactions","volume":" ","pages":"425-437"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147434407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>GOLDEN2</i>-<i>Like 1</i> Orthologs Are Conserved Susceptibility Targets of <i>Bemisia tabaci</i> in <i>Arabidopsis</i> and Tomato.","authors":"Paula J M van Kleeff, Eva van Doore, Marieke Mastop, Jeremy Liu, Juliette Silven, Robert C Schuurink","doi":"10.1094/MPMI-05-25-0059-R","DOIUrl":"10.1094/MPMI-05-25-0059-R","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The whitefly, <i>Bemisia tabaci</i>, is an agroeconomic pest species complex for which resistance breeding has remained largely unsuccessful. Although partial resistance against <i>B</i>. <i>tabaci</i> has been established, it is often broken at the high temperatures the whitefly prefers. A possible successful approach would be to identify so-called plant susceptibility (<i>S</i>) genes that are required for <i>B</i>. <i>tabaci</i>'s success. We used a yeast two-hybrid screen to identify the transcription factor GOLDEN2-Like (GLK) proteins, GLK1 and GLK2, as interactors of the <i>B</i>. <i>tabaci</i>-specific effector protein S1. Fecundity bioassays on <i>Arabidopsis</i> loss-of-function mutants revealed that <i>GLK1</i>, but not <i>GLK2</i>, acts as a susceptibility gene. Co-localization, bimolecular fluorescence complementation, and co-immunoprecipitation assays showed that AtGLK1 and S1 interact in the nucleus of the plant. Furthermore, we found that <i>Solanum lycopersicum</i> GLK1 (SlGLK1) is able to interact with S1 in the nucleus, and fecundity bioassays on <i>slglk1</i>/<i>slglk2</i> tomato mutant lines showed increased resistance toward whiteflies. In conclusion, the higher whitefly resistance observed in <i>glk1</i> loss-of-function mutants shows that <i>GLK1</i> is a <i>B</i>. <i>tabaci</i> susceptibility gene of <i>Arabidopsis</i> and modulates whitefly resistance in tomato. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2026 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.</p>","PeriodicalId":19009,"journal":{"name":"Molecular Plant-microbe Interactions","volume":" ","pages":"508-519"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147875043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Host-Induced Silencing of <i>Fusarium graminearum TRI5</i> Reduces Fusarium Head Blight and NX Mycotoxin Contamination in Barley.","authors":"Guixia Hao, Nicholas Rhoades, Shengming Yang, Susan McCormick","doi":"10.1094/MPMI-03-26-0030-R","DOIUrl":"10.1094/MPMI-03-26-0030-R","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>RNA interference (RNAi) technology has been widely used to protect plants from pests and diseases. <i>Fusarium graminearum</i> causes Fusarium head blight (FHB) in wheat and barley, which not only results in grain yield losses but also threatens food safety due to mycotoxin contamination of grains. <i>F</i>. <i>graminearum</i> trichothecene (<i>TRI</i>) genes are required for trichothecene biosynthesis. Our recent study showed that <i>TRI5</i> is critical for NX trichothecene production during <i>F</i>. <i>graminearum</i> infection of barley heads. To reduce mycotoxin contamination and disease using RNAi, we generated a hairpin construct targeting the <i>TRI5</i> gene and introduced it into the NX-producing <i>F</i>. <i>graminearum</i> strain NRRL44211. Compared with 44211, <i>TRI5</i> RNAi mutants had significantly reduced <i>TRI5</i> expression and NX toxin production in vitro. Barley heads inoculated with <i>TRI5</i> RNAi mutants or 44211 showed similar disease levels; however, barley heads inoculated with <i>TRI5</i> RNAi mutants had significantly reduced NX toxin compared with 44211-inoculated heads. Therefore, a plant RNAi vector targeting the same <i>TRI5</i> RNAi region was generated and introduced into the barley cultivar Golden Promise. FHB virulence assays showed that both FHB severity and NX-3 were significantly reduced in <i>TRI5</i> RNAi transgenic lines compared with controls. Small RNA (sRNA) sequencing of both <i>F</i>. <i>graminearum TRI5</i> RNAi mutants and barley <i>TRI5</i> RNAi lines revealed sRNA reads that mapped to the <i>TRI5</i> sequence, and the sRNA mapping patterns were remarkably similar in <i>Fusarium</i> and barley. Our results indicate that <i>TRI5</i> can serve as an effective RNAi target to reduce mycotoxin contamination and improve food safety. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2026 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.</p>","PeriodicalId":19009,"journal":{"name":"Molecular Plant-microbe Interactions","volume":" ","pages":"532-543"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147931507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maize Hybrids Exhibit Reduction in an Elicitor-Triggered Defense Response Compared with Their Inbred Parents.","authors":"Asher I Hudson, Maggie R Wagner, Peter J Balint-Kurti","doi":"10.1094/MPMI-08-25-0100-SC","DOIUrl":"10.1094/MPMI-08-25-0100-SC","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Heterosis is the increased performance of hybrids relative to their parental genotypes. Heterosis for growth may be mediated by underlying traits, including traits affecting host-microbe interactions. A trade-off between growth and defense is often observed in plant disease studies, such that a stronger defense response is often associated with slower growth and lower yield. We investigated the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) following treatment with microbial elicitors, an early component of the pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) response, in maize hybrids and their inbred parents. ROS production was often reduced in hybrids compared with inbred parents, and this effect was dependent on genotype, elicitor used, and time of day. These results identify PTI as a response displaying heterosis whose regulation might contribute to heterosis in other traits, such as growth and yield. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2026 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.</p>","PeriodicalId":19009,"journal":{"name":"Molecular Plant-microbe Interactions","volume":" ","pages":"339-343"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146106305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Conserved Transcription Factor Domain Drives Necrotrophic Effector-Mediated Virulence and Putative Protein Interactions in <i>Parastagonospora nodorum</i>.","authors":"Shota Morikawa, Carlia Herbst, Evan John, Daniel Croll, Carl Mousley, Bernadette Henares, Kar-Chun Tan, Callum Verdonk","doi":"10.1094/MPMI-01-26-0006-R","DOIUrl":"10.1094/MPMI-01-26-0006-R","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The fungal pathogen <i>Parastagonospora nodorum</i> utilizes necrotrophic effectors (NEs) to cause chlorosis and necrosis on wheat. NE expression is mediated by an assortment of transcription factors (TFs), the most well-characterized of which is PnPf2. Orthologs of PnPf2 regulate virulence in phytopathogenic fungi across the Ascomycete fungal lineage, yet their protein architecture remains functionally uncharacterized. These orthologs are characterized by the archetypal N-terminal Zn₂Cys₆ zinc-finger DNA-binding domain, a conserved yet poorly characterized middle homology region (MHR), and a C-terminal disordered region. We investigated the role of each of the three domains through PnPf2 truncation mutants in situ. Variable deletions of the C-terminal disordered region resulted in a reduction of <i>SnToxA</i> and <i>SnTox3</i> expression in planta. The MHR domain is indispensable for host virulence and <i>SnToxA</i> and <i>SnTox3</i> regulation and also facilitates PnPf2 homodimerization. Using the homodimer-mediating MHR as a bait in library-scale protein-protein interaction yeast two-hybrid assays, we identified a putative COP9-signalosome protein, PnCsn6, as a likely interacting partner. PnCsn6 is essential for disease symptoms during <i>P</i>. <i>nodorum</i> infection on wheat, and we observed NE dysregulation in <i>PnCsn6</i>-deletion mutants. This study provides the first domain-level functional characterization of the virulence-regulating TF ortholog Pf2. Our results demonstrate the essential role of the MHR domain in mediating protein-protein interactions and effector regulation. We have also unveiled evidence that suggests that PnCsn6 contributes to pathogenicity and may point to an important signaling pathway that could work in tandem with PnPf2 for fungal pathogenesis. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2026 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.</p>","PeriodicalId":19009,"journal":{"name":"Molecular Plant-microbe Interactions","volume":" ","pages":"544-556"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148194773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Fusarium oxysporum</i> f. sp. <i>vasinfectum</i> Race 4 (Fov4) <i>FNP1</i>, a Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetase Gene, Plays an Important Role in Cotton Fusarium Wilt.","authors":"Huan Zhang, Yi Zhou, Caleb Oliver Bedsole, Won Bo Shim","doi":"10.1094/MPMI-01-26-0004-R","DOIUrl":"10.1094/MPMI-01-26-0004-R","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fusarium wilt, caused by <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i> f. sp. <i>vasinfectum</i> (Fov), is one of the most destructive early-season cotton diseases worldwide. The recent emergence of the highly virulent Fov race 4 (Fov4) and its aggressiveness have raised significant concerns for the U.S. cotton industry. Unlike predominant Fov races in U.S. cotton production, which require root-knot nematodes to cause damage, Fov4 is known to infect cotton independent of nematodes. However, the molecular mechanisms of Fov4 virulence in cotton are not clearly understood. Secondary metabolites are often identified as the culprits in pathogen virulence toward plant hosts. To investigate these factors in Fov4, we analyzed the genomes of Fov1 and Fov4 using Fungal antiSMASH and identified a Fov4-specific nonribosomal peptide synthetase gene, <i>FNP1</i>. To investigate its function, we generated an <i>FNP1</i> knockout mutant using the CRISPR-Cas9 approach. Growth assays revealed that the mutant exhibited significantly attenuated hyphal production on media containing cotton roots as the sole carbon source, increased sensitivity to cell stress agents, and lagged spore germination. Furthermore, the mutant exhibited a defect in cotton root rot virulence and a significant decrease in fusaric acid production. Microscopic observation of the GFP-labeled <i>FNP1</i> deletion mutant showed impeded infection progression in cotton roots compared with the wild type. RNA-seq analysis further revealed extensive transcriptional reprogramming in the <i>FNP1</i> deletion mutant, supporting a regulatory role for <i>FNP1</i> in fusaric acid biosynthesis and broader metabolic networks. Gene complementation restored the observed defects, confirming that <i>FNP1</i> is critical for Fov4 virulence, hyphal development, fusaric acid production, and stress responses. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2026 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license.</p>","PeriodicalId":19009,"journal":{"name":"Molecular Plant-microbe Interactions","volume":" ","pages":"450-461"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147321861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Splicing Twist in Ubiquitin-Mediated Immunity.","authors":"Ruby Tiwari","doi":"10.1094/MPMI-05-26-0046-CM","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI-05-26-0046-CM","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19009,"journal":{"name":"Molecular Plant-microbe Interactions","volume":"39 3","pages":"327-328"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148361073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated Multi-Omics Analysis Provides Insights into the Rhizosphere Microbial Dynamics in Soybean-<i>Fusarium virguliforme</i> Interaction.","authors":"Kipa Tamrakar, Emilio Soriano Chavez, P Winston Miller, Brett Hale, Jimmy DuVall, Nathan Williams, Edward Brown, Scott Mangan, Asela J Wijeratne","doi":"10.1094/MPMI-09-25-0121-FI","DOIUrl":"10.1094/MPMI-09-25-0121-FI","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sudden death syndrome (SDS) is a major disease that affects soybean (<i>Glycine max</i>) production, primarily caused by the soilborne fungus <i>Fusarium virguliforme</i> in North America. Understanding the interactions among soybeans, <i>F. virguliforme</i>, and microorganisms in the soil near the vicinity of roots can provide microbial candidates for SDS management. The objective of this study was to elucidate the role of rhizosphere microbial composition and activity, both in the presence and absence of <i>F. virguliforme</i>, across two commercial soybean cultivars with differing susceptibility to SDS. Bacterial and fungal community dynamics were assessed using full-length 16S rRNA and internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) sequencing, respectively. Microbial activity was further evaluated with an optimized metatranscriptome workflow. Our analysis revealed that SDS-tolerant soybeans recruit microbes with growth-promoting and biocontrol potential, such as members of the genera <i>Bacillus</i>, <i>Pseudomonas</i>, <i>Trichoderma</i>, <i>Mortierella</i>, and <i>Talaromyces</i>, when exposed to <i>F. virguliforme</i>. This distinct microbial recruitment strategy in response to <i>F. virguliforme</i> could provide the ability for soybeans to survive under pathogen stress. In contrast, pathogen inoculation reduced the abundance and activity of the nitrogen-fixing <i>Bradyrhizobium</i> spp. These findings suggest that selective recruitment of beneficial microbes likely contributes to SDS tolerance, whereas pathogen pressure compromises symbiotic nitrogen fixation. The results highlight candidate taxa and interactions for developing synthetic microbial communities to support SDS management. The information generated from this study will be useful for assembling a combined synthetic microbial community and testing. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2026 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license.</p>","PeriodicalId":19009,"journal":{"name":"Molecular Plant-microbe Interactions","volume":" ","pages":"278-291"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146181019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterizing the Effector Repertoire of <i>Plasmodiophora brassicae</i>: Insights into Clubroot Pathogenesis.","authors":"Emilee R M Storfie, Adriana E Lang, Charitha P A Jayasinghege, Leonardo Galindo-González, Stephen E Strelkov","doi":"10.1094/MPMI-10-25-0145-FI","DOIUrl":"10.1094/MPMI-10-25-0145-FI","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Plasmodiophora brassicae</i>, the obligate parasite responsible for clubroot in <i>Brassica</i> crops and other crucifers, poses a major challenge to sustainable disease management due to its biotrophic lifestyle and adaptability. Recent advances in genomics, transcriptomics, and bioinformatics have accelerated the identification of its effector repertoire, which underpins host colonization and symptom development. To date, more than 100 putative effectors have been described, including several that modulate key plant defense processes such as pattern-triggered immunity, programmed cell death, phytohormone signaling, and ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation. Despite the inability to culture or genetically manipulate <i>P</i>. <i>brassicae</i>, functional studies using heterologous systems and transgenic approaches have revealed important insights into effector activity and host-pathogen interactions. Notably, conserved effectors such as PbBSMT and PbZF1 play central roles in virulence, highlighting their potential as targets for resistance breeding and effector-informed management strategies. However, the majority of candidate effectors remain uncharacterized, and inconsistent naming conventions across studies complicate cross-comparison. This review provides the first comprehensive synthesis of current knowledge on <i>P</i>. <i>brassicae</i> effectors, aiming to classify them according to their roles in host manipulation. Putative effectors that are consistently expressed across life cycle stages and host systems were identified and may serve as candidates for future investigation. We also discuss methodological advances and limitations in effector discovery and functional analysis, as well as opportunities to leverage effector biology in clubroot management. Ultimately, classifying conserved versus accessory effectors and understanding their interactions with host targets will be key to developing durable resistance and innovative strategies for clubroot management. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2025 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.</p>","PeriodicalId":19009,"journal":{"name":"Molecular Plant-microbe Interactions","volume":" ","pages":"171-183"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145377986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}