MycorrhizaPub Date : 2024-11-01Epub Date: 2024-10-05DOI: 10.1007/s00572-024-01170-8
A M Bâ, S Séne, M Manokari, M M Bullaín Galardis, S N Sylla, M A Selosse, M S Shekhawat
{"title":"Coccoloba uvifera L. associated with Scleroderma Bermudense Coker: a pantropical ectomycorrhizal symbiosis used in restoring of degraded coastal sand dunes.","authors":"A M Bâ, S Séne, M Manokari, M M Bullaín Galardis, S N Sylla, M A Selosse, M S Shekhawat","doi":"10.1007/s00572-024-01170-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00572-024-01170-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Coccoloba uvifera L. (Polygonacaeae), named also seagrape, is an ectomycorrhizal (ECM) Caribbean beach tree, introduced pantropically for stabilizing coastal soils and producing edible fruits. This review covers the pantropical distribution and micropropagation of seagrape as well as genetic diversity, functional traits and use of ECM symbioses in response to salinity, both in its native regions and areas where it has been introduced. The ECM fungal diversity associated with seagrape was found to be relatively low in its region of origin, with Scleroderma bermudense Coker being the predominant fungal species. In regions of introduction, seagrape predominantly associated with Scleroderma species, whereas S. bermudense was exclusively identified in Réunion and Senegal. The introduction of S. bermudense is likely through spores adhering to the seed coats of seagrape, suggesting a vertical transmission of ECM colonization in seagrape by S. bermudense. This ECM fungus demonstrated its capacity to enhance salt tolerance in seagrape seedlings by reducing Na concentration and increasing K and Ca levels, consequently promoting higher K/Na and Ca/Na ratios in the tissues of ECM seedlings vs. non-ECM plants in nursery conditions. Moreover, the ECM symbiosis positively influenced growth, photosynthetic and transpiration rates, chlorophyll fluorescence and content, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO<sub>2</sub>, and water status, which improved the performance of ECM seagrape exposed to salt stress in planting conditions. The standardization of seagrape micropropagation emerges as a crucial tool for propagating homogeneous plant material in nursery and planting conditions. This review also explores the use of the ECM symbiosis between seagrape and S. bermudense as a strategy for restoring degraded coastal ecosystems in the Caribbean, Indian Ocean, and West African regions.</p>","PeriodicalId":18965,"journal":{"name":"Mycorrhiza","volume":" ","pages":"375-389"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11604829/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142378111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MycorrhizaPub Date : 2024-11-01Epub Date: 2024-07-22DOI: 10.1007/s00572-024-01162-8
Jessica Fletcher, Alexander Smith, Amy Honan, William Leary, Treya Dabney, Sara Branco
{"title":"Inter- and intra-specific metal tolerance variation in ectomycorrhizal fungal Suillus species.","authors":"Jessica Fletcher, Alexander Smith, Amy Honan, William Leary, Treya Dabney, Sara Branco","doi":"10.1007/s00572-024-01162-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00572-024-01162-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Soil metal contamination can affect growth, metabolism, and reproduction of organisms, and can lead to death. However, some fungi have evolved metal tolerance and are able to live in contaminated soils. Species in the ectomycorrhizal genus Suillus from Europe and Asia display variation in metal tolerance, yet it is unknown whether this is a widespread trait in the genus and whether it occurs in North America. Here we investigate cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) tolerance in S. brevipes and S. tomentosus isolates collected from sites in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado displaying different metal content. In line with previous findings for other Suillus species, we hypothesized (1) S. brevipes and S. tomentosus to display intra-specific metal tolerance variation, (2) Zn and Cd tolerance to be correlated to soil metal content, and (3) tolerant isolates to show lower metal tissue content compared to sensitive isolates (due to increased metal exclusion). We found ample intra- and inter-specific Zn and Cd tolerance variation in both S. brevipes and S. tomentosus, but no correlation between soil metal content and tolerance. There was a negative correlation between tolerance level and Zn uptake, indicating an exclusion-based Zn tolerance strategy. Sensitive and tolerant isolates showed no difference in Cd accumulation, indicating that Cd tolerance in these species is likely not dependent on exclusion. Our study sets the groundwork for further investigation into the genetic basis of Suillus metal tolerance and whether and how it impacts pine mycorrhizal partners.</p>","PeriodicalId":18965,"journal":{"name":"Mycorrhiza","volume":" ","pages":"417-427"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141734651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MycorrhizaPub Date : 2024-11-01Epub Date: 2024-08-08DOI: 10.1007/s00572-024-01165-5
Qurat Ul Ain, Hafiz Athar Hussain, Qingwen Zhang, Faiza Maqbool, Muhammad Ahmad, Abdul Mateen, Li Zheng, Asma Imran
{"title":"Coordinated influence of Funneliformis mosseae and different plant growth-promoting bacteria on growth, root functional traits, and nutrient acquisition by maize.","authors":"Qurat Ul Ain, Hafiz Athar Hussain, Qingwen Zhang, Faiza Maqbool, Muhammad Ahmad, Abdul Mateen, Li Zheng, Asma Imran","doi":"10.1007/s00572-024-01165-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00572-024-01165-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rhizospheric interactions among plant roots, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, and plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) can enhance plant health by promoting nutrient acquisition and stimulating the plant immune system. This pot experiment, conducted in autoclaved soil, explored the synergistic impacts of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Funneliformis mosseae with four individual bacterial strains, viz.: Cronobacter sp. Rz-7, Serratia sp. 5-D, Pseudomonas sp. ER-20 and Stenotrophomonas sp. RI-4 A on maize growth, root functional traits, root exudates, root colonization, and nutrient uptake. The comprehensive biochemical characterization of these bacterial strains includes assessments of mineral nutrient solubilization, plant hormone production, and drought tolerance. The results showed that all single and interactive treatments of the mycorrhizal fungus and bacterial strains improved maize growth, as compared with the control (no fungus or PGPB). Among single treatments, the application of the mycorrhizal fungus was more effective than the bacterial strains in stimulating maize growth. Within the bacterial treatments, Serratia sp. 5-D and Pseudomonas sp. ER-20 were more effective in enhancing maize growth than Cronobacter sp. Rz-7 and Stenotrophomonas sp. RI-4 A. All bacterial strains were compatible with Funneliformis mosseae to improve root colonization and maize growth. However, the interaction of mycorrhiza and Serratia sp. 5-D (M + 5-D) was the most prominent for maize growth improvement comparatively to all other treatments. We observed that bacterial strains directly enhanced maize growth while indirectly promoting biomass accumulation by facilitating increased mycorrhizal colonization, indicating that these bacteria acted as mycorrhizal helper bacteria.</p>","PeriodicalId":18965,"journal":{"name":"Mycorrhiza","volume":" ","pages":"477-488"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141902362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MycorrhizaPub Date : 2024-11-01Epub Date: 2024-10-09DOI: 10.1007/s00572-024-01169-1
Dyonishia J Nieves, Peter B Reich, Artur Stefanski, Raimundo Bermudez, Katilyn V Beidler, Peter G Kennedy
{"title":"Ectomycorrhizal fungal community response to warming and rainfall reduction differs between co-occurring temperate-boreal ecotonal Pinus saplings.","authors":"Dyonishia J Nieves, Peter B Reich, Artur Stefanski, Raimundo Bermudez, Katilyn V Beidler, Peter G Kennedy","doi":"10.1007/s00572-024-01169-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00572-024-01169-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Understanding the responses of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi and their tree hosts to warming and reduced soil water availability under realistic future climate scenarios is essential, yet few studies have investigated how combined global change stressors impact ECM fungal community richness and composition as well as host performance. In this study, we leveraged a long-term factorial warming (ambient, + 1.7 ºC, + 3.2 ºC) and rainfall reduction (ambient, 30% reduced rainfall) experiment in northern Minnesota, USA to investigate the responses of two congeneric hosts with varying drought tolerances and their associated ECM fungal communities to a gradient of soil moisture induced by a combination of warming and rainfall reduction. Soil drying had host-specific effects; the less drought tolerant Pinus strobus had decreased stem growth and lower ECM fungal community richness (fewer ECM fungal Operational Taxonomic Units, OTUs), while the more drought tolerant Pinus banksiana experienced no decline in stem growth but had an altered ECM fungal community composition under drier, warmer soils. Taken together, the results of this study suggest that the combined effects of warming and decreased precipitation will largely be additive in terms of their impact on host performance and ECM fungal community richness, but that drier and warmer soil conditions may also differentially impact specific ECM fungal genera independently of host performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":18965,"journal":{"name":"Mycorrhiza","volume":" ","pages":"403-416"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142391929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MycorrhizaPub Date : 2024-11-01Epub Date: 2024-10-10DOI: 10.1007/s00572-024-01164-6
Huina Zhang, Yan Xiao
{"title":"Contribution of mycorrhizal symbiosis and root strategy to red clover aboveground biomass under nitrogen addition and phosphorus distribution.","authors":"Huina Zhang, Yan Xiao","doi":"10.1007/s00572-024-01164-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00572-024-01164-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Soil nutrients exhibit heterogeneity in their spatial distribution, presenting challenges to plant acquisition. Notably, phosphorus (P) heterogeneity is a characteristic feature of soil, necessitating the development of adaptive strategies by plants to cope with this phenomenon. To address this, fully crossed three-factor experiments were conducted using red clover within rhizoboxes. Positions of P in three conditions, included P even distribution (even P), P close distribution (close P), and P far distribution (far P). Concurrently, N addition was two amounts(0 and 20 mg kg<sup>- 1</sup>), both with and without AMF inoculation. The findings indicated a decrease in aboveground biomass attributable to uneven P distribution, whereas N and AMF demonstrated the potential to affect aboveground biomass. In a structural equation model, AMF primarily increased aboveground biomass by enhancing nodule number and specific leaf area (SLA). In contrast, N addition improved aboveground biomass through increased nodule number or direct effects. Subsequently, a random forest model indicated that under the far P treatment, fine root length emerged as the primary factor affecting aboveground biomass, followed by thickest root length. Conversely, in the even P treatment, the thickest root length was of paramount importance. In summary, when confronted with uneven P distribution, clover plants adopted various root foraging strategies. AMF played a pivotal role in elevating nodule number, and SLA.</p>","PeriodicalId":18965,"journal":{"name":"Mycorrhiza","volume":" ","pages":"489-502"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142400793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MycorrhizaPub Date : 2024-11-01Epub Date: 2024-10-21DOI: 10.1007/s00572-024-01171-7
Eve Hellequin, Philippe Rech, Rémi Petrolli, Marc-André Selosse, Hippolyte Kodja, Bérénice Piquet, Florent Martos
{"title":"Variations in the root mycobiome and mycorrhizal fungi between different types of Vanilla forest farms on Réunion Island.","authors":"Eve Hellequin, Philippe Rech, Rémi Petrolli, Marc-André Selosse, Hippolyte Kodja, Bérénice Piquet, Florent Martos","doi":"10.1007/s00572-024-01171-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00572-024-01171-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The mycorrhizal fungi of cultivated Vanilla spp. have mainly been studied in America, while a recent study has investigated them on Réunion Island (Indian Ocean). However, there are many different types of cultivation on Réunion, from shade-house crops to forest farms of endemic or exotic trees. Here we fill a gap in the study of the root mycobiome of Vanilla by sampling vines in forest plantations on recent lava flows in the southeast of Réunion. Specifically, we aimed to characterize the fungal communities between terrestrial and epiphytic roots, between forest farms that differ mainly in the species of trees, and between Vanilla roots and ECM-like roots of nearby trees. By sequencing fungal ITS2, we showed that the Vanilla root mycobiome is diverse and differed between the root types and forest farms. Epiphytic and terrestrial roots host endophytic fungi, while a putative rust with visible urediniospores was abundant in terrestrial roots mainly. Other pathogens were detected in epiphytic roots (Colletotrichum) with no sign of disease. Following sequencing and electron microscopy, Tulasnellaceae, characterized by imperforate parenthesomes and cell wall expansion with an amorphous matrix, were shown to be the main mycorrhizal fungi in both vanilla root types. Interestingly, the dominant Tulasnellaceae OTU was found in ECM-type roots of trees belonging to the ectomycorrhizal family Sapotaceae. Further observations are needed to confirm the ectomycorrhizal association of endemic trees with Tulasnella. Moreover, labeling experiments will be instrumental in investigating the transfer of nutrients between the trees and the Vanilla through the network of mycorrhizal associations in the soil.</p>","PeriodicalId":18965,"journal":{"name":"Mycorrhiza","volume":" ","pages":"429-446"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142470366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MycorrhizaPub Date : 2024-11-01Epub Date: 2024-10-26DOI: 10.1007/s00572-024-01172-6
Marcos V Caiafa, Paulo H Grazziotti, Elena Karlsen-Ayala, Michelle A Jusino, Rosanne Healy, Nicole K Reynolds, W Mark Whitten, Matthew E Smith
{"title":"Ectomycorrhizal fungal communities associated with Crocanthemum and Lechea (Cistaceae) in subtropical Florida sandhill habitats.","authors":"Marcos V Caiafa, Paulo H Grazziotti, Elena Karlsen-Ayala, Michelle A Jusino, Rosanne Healy, Nicole K Reynolds, W Mark Whitten, Matthew E Smith","doi":"10.1007/s00572-024-01172-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00572-024-01172-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cistaceae are shrubs, subshrubs and herbs that often occur in stressful, fire-prone or disturbed environments and form ectomycorrhizal (ECM) associations with symbiotic fungi. Although some Cistaceae are long-lived shrubs that grow to significant size, others are herbaceous annuals or short-lived plants. Thus, Cistaceae are atypical ECM hosts that are fundamentally different in their biology from trees that are the more typically studied ECM hosts. The Mediterranean region is the center of diversity for Cistaceae and the ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with Cistaceae hosts have primarily been studied in Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East. Mediterranean Cistaceae often host diverse communities of ECM fungi, but they also act as hosts for some ECM fungi that putatively show host-specificity or strong host preference for Cistaceae (including species of Delastria, Hebeloma, Terfezia, and Tirmania). The ECM associations of Cistaceae in North America, however, remain highly understudied. Here we use fungal DNA metabarcoding to document the ectomycorrhizal fungal communities associated with Crocanthemum and Lechea (Cistaceae) in open, fire-prone sandhill habitats in north Florida. At each site we also sampled nearby Pinus to determine whether small, herbaceous Cistaceae have specialized ECM fungi or whether they share their ECM fungal community with nearby pines. The ECM communities of Florida Cistaceae are dominated by Cenococcum (Ascomycota) and Russula (Basidiomycota) species but were also significantly associated with Delastria, an understudied genus of mostly truffle-like Pezizales (Ascomycota). Although many Cistaceae ECM fungi were shared with neighboring pines, the ECM communities with Cistaceae were nonetheless significantly different than those of pines.</p>","PeriodicalId":18965,"journal":{"name":"Mycorrhiza","volume":" ","pages":"391-401"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142504371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MycorrhizaPub Date : 2024-11-01Epub Date: 2024-09-09DOI: 10.1007/s00572-024-01167-3
Changfeng Zhang, Stefan Geisen, Roeland L Berendsen, Marcel G A van der Heijden
{"title":"Specialized protist communities on mycorrhizal fungal hyphae.","authors":"Changfeng Zhang, Stefan Geisen, Roeland L Berendsen, Marcel G A van der Heijden","doi":"10.1007/s00572-024-01167-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00572-024-01167-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi not only play a crucial role in acquiring nutrients for plants but also serve as a habitat for soil microbes. Recent studies observed that AM fungal hyphae are colonized by specific bacterial communities. However, so far it has not been explored whether fungal hyphae and mycorrhizal networks also harbor specific communities of protists, a key group of microbes in the soil microbiome. Here, we characterized protist communities in soil in a compartment with plant roots and on hyphae collected from hyphal compartments without plant roots. We detected specific protist communities on fungal hyphae. Fourteen protistan amplicon sequences variants (ASVs) were significantly associated with fungal hyphae, half of which belonged to the Cercozoa group. This research, for the first-time detected specific protist ASVs directly associated with abundant AM fungus hyphae, highlighting the complexity of the hyphal food web.</p>","PeriodicalId":18965,"journal":{"name":"Mycorrhiza","volume":" ","pages":"517-524"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11604758/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142154607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MycorrhizaPub Date : 2024-11-01DOI: 10.1007/s00572-024-01173-5
Daquan Sun, Martin Rozmoš, Vasilis Kokkoris, Michala Kotianová, Hana Hršelová, Petra Bukovská, Maede Faghihinia, Jan Jansa
{"title":"Correction: Unraveling the diversity of hyphal explorative traits among Rhizophagus irregularis genotypes.","authors":"Daquan Sun, Martin Rozmoš, Vasilis Kokkoris, Michala Kotianová, Hana Hršelová, Petra Bukovská, Maede Faghihinia, Jan Jansa","doi":"10.1007/s00572-024-01173-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00572-024-01173-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18965,"journal":{"name":"Mycorrhiza","volume":" ","pages":"529"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11604733/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142624212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MycorrhizaPub Date : 2024-11-01Epub Date: 2024-07-29DOI: 10.1007/s00572-024-01161-9
Martin Vohník, Jiřina Josefiová
{"title":"Novel epiphytic root-fungus symbiosis in the Indo-Pacific seagrass Thalassodendron ciliatum from the Red Sea.","authors":"Martin Vohník, Jiřina Josefiová","doi":"10.1007/s00572-024-01161-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00572-024-01161-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Symbioses with fungi are important and ubiquitous on dry land but underexplored in the sea. As yet only one seagrass has been shown to form a specific root-fungus symbiosis that resembles those occurring in terrestrial plants, namely the dominant long-lived Mediterranean species Posidonia oceanica (Alismatales: Posidoniaceae) forming a dark septate (DS) endophytic association with the ascomycete Posidoniomyces atricolor (Pleosporales: Aigialaceae). Using stereomicroscopy, light and scanning electron microscopy, and DNA cloning, here we describe a novel root-fungus symbiosis in the Indo-Pacific seagrass Thalassodendron ciliatum (Alismatales: Cymodoceaceae) from a site in the Gulf of Aqaba in the Red Sea. Similarly to P. oceanica, the mycobiont of T. ciliatum occurs more frequently in thinner roots that engage in nutrient uptake from the seabed and forms extensive hyphal mantles composed of DS hyphae on the root surface. Contrary to P. oceanica, the mycobiont occurs on the roots with root hairs and does not colonize its host intraradically. While the cloning revealed a relatively rich spectrum of fungi, they were mostly parasites or saprobes of uncertain origin and the identity of the mycobiont thus remains unknown. Symbioses of seagrasses with fungi are probably more frequent than previously thought, but their functioning and significance are unknown. Melanin present in DS hyphae slows down their decomposition and so is true for the colonized roots. DS fungi may in this way conserve organic detritus in the seagrasses' rhizosphere, thus contributing to blue carbon sequestration in seagrass meadows.</p>","PeriodicalId":18965,"journal":{"name":"Mycorrhiza","volume":" ","pages":"447-461"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11604718/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141788665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}