{"title":"Chemistry at a tipping point","authors":"Dirk G. Kurth","doi":"10.1038/s41570-026-00884-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41570-026-00884-x","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18849,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews. Chemistry","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":36.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149091686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Liqi Shi, Zhenhao Wang, Niklas H Deissler, Zhongshuo Zhang, Shengliang Zhai, Jakob Kibsgaard, Jakub Drnec, Jieshan Qiu, Jie Zeng, Ib Chorkendorff, Shaofeng Li
{"title":"Operando and multiscale insights into the solid electrolyte interphase in lithium-mediated nitrogen reduction.","authors":"Liqi Shi, Zhenhao Wang, Niklas H Deissler, Zhongshuo Zhang, Shengliang Zhai, Jakob Kibsgaard, Jakub Drnec, Jieshan Qiu, Jie Zeng, Ib Chorkendorff, Shaofeng Li","doi":"10.1038/s41570-026-00878-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41570-026-00878-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lithium-mediated nitrogen reduction reactions (Li-NRRs) have emerged as a promising route for ambient ammonia electrosynthesis, yet their performance is fundamentally governed by the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). Far from being a simple passivation layer, the SEI is a dynamic region that regulates Li<sup>+</sup> transport, N<sub>2</sub> access, proton delivery and parasitic reactions, thereby controlling activity, selectivity and stability. Its precise role remains difficult to establish as the SEI is thin, heterogeneous, metastable and continuously evolving during operation. In this Review, we examine the origins and functions of the SEI and discuss an integrated operando, in situ and multiscale characterization framework to resolve its role in Li-NRR. We highlight advances in techniques including X-ray scattering, Raman and infrared spectroscopies, neutron reflectometry, cryogenic electron microscopy, time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and titration methods, which provide complementary insight into SEI composition, structure and evolution. Finally, we discuss the limitations of SEI characterization, SEI analysis integrated with product detection, a practical workflow for SEI studies in Li-NRR, and future directions towards understanding SEI formation and evolution, with the aim of enabling its rational design for efficient and durable lithium-mediated ammonia synthesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":18849,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews. Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":51.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149081495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Matthias Bickelhaupt,Gabriel Merino,Miquel Solà
{"title":"The concept of aromaticity after 200 years of benzene","authors":"F. Matthias Bickelhaupt,Gabriel Merino,Miquel Solà","doi":"10.1038/s41570-026-00877-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41570-026-00877-w","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18849,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews. Chemistry","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":36.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149050126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Interfacial hydrogen transfer for heterogeneous catalysis.","authors":"Qian Zheng, Yancai Yao, Lizhi Zhang","doi":"10.1038/s41570-026-00875-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41570-026-00875-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The efficient transfer of hydrogen species at interfaces is a crucial yet poorly understood determinant in heterogeneous catalytic systems, involving energy conversion, chemical synthesis and pollution abatement. This interfacial hydrogen transfer (IHT), which shuttles key hydrogen intermediates from their formation sites to reaction sites, often dictates overall catalytic efficiency and selectivity. However, fundamental questions remain related to the driving force and structure-activity relationship in IHT processes, as well as the potential interplay between different IHT pathways in complex systems. This Review details the chemical identity of hydrogen species (H<sup>+</sup>, H· and H<sup>δ</sup><sup>-</sup>) to delineate their generation, transfer and catalytic application across different systems. By comparing reaction mechanisms and design principles, we discuss the connection of various IHT pathways, demonstrating how hydrogen migration dictates the activity and selectivity of a wide range of heterogeneous catalytic processes, including hydrogen evolution, hydrogenation and fuel cells. By identifying the challenges and outlining future research avenues, we provide a roadmap for the rational design of next-generation catalysts with precisely controlled hydrogen dynamics.</p>","PeriodicalId":18849,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews. Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":51.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149017493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A new angle on dopamine-membrane interactions.","authors":"Karina Maria Piotrowska","doi":"10.1038/s41570-026-00879-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41570-026-00879-8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18849,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews. Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":51.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149002287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lulu Xue, Melgious Jin Yan Ang, Kelsey L. Swingle, Emily Fitzgerald, Ori Chalom, Ning Gu, Michael J. Mitchell
{"title":"Structural evolution of ionizable lipids for nucleic acid delivery","authors":"Lulu Xue, Melgious Jin Yan Ang, Kelsey L. Swingle, Emily Fitzgerald, Ori Chalom, Ning Gu, Michael J. Mitchell","doi":"10.1038/s41570-026-00865-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41570-026-00865-0","url":null,"abstract":"Ionizable lipid nanoparticles have emerged as a potent non-viral delivery platform for nucleic acid therapeutics, achieving clinical breakthroughs ranging from the FDA-approved small interfering RNA therapeutic to mRNA vaccines against coronavirus disease 2019 and respiratory syncytial virus. Their success stems from the ability of ionizable lipids to remain neutral in physiological environments, yet protonate in acidic endosomes, enabling the efficient release of genetic cargo. Over the last several decades, their structures have evolved extensively through the application of combinatorial chemistry, rational design, incorporation of functional elements and, most recently, machine learning and artificial intelligence-guided strategies. These innovations have expanded ionizable lipids from passive carriers into multifunctional materials capable of organ-specific targeting, responsiveness, immunomodulation and theranostics. In this Review, we highlight the development, synthesis and structural evolution of ionizable lipids as well as their emerging on-demand design functionalities and next-generation biomedical applications. We provide insights into the challenges and gaps for translation, manufacturing and expansion of lipid nanoparticle-mediated nucleic acid therapeutics for precision RNA medicine. Ionizable lipids represent central components in nucleic acid therapeutics. This Review outlines their structural evolution, design strategies and emerging functions while highlighting next-generation principles and translational perspectives that may guide precision RNA therapeutics in regenerative medicines.","PeriodicalId":18849,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews. Chemistry","volume":"10 10","pages":"702-720"},"PeriodicalIF":51.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148933769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Mechanistic questions in aqueous-organic chemistry.","authors":"Andrea Delledonne, Fabrice Gallou, Suzanne A Blum","doi":"10.1038/s41570-026-00873-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41570-026-00873-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Understanding organic chemistry in water presents challenges distinct from those encountered in conventional organic solvents. Reaction media are usually heterogeneous and contain colloidal objects (micelles and emulsion droplets) and undissolved solids; however, the analytical tools commonly used to study organic reaction mechanisms are often not well suited to such systems or require substantial adaptation deviating from synthetic conditions. As a result, the development and optimization of reactions proceed as though emulsion droplets are a 'magic box', in which progress is identified through inefficient trial-and-error approaches. Here we highlight outstanding mechanistic questions in aqueous-organic chemistry. Through case studies in selectivity control, trial-and-error reaction optimization and surfactant-free systems, we identify key gaps in mechanistic understanding. Finally, using analytical case studies in small-angle X-ray scattering, NMR spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, cryo-transmission electron microscopy and fluorescence microscopy, we analyse the scope and limitations of current analytical methods in these systems and discuss opportunities for advancing mechanistic insight.</p>","PeriodicalId":18849,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews. Chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":51.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148930184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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