National Science Review最新文献

{"title":"Earth's magnetic field and its relationship to the origin of life, evolution and planetary habitability.","authors":"John A Tarduno, Tinghong Zhou, Wentao Huang, Jaganmoy Jodder","doi":"10.1093/nsr/nwaf082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwaf082","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Earth's magnetic field history can provide insight into why life was able to originate and evolve on our planet, and how habitability has been maintained. The magnetism of minute magnetic inclusions in zircons indicates that the geomagnetic field is at least 4.2 billion years old, corresponding with genetic estimates for the age of the last universal common ancestor. The early establishment of the field would have provided shielding from solar and cosmic radiation, fostering environments for life to develop. The field was also likely important for preserving Earth's water, essential for life as we know it. Between 3.9 and ca. 3.4 billion years ago, zircon magnetism suggests latitudinal stasis of different ancestral terrains, and stagnant lid tectonics. These data also indicate that the solid Earth was stable with respect to the spin axis, consistent with the absence of plate tectonic driving forces. Moreover, these data point to the existence of low-latitude continental nuclei with equable climate locales that could have supported early life. Near the end of the Precambrian (0.591 to 0.565 billion years ago), the dynamo nearly collapsed, but growth of the inner core during earliest Cambrian times renewed the magnetic field and shielding, helping to prevent drying of the planet. Before this renewal, the ultra-weak magnetic shielding may have had an unexpected effect on evolution. The extremely weak field could have allowed enhanced hydrogen escape to space, leading to increased oxygenation of the atmosphere and oceans. In this way, Earth's magnetic field may have assisted the radiation of the macroscopic and mobile animals of the Ediacara fauna. Whether the Ediacara fauna are genetically related to modern life is a matter of debate, but if so, magnetospheric control on atmospheric composition may have led to an acceleration in evolution that ultimately resulted in the emergence of intelligent life.</p>","PeriodicalId":18842,"journal":{"name":"National Science Review","volume":"12 5","pages":"nwaf082"},"PeriodicalIF":16.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11980988/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144010050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Magnetotelluric evidence for highly focused mantle melting along the ultraslow-spreading Gakkel Ridge, Arctic Ocean.","authors":"Tao Zhang, Jiabiao Li, Weiwei Ding, Fansheng Kong, Yinxia Fang, Xiongwei Niu, Jie Jiang, Zhiteng Yu, Pingchuan Tan, Zhongyan Shen, Chunguo Yang, Qiuci Sun, Zhezhe Lu, Bo Yang, Yanan Liu, Yejian Wang, Yunsheng Zhao","doi":"10.1093/nsr/nwaf077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwaf077","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>It is well known that ultraslow-spreading mid-ocean ridges display significant variations in axial magmatism and tectonics. Yet, the processes governing mantle melting and melt transport remain a subject of ongoing debate. A key limitation has been the lack of contrasting observations of mantle melting beneath axial segment centers versus segment ends, particularly through electromagnetic methods, which are highly sensitive to partial molten mantle. Here, we present the first one-dimensional magnetotelluric observation conducted along the ultraslow-spreading Gakkel Ridge in the Arctic Ocean. Our findings reveal prominent low-resistivity zones at depths of 20-45 km beneath segment centers, which are indicative of shallow melting zones. We propose that the robust magma supply and associated repeated magma intrusions lead to a thin thermal lithosphere and associated shallow mantle melting. In contrast, such electrical resistivity anomalies are absent at comparable depths beneath the magma-poor deep valley, where the electrical lithosphere extends to depths of >50 km. The extremely thick lithosphere restricts mantle melting to greater depths and facilitates melt migration toward adjacent segment centers. Our study highlights the critical role of highly variable lithospheric thickness in regulating melting depth and focusing melt flow along ultraslow-spreading ridges. We propose that the significant variation in lithospheric thickness and the associated focused melting result in the recently observed highly variable crustal thickness along the Gakkel Ridge.</p>","PeriodicalId":18842,"journal":{"name":"National Science Review","volume":"12 5","pages":"nwaf077"},"PeriodicalIF":16.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12010957/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144010051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Breakthrough in porous liquids for carbon capture and catalysis.","authors":"Weijin Li, Soumya Mukherjee","doi":"10.1093/nsr/nwaf075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwaf075","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18842,"journal":{"name":"National Science Review","volume":"12 4","pages":"nwaf075"},"PeriodicalIF":16.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11951095/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143753634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rekindling hopes for lithium-sulfur batteries.","authors":"Hongtao Qu, Bao-Lian Su","doi":"10.1093/nsr/nwaf079","DOIUrl":"10.1093/nsr/nwaf079","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18842,"journal":{"name":"National Science Review","volume":"12 4","pages":"nwaf079"},"PeriodicalIF":16.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11957241/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143753574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coulombic-hinderance regulation on pyrovanadates for practicable calcium-ion batteries: a solid-solution strategy.","authors":"Jun-Ming Cao, Yue Liu, Kai Li, Igor V Zatovsky, Jia-Lin Yang, Han-Hao Liu, Zhen-Yi Gu, Xuan Gao, Kai-Yang Zhang, Shuo-Hang Zheng, Xing-Long Wu","doi":"10.1093/nsr/nwaf074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwaf074","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pyrovanadates are considered a promising host material for the reversible intercalation of highly charged Ca²⁺ ions due to their favorable layered structure and the presence of rich interstitial confined species. However, in calcium-ion battery (CIB) systems, the diffusion kinetics of the Ca²⁺ ions are slower, and the electrostatic interactions are stronger (compared to Li⁺), which limits the effectiveness of pyrovanadate's structural advantages. In this study, we employ an allelic reconfiguration strategy to develop novel solid-solution phase pyrovanadate materials, specifically Zn_3-xCu _х (OH)₂V₂O₇·2H₂O (x = 0, 1, 1.5). By incorporating 'twin' isotopic Cu elements from the adjacent <i>ds</i>-block, we activate redox reactions at non-vanadium metal sites through the modulation of electronic properties. As a result, a pronounced plateau zone during the discharge/charge process is observed. Using theoretical simulations and X-ray absorption spectroscopy, we have clarified the mechanism by which the solid solution enhances the interlayered confinement of species such as lattice water and hydroxide radicals, improving structural stability and facilitating the diffusion of highly charged Ca²⁺ ions. This approach effectively addresses the issue of layer shrinkage, which typically arises from the intense Coulombic interaction between the carrier and the host. When assembled with an active carbon anode, coin-cell CIB devices can operate steadily at a charge rate of 100 mA g^-1 for over 1000 reversible cycles. This demonstrates the potential of innovative solid-solution design strategies to create Coulombic-force-resistant host materials for future multivalent metal-ion battery technologies, including CIB systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":18842,"journal":{"name":"National Science Review","volume":"12 5","pages":"nwaf074"},"PeriodicalIF":16.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12023857/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144005754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"AI-accelerated discovery of altermagnetic materials.","authors":"Ze-Feng Gao, Shuai Qu, Bocheng Zeng, Yang Liu, Ji-Rong Wen, Hao Sun, Peng-Jie Guo, Zhong-Yi Lu","doi":"10.1093/nsr/nwaf066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwaf066","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Altermagnetism, a new magnetic phase, has been theoretically proposed and experimentally verified to be distinct from ferromagnetism and antiferromagnetism. Although altermagnets have been found to possess many exotic physical properties, the limited availability of known altermagnetic materials hinders the study of such properties. Hence, discovering more types of altermagnetic materials with different properties is crucial for a comprehensive understanding of altermagnetism and thus facilitating new applications in the next generation of information technologies, e.g. storage devices and high-sensitivity sensors. Since each altermagnetic material has a unique crystal structure, we propose an automated discovery approach empowered by an artificial intelligence (AI) search engine that employs a pre-trained graph neural network to learn the intrinsic features of the material crystal structure, followed by fine-tuning a classifier with limited positive samples to predict the altermagnetism probability of a given material candidate. Finally, we successfully discovered 50 new altermagnetic materials that cover metals, semiconductors and insulators, confirmed by first-principles electronic structure calculations. The wide range of electronic structural characteristics reveals that various novel physical properties manifest in these newly discovered altermagnetic materials, e.g. the anomalous Hall effect, anomalous Kerr effect and topological property. It is worth noting that we discovered four <i>i</i>-wave altermagnetic materials for the first time. Overall, the AI search engine performs much better than human experts and suggests a set of new altermagnetic materials with unique properties, outlining its potential for accelerated discovery of the materials with targeted properties.</p>","PeriodicalId":18842,"journal":{"name":"National Science Review","volume":"12 4","pages":"nwaf066"},"PeriodicalIF":16.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11983696/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144019381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"China's greenhouse gas budget during 2000-2023.","authors":"Wenping Yuan, Minqi Liang, Yuanyi Gao, Ling Huang, Li Dan, Hongtao Duan, Songbai Hong, Fei Jiang, Weimin Ju, Tingting Li, Ziyang Lou, Shilong Luan, Xiao Lu, Zhangcai Qin, Lishan Ran, Lulu Shen, Fei Teng, Xiangjun Tian, Yilong Wang, Jing Wei, Jiangzhou Xia, Xiaosheng Xia, Lijun Yu, Xu Yue, Haicheng Zhang, Wen Zhang, Yuzhong Zhang, Xu Zhao, Qiuan Zhu, Shilong Piao, Xuhui Wang","doi":"10.1093/nsr/nwaf069","DOIUrl":"10.1093/nsr/nwaf069","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>National greenhouse gas (GHG) budget, including CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O has increasingly become a topic of concern in international climate governance. China is paying increasing attention to reducing GHG emissions and increasing land sinks to effectively mitigate climate change. Accurate estimates of GHG fluxes are crucial for monitoring progress toward mitigating GHG emissions in China. This study used comprehensive methods, including emission factor methods, process-based models, atmospheric inversions, and data-driven models, to estimate the long-term trends of GHG sources and sinks from all anthropogenic and natural sectors in China's mainland during 2000-2023, and produced an up-to-date China GHG Budget dataset (CNGHG). The total gross emissions of the three GHGs show a 3-fold increase from 5.0 (95% CI: 4.9-5.1) Gt CO₂-eq yr^-1 (in 2000) to 14.3 (95% CI: 13.8-14.8) Gt CO₂-eq yr^-1 (in 2023). CO₂ emissions represented 81.8% of the GHG emissions in 2023, while 12.7% and 5.5% were for CH₄ and N₂O, respectively. As the largest CO₂ source, the energy sector contributed 87.4% CO₂ emissions. In contrast, the agriculture, forestry and other land use sector was the largest sector of CH₄ and N₂O, representing 50.1% and 66.3% emissions, respectively. Moreover, China's terrestrial ecosystems serve as a net CO₂ sink (1.0 Gt CO₂ yr^-1, 95% CI: 0.2-1.9 Gt CO₂ yr^-1) during 2012 to 2021, equivalent to an average of 14.3% of fossil CO₂ emissions. Our GHG emission estimates showed a general consistency with national GHG inventories, with gridded and sector-specific estimates of GHG fluxes over China, providing the basis for curtailing GHG emissions for each region and sector.</p>","PeriodicalId":18842,"journal":{"name":"National Science Review","volume":"12 4","pages":"nwaf069"},"PeriodicalIF":16.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11951099/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143753566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-coordinating charge transfer enables ultrafast desolvation of hydrated zinc ions in the outer Helmholtz layer for stable aqueous Zn metal batteries.","authors":"Xiuli Guo, Qiaoling Peng, Rui Yang, Gengyou Cao, Jianfeng Wen, Kyungsoo Shin, Ye Zheng, Sarayut Tunmee, Caineng Zou, Yongping Zheng, Xiaolong Zhou, Yongbing Tang","doi":"10.1093/nsr/nwaf070","DOIUrl":"10.1093/nsr/nwaf070","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The formation of a strong coordination structure, [Zn(H₂O)₆]²⁺ often increases direct contact between the solvated H₂O and Zn anodes in the inner Helmholtz layer, which exacerbates undesirable side reactions and dendrite growth, hindering the practical application of aqueous Zn metal batteries. Here, we show that the solvated H₂O can be effectively minimized by an artificial solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) consisting of highly nitrogen-doped amorphous carbon (NC) and perfluorosulfonic acid polymer (Nafion). Theoretical and experimental analyses reveal that NC raises the Fermi level of the composite SEI and activates the non-coordinating charge transfer from the SEI to [Zn(H₂O)₆]²⁺, which leads to ultrafast desolvation of hydrated Zn-ions in the outer Helmholtz layer; while the Nafion framework ensures selective transport channels for Zn ions. Remarkably, the derived NC-Nafion@Zn symmetric cell exhibits a long lifespan (3400 h, 1 mA cm^-2; 2000 h, 5 mA cm^-2); moreover, the NC-Nafion@Zn//Mn₄O₃-carbon nanotubes full battery delivers ultralong cycling stability of 9300 cycles at 2 A g^-1 with a high retention of 91.3%.</p>","PeriodicalId":18842,"journal":{"name":"National Science Review","volume":"12 4","pages":"nwaf070"},"PeriodicalIF":16.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11960093/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143763962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From fossils to genomes: decoding the insect world.","authors":"Jun Xu, Wei Zhang","doi":"10.1093/nsr/nwaf055","DOIUrl":"10.1093/nsr/nwaf055","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18842,"journal":{"name":"National Science Review","volume":"12 3","pages":"nwaf055"},"PeriodicalIF":16.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11895503/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143605685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrosion-resistant single-atom catalysts for direct seawater electrolysis.","authors":"Yue Zhang, Weikang Wan, Yudi Peng, Yujun Guo, Jialing Zhou, Shengchen Wang, Jiayao Yuan, Yuru Liao, Linsheng Liu, Yifan Zhang, Suli Liu, Dingsheng Wang, Zhihui Dai","doi":"10.1093/nsr/nwaf060","DOIUrl":"10.1093/nsr/nwaf060","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Direct seawater electrolysis (DSE) for hydrogen production is an appealing method for renewable energy storage. However, DSE faces challenges such as slow reaction kinetics, impurities, the competing chlorine evolution reaction at the anode, and membrane fouling, making it more complex than freshwater electrolysis. Therefore, developing catalysts with excellent stability under corrosion and fulfilling activity is vital to the advancement of DSE. Single-atom catalysts (SACs) with excellent tunability, high selectivity and high active sites demonstrate considerable potential for use in the electrolysis of seawater. In this review, we present the anodic and cathodic reaction mechanisms that occur during seawater cracking. Subsequently, to meet the challenges of DSE, rational strategies for modulating SACs are explored, including axial ligand engineering, carrier effects and protective layer coverage. Then, the application of <i>in-situ</i> characterization techniques and theoretical calculations to SACs is discussed with the aim of elucidating the intrinsic factors responsible for their efficient electrocatalysis. Finally, the process of scaling up monoatomic catalysts for the electrolysis of seawater is described, and some prospective insights are provided.</p>","PeriodicalId":18842,"journal":{"name":"National Science Review","volume":"12 4","pages":"nwaf060"},"PeriodicalIF":16.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11960101/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143763771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}