{"title":"Production of fungal hypocrellin photosensitizers: Exploiting bambusicolous fungi and elicitation strategies in mycelium cultures.","authors":"Xin Ping Li, Wen Hao Shen, Jian Wen Wang, Li Ping Zheng","doi":"10.1080/21501203.2024.2430726","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21501203.2024.2430726","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hypocrellins, a group of naturally occurring perylenequinone pigments produced by <i>Shiraia bambusicola</i>, are notable for their potential use in photodynamic therapy (PDT) for treating cancers and viruses. Traditionally, hypocrellins have been extracted from the fruiting bodies of <i>S. bambusicola</i>, a parasitic fungus on bamboo. However, the yield from wild <i>Shiraia</i> fruiting bodies is often insufficient, prompting a shift towards seeking other fungi with higher yields of hypocrellins as alternative sources. This review comprehensively examines the current research on the isolation, identification, and bioactivity of fungal perylenequinones from <i>Shiraia</i> isolates from ascostromata or fruiting bodies, <i>Shiraia</i>-like endophytes, and other endophytes from bamboos. Additionally, the review discusses the culture methods and conditions for solid-state and submerged fermentation of hypocrellin-producing fungi, including medium components, culture conditions, and optimisation of fermentation factors, as mycelium cultures have emerged as a promising alternative for the production of hypocrellins. Furthermore, novel elicitation strategies are presented to address the bottleneck of lower production of hypocrellins in mycelium cultures, focusing on the preparation, characterisation, and application of biotic and abiotic elicitors. This review aims to facilitate further exploration and utilisation of fungal resources and elicitation strategies for enhanced production of hypocrellins in mycelium cultures.</p>","PeriodicalId":18833,"journal":{"name":"Mycology","volume":"16 2","pages":"593-616"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12096664/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144143187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Improving the production of micafungin precursor FR901379 in <i>Coleophoma empetri</i> using heavy-ion irradiation and its mechanism analysis.","authors":"Yongjuan Liu, Beibei Wang, Xiaoxi Zhang, Ping Men, Meng Gu, Yu Zhou, Wei Hu, Zhuanzi Wang, Min Wang, Xuenian Huang, Xuefeng Lu","doi":"10.1080/21501203.2024.2426484","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21501203.2024.2426484","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Micafungin is a semisynthetic echinocandin antifungal agent derived from fungal natural product FR901379 produced by <i>Coleophoma empetri</i>, facing challenges in biomanufacturing due to poor chassis performance and unclear high-yield mechanisms. In this study, the mutagenic effects of heavy-ion beam and how fungi repaired damage show that compared to the wild-type strain, nonhomologous end-joining pathway deficient mutants were more sensitive to heavy ion radiation, resulting in higher lethality rates and more mutations from the same radiation dose. Moreover, mutants obtained through two rounds of heavy-ion irradiation mutagenesis produced 1.1 g/L of FR901379, representing a remarkable increase of 253.7%. Compared to the parent strain, the mutants displayed noticeable differences in morphology and fermentation status. Comparative genomic analysis revealed mutations in several genes critical for morphological differentiation, which may have enhanced the production of FR901379 in the excellent mutants. This study has implications for the application of heavy-ion irradiation to filamentous fungi breeding. Additionally, the mutants with high FR901379 titre not only improve the production efficiency of micafungin but also provide a better chassis and theoretical guidance for subsequent metabolic engineering.</p>","PeriodicalId":18833,"journal":{"name":"Mycology","volume":"16 2","pages":"941-955"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12096658/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144143051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MycologyPub Date : 2024-11-26eCollection Date: 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2024.2384567
Tai-Min Xu, Dong-Mei Wu, Neng Gao, Shun Liu, Yi-Fei Sun, Bao-Kai Cui
{"title":"Species diversity, taxonomic classification and ecological habits of polypore fungi in China.","authors":"Tai-Min Xu, Dong-Mei Wu, Neng Gao, Shun Liu, Yi-Fei Sun, Bao-Kai Cui","doi":"10.1080/21501203.2024.2384567","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21501203.2024.2384567","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Polypore fungi are an important part of forest ecosystems. In the last decade, the taxonomic status and species number of polypore fungi have changed greatly, and many new taxa have been discovered. China is one of the countries with the most abundant and diverse polypore fungi in the world, and a total of 1,214 polypore fungal species were reported here. This study lists the polypore fungi with their diversity, taxonomic status, habitats, geographical distributions, and molecular data. All the polypore fungi in China belong to the phylum <i>Basidiomycota</i>, subphylum <i>Agaricomycotina</i>, and class <i>Agaricomycetes</i>, including 11 orders, 55 families, and 266 genera. The orders <i>Polyporales</i> and <i>Hymenochaetales</i> are dominant, and the families <i>Polyporaceae</i> and <i>Hymenochaetaceae</i> are dominant. The overall distribution trend of polypore fungi in China shows that more species are distributed in the south and fewer are distributed in the north. In addition, different nutritional modes of polypore fungi have different preferences for host species, with white-rot fungi preferring angiosperm trees and brown-rot fungi preferring gymnosperm trees.</p>","PeriodicalId":18833,"journal":{"name":"Mycology","volume":"16 2","pages":"419-544"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12096708/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144143188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MycologyPub Date : 2024-11-25eCollection Date: 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2024.2426480
Ranying He, Haifei Xie, Jin Xie, Bin Wang, Zhigang Li, Xihui Liu, Wenxia Fang
{"title":"Interference with sexual mating of <i>Sporisorium scitamineum</i> by verrucarin A isolated from <i>Paramyrothecium</i> sp.","authors":"Ranying He, Haifei Xie, Jin Xie, Bin Wang, Zhigang Li, Xihui Liu, Wenxia Fang","doi":"10.1080/21501203.2024.2426480","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21501203.2024.2426480","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sugarcane smut, caused by <i>Sporisorium scitamineum</i>, poses a significant global threat, leading to substantial economic losses. The pathogenic process involves haploid spores engaging in sexual mating to produce diploid mycelia, which then initiates the disease by penetrating sugarcane tissues. Targeting the mating process has thus emerged as the Achilles' heel in controlling sugarcane smut. In this study, we isolated a fungus designated as P-6 from a bryophyte, which impeded the mycelia formation of <i>S. scitamineum</i>. Phylogenetic and morphological analyses classified the strain P-6 within the genus <i>Paramyrothecum</i>. Through ethyl acetate extraction, subsequent separation, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis, we identified the active compound responsible for inhibiting the mating process as verrucarin A (Ver-A). Specifically, Ver-A inhibited the sexual mating of <i>S. scitamineum</i> by modulating the gene expression of loci <i>a</i> and <i>b</i>. Greenhouse pot experiments underscored the efficacy of strain P-6's fermentation products in reducing the incidence of sugarcane smut. These findings lay a robust groundwork for the development and application of P-6 as a novel biocontrol strain against sugarcane smut.</p>","PeriodicalId":18833,"journal":{"name":"Mycology","volume":"16 2","pages":"929-940"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12096654/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144143054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MycologyPub Date : 2024-11-13eCollection Date: 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2024.2404121
Guo-Fu Qin, Wen-Min Qin, Han-Chen Wang, Jun Zhao, Kari Korhonen, Jian Chen, Yu-Cheng Dai, Yuan Yuan
{"title":"Phylogeny and species diversity of <i>Armillaria</i> in China based on morphological, mating test, and GCPSR criteria.","authors":"Guo-Fu Qin, Wen-Min Qin, Han-Chen Wang, Jun Zhao, Kari Korhonen, Jian Chen, Yu-Cheng Dai, Yuan Yuan","doi":"10.1080/21501203.2024.2404121","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21501203.2024.2404121","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>More than 600 Chinese specimens of <i>Armillaria</i> were identified by mating tests, Genealogical Concordance Phylogenetic Species Recognition (GCPSR), and comparison of morphological characteristics. Sixteen Chinese Biological Species (CBS) of <i>Armillaria</i> were identified by 30,340 mate pair combinations. Fifteen Chinese Phylogenetic Species (CPS) were recognised based on Independent Evolutionary Lineage (IEL) recognition and concatenated six-gene analysis (<i>actin</i>, <i>h3h</i>, <i>hisps</i>, LSU rDNA, <i>rpb</i>1, and <i>tef</i>1α). All the biological species and phylogenetic species were identical and possessed the same species boundary, except for CBS K (<i>A. mellea</i>) and CBS G (<i>A. mellea</i> ssp. <i>nipponica</i>) which were the same phylogenetic species. On the basis of CBS and CPS, eight new species of <i>Armillaria</i> in China were distinguished using macro and micro morphology, and they are described as <i>A. algida</i>, <i>A. amygdalispora</i>, <i>A. bruneocystidia</i>, <i>A. luteopileata</i>, <i>A. pungentisquamosa</i>, <i>A. sinensis</i>, <i>A. tibetica</i>, and <i>A. violacea</i>. This study indicates that the GCPSR approach provides the same resolution as mating tests in identification of <i>Armillaria</i> species.</p>","PeriodicalId":18833,"journal":{"name":"Mycology","volume":"16 2","pages":"777-811"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12096668/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144143065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MycologyPub Date : 2024-11-08eCollection Date: 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2024.2419882
Yan He, Jun Wang, Junjiao Li, Xiayu Wang, Xingyong Yang, Jieyin Chen, Dandan Zhang
{"title":"CAP superfamily proteins (VdPRYs) manipulate plant immunity and contribute to the virulence of <i>Verticillium dahliae</i>.","authors":"Yan He, Jun Wang, Junjiao Li, Xiayu Wang, Xingyong Yang, Jieyin Chen, Dandan Zhang","doi":"10.1080/21501203.2024.2419882","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21501203.2024.2419882","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>CAP (cysteine-rich secretory proteins, antigen5, pathogenesis-related proteins) superfamily proteins are widely distributed, can be subdivided into 11 subfamilies, and form a unique branch in fungi, named PRY proteins. <i>Verticillium dahliae</i> is a soil-borne fungal pathogen of vascular plants that causes plant Verticillium wilt. However, the roles of CAP superfamily proteins in this fungus is unclear. Here, four CAP superfamily members with a conserved domain were identified in <i>V. dahliae</i>: VdPRY1, VdPRY2, VdPRY3, and VdPRY4. VdPRY1 and VdPRY3 were found to be key in suppressing plant immune responses. Moreover, these four members are highly expressed during early infection of cotton by <i>V. dahliae</i>. Deleting <i>VdPRY1</i>, <i>VdPRY2</i>, or <i>VdPRY3</i> reduced the fungus's ability to cause disease, but <i>VdPRY4</i> deletion did not affect virulence. Deletion of any of four members did not impact fungal growth or carbon source use. Yeast two-hybrid experiments suggest that these proteins may function through interactions with each other. This investigation has, for the initial time, elucidated the pivotal roles of <i>V. dahliae</i> CAP superfamily proteins in inhibiting plant immunity and exerting virulence during interaction with the host plant.</p>","PeriodicalId":18833,"journal":{"name":"Mycology","volume":"16 2","pages":"876-890"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12096681/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144143071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
MycologyPub Date : 2024-11-07eCollection Date: 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2024.2410508
Xuefei Li, Jiajun Hu, Yonglan Tuo, You Li, Dan Dai, Frederick Leo Sossah, Minghao Liu, Jiajia Wang, Jiage Song, Bo Zhang, Xiao Li, Yu Li
{"title":"Catalogue of fungi in China 4: Didymiaceae and Physaraceae (Myxomycetes).","authors":"Xuefei Li, Jiajun Hu, Yonglan Tuo, You Li, Dan Dai, Frederick Leo Sossah, Minghao Liu, Jiajia Wang, Jiage Song, Bo Zhang, Xiao Li, Yu Li","doi":"10.1080/21501203.2024.2410508","DOIUrl":"10.1080/21501203.2024.2410508","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Myxomycetes play crucial ecological roles, yet their species diversity, distribution, and taxonomic relationships remain poorly understood. In this study, we examined 104 specimens from 19 provinces in China. Through morphological analysis, we identified a group of species with reduced lime formation, a feature typically associated with the Physaraceae, but with key morphological similarities to the <i>Diderma</i>. A comprehensive phylogenetic analysis was conducted using three genes (nSSU, <i>EF-1α</i>, and <i>COI</i>), resulting in a dataset of 452 sequences from 116 species. Notably, we identified a distinct clade within Didymiaceae containing species with fewer lime knots, a trait traditionally linked to Physaraceae. This clade, designated as the new genus <i>Neodiderma</i>, was phylogenetically positioned as a sister group to <i>Diderma</i>, potentially representing a transitional group between Didymiaceae and Physaraceae, supported by both morphological and molecular evidence. Eleven new species - <i>N. macrosporum</i>, <i>N. pseudobisporum</i>, <i>N. verrucocapillitium</i>, <i>N. rigidocapillitium</i>, <i>N. rufum</i>, <i>Physarum guangxiense</i>, <i>P. subviride</i>, <i>P. nigritum</i>, <i>P. biyangense</i>, <i>P. neoovoideum</i>, and <i>P. jilinense</i> - were identified from China, and their phylogenetic positions were analysed. Additionally, <i>N. spumarioides</i> (formerly <i>Diderma spumarioides</i>) was recombined. The new and recombined species were formally described and illustrated, and a key to the sections and species of <i>Neodiderma</i> and <i>Physarum</i> was provided.</p>","PeriodicalId":18833,"journal":{"name":"Mycology","volume":"16 1","pages":"124-157"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11899236/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143625017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}