Phylogeny and species diversity of Armillaria in China based on morphological, mating test, and GCPSR criteria.

More than 600 Chinese specimens of Armillaria were identified by mating tests, Genealogical Concordance Phylogenetic Species Recognition (GCPSR), and comparison of morphological characteristics. Sixteen Chinese Biological Species (CBS) of Armillaria were identified by 30,340 mate pair combinations. Fifteen Chinese Phylogenetic Species (CPS) were recognised based on Independent Evolutionary Lineage (IEL) recognition and concatenated six-gene analysis (actin, h3h, hisps, LSU rDNA, rpb1, and tef1α). All the biological species and phylogenetic species were identical and possessed the same species boundary, except for CBS K (A. mellea) and CBS G (A. mellea ssp. nipponica) which were the same phylogenetic species. On the basis of CBS and CPS, eight new species of Armillaria in China were distinguished using macro and micro morphology, and they are described as A. algida, A. amygdalispora, A. bruneocystidia, A. luteopileata, A. pungentisquamosa, A. sinensis, A. tibetica, and A. violacea. This study indicates that the GCPSR approach provides the same resolution as mating tests in identification of Armillaria species.