Molecular plant pathology最新文献

{"title":"Genomic Biosurveillance of the Kiwifruit Pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae Biovar 3 Reveals Adaptation to Selective Pressures in New Zealand Orchards.","authors":"Lauren M Hemara, Stephen M Hoyte, Saadiah Arshed, Magan M Schipper, Peter N Wood, Sergio L Marshall, Mark T Andersen, Haileigh R Patterson, Joel L Vanneste, Linda Peacock, Jay Jayaraman, Matthew D Templeton","doi":"10.1111/mpp.70056","DOIUrl":"10.1111/mpp.70056","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the late 2000s, a pandemic of Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae biovar 3 (Psa3) devastated kiwifruit orchards growing susceptible, yellow-fleshed cultivars. New Zealand's kiwifruit industry has since recovered, following the deployment of the tolerant cultivar 'Zesy002'. However, little is known about the extent to which the Psa population is evolving since its arrival. Over 500 Psa3 isolates from New Zealand kiwifruit orchards were sequenced between 2010 and 2022, from commercial monocultures and diverse germplasm collections. While effector loss was previously observed on Psa-resistant germplasm vines, effector loss appears to be rare in commercial orchards, where the dominant cultivars lack Psa resistance. However, a new Psa3 variant, which has lost the effector hopF1c, has arisen. The loss of hopF1c appears to have been mediated by the movement of integrative conjugative elements introducing copper resistance into this population. Following this variant's identification, in-planta pathogenicity and competitive fitness assays were performed to better understand the risk and likelihood of its spread. While hopF1c loss variants had similar in-planta growth to wild-type Psa3, a lab-generated ∆hopF1c strain could outcompete the wild type on select hosts. Further surveillance was conducted in commercial orchards where these variants were originally isolated, with 6.6% of surveyed isolates identified as hopF1c loss variants. These findings suggest that the spread of these variants is currently limited, and they are unlikely to cause more severe symptoms than the current population. Ongoing genome biosurveillance of New Zealand's Psa3 population is recommended to enable early detection and management of variants of interest.</p>","PeriodicalId":18763,"journal":{"name":"Molecular plant pathology","volume":"26 2","pages":"e70056"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11802661/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143365032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Two TAL Effectors of Xanthomonas citri pv. malvacearum Induce Water Soaking by Activating GhSWEET14 Genes in Cotton.","authors":"Syed Mashab Ali Shah, Fazal Haq, Kunxuan Huang, Qi Wang, Linlin Liu, Ying Li, Yong Wang, Asaf Khan, Ruihuan Yang, Moein Khojasteh, Xiameng Xu, Zhengyin Xu, Gongyou Chen","doi":"10.1111/mpp.70053","DOIUrl":"10.1111/mpp.70053","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bacterial blight of cotton (BBC) caused by Xanthomonas citri pv. malvacearum (Xcm) is an important and destructive disease affecting cotton plants. Transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs) released by the pathogen regulate cotton resistance to the susceptibility. In this study, we sequenced the whole genome of Xcm Xss-V₂-18 and identified eight tal genes: seven on the plasmids and one on the chromosome. Deletion and complementation experiments of Xss-V₂-18 tal genes demonstrated that Tal1b is required for full virulence on cotton. Transcriptome profiling coupled with TALE-binding element prediction revealed that Tal1b targets GhSWEET14A04/D04 and GhSWEET14D02 simultaneously. Expression analysis confirmed the independent inducibility of GhSWEET14A04/D04 and GhSWEET14D02 by Tal1b, whereas GhSWEET14A04/D04 is additionally targeted by Tal1. Moreover, β-glucuronidase and Xa10-mediated hypersensitive response assays indicated that the effector-binding element (EBEs) are required for the direct and specific activation of the candidate targets by Tal1 and Ta1b. These insights enhance our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of bacterial blight in cotton and might lead to improved resistance through EBEs disruption or a TALE-trap strategy.</p>","PeriodicalId":18763,"journal":{"name":"Molecular plant pathology","volume":"26 1","pages":"e70053"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11756550/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143008612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decoding Plant-Pathogen Interactions: A Comprehensive Exploration of Effector-Plant Transcription Factor Dynamics.","authors":"Hui Xiang, Boris Stojilkovic, Godelieve Gheysen","doi":"10.1111/mpp.70057","DOIUrl":"10.1111/mpp.70057","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the coevolutionary process between plant pathogens and hosts, pathogen effectors, primarily proteinaceous, engage in interactions with host proteins, such as plant transcription factors (TFs), during the infection process. This review delves into the intricate interplay between TFs and effectors, a key aspect in the prolonged and complex battle between plants and pathogens. Effectors strategically manipulate TFs using diverse tactics. These include modulating activity of TFs, influencing their incorporation into multimeric complexes, directly changing TF expression levels, promoting their degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome system, and inducing their subcellular relocalization. The review systematically presents documented interactions, elucidating key mechanisms and their profound impact on host-pathogen dynamics. It emphasises the central role of TFs in plant defence and investigates the convergent evolution of effectors targeting TFs. By providing this overview, we offer valuable insights into this dynamic interaction landscape and suggest potential directions for future research.</p>","PeriodicalId":18763,"journal":{"name":"Molecular plant pathology","volume":"26 1","pages":"e70057"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11757022/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143033709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterisation of a Betasatellite Associated With Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Guangdong Virus and Discovery of an Unusual Modulation of Virus Infection Associated With C4 Protein.","authors":"Zhenggang Li, Yafei Tang, Xiaoman She, Lin Yu, Guobing Lan, Shanwen Ding, Zifu He","doi":"10.1111/mpp.70051","DOIUrl":"10.1111/mpp.70051","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tomato yellow leaf curl Guangdong virus (TYLCGdV), a monopartite begomovirus first identified in 2004, remains poorly characterised. In this study, we demonstrate that TYLCGdV associates with a betasatellite, TYLCGdB, and the βC1 protein encoded by TYLCGdB is essential for symptom development. We also explore the role of TYLCGdV C4 protein by generating a C4-deficient infectious clone (TYLCGdV_mC4), revealing a dynamic role for TYLCGdV C4. Specifically, viral accumulation in TYLCGdV_mC4/TYLCGdB-inoculated plants was significantly lower than that in TYLCGdV/TYLCGdB-inoculated plants at 7 and 14 days post-inoculation (dpi), but surpassed that of TYLCGdV/TYLCGdB-inoculated plants by 25 dpi. Furthermore, although C4 proteins in other begomoviruses typically exhibit one or more of the following properties: (i) suppression of post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS), (ii) suppression of transcriptional gene silencing (TGS), (iii) enhancement of pathogenicity in potato virus X (PVX) and (iv) symptom induction when transgenically expressed, TYLCGdV C4 did not exhibit any of these properties. However, the dynamic role of TYLCGdV C4 in viral infection appears to result from its effects on viral DNA methylation. At 7 dpi, the cytosine methylation level in the TYLCGdVmC4 genome was notably elevated compared to that of the wild-type virus. However, this trend reversed by 14 dpi, with the wild-type virus exhibiting a higher methylation level. By 25 dpi, the cytosine methylation levels of both TYLCGdVmC4 and TYLCGdV were comparable. These results indicate that TYLCGdV C4 modulates viral infection via an unconventional mechanism. This novel observation highlights the need for further investigation into the diverse roles of C4 proteins in begomoviruses.</p>","PeriodicalId":18763,"journal":{"name":"Molecular plant pathology","volume":"26 1","pages":"e70051"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11732742/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142984188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"N Protein of Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus Proven to Be Antagonistic Against Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus in Nicotiana benthamiana.","authors":"Ning Qiao, Hongmei Liu, Yuxing Chen, Dezhen Zhang, Jie Liu, Hanru Sun, Yongguang Liu, Xiaoping Zhu, Xiaoan Sun","doi":"10.1111/mpp.70046","DOIUrl":"10.1111/mpp.70046","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Two phylogenetically unrelated viruses transmitted by different insect vectors, tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) and tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), are major threats to tomato and other vegetable production. Although co-infections of TSWV and TYLCV on the same host plant have been reported on numerous occasions, there is still lack of research attempting to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the relationship between two viruses when they coexist in the same tomato or other plants. After assessing the effect of four TSWV-coded proteins on suppressing TYLCV in TSWV N transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana seedlings, the TSWV N protein proved to be effective in reducing TYLCV quantity and viral symptoms. Western blot analysis indicated that TSWV N was involved in down-regulating the expression level of the V1, C3, and C4 proteins of TYLCV, among which V1 was the most significantly suppressed one. Moreover, TSWV N was confirmed to reduce TYLCV V1 within both nucleus and cytoplasm, but a greater suppression was observed in cytoplasm. The co-immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry identified 244 differential proteins from the TYLCV-infected TSWV N transgenic N. benthamiana seedling. These proteins pertaining to energy metabolism pathways were enriched, suggesting that TSWV N could inhibit TYLCV through competing for energy or regulating energy-related metabolism. The evidence presented here offers a novel perspective that will facilitate a comprehensive understanding of virus-virus and virus-host interactions, as well as a potential strategy for plant virus control through using TSWV N in the near future.</p>","PeriodicalId":18763,"journal":{"name":"Molecular plant pathology","volume":"26 1","pages":"e70046"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11684470/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142909949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Apple Bitter Rot: Biology, Ecology, Omics, Virulence Factors, and Management of Causal Colletotrichum Species.","authors":"Nathanial J Boeckman, Matheus Correa Borba, Valentina Valencia Bernal, Fatemeh Khodadadi, Wayne M Jurick, Srđan G Aćimović","doi":"10.1111/mpp.70050","DOIUrl":"10.1111/mpp.70050","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Apple bitter rot is caused by various Colletotrichum spp. that threaten apple production globally resulting in millions of dollars in damage annually. The fungus causes a decline in fruit quality and yield, eventually rotting the fruit and rendering it inedible. The pathogen is difficult to keep out of orchards because of its broad host range and transmissibility by rain splash and insects. Once the disease manifests, pathogen identification is difficult due to evolving taxonomy and similar morphology between species. Current management strategies are threatened by an increase in fungicide resistance and regulations on many multisite fungicides, leading to a pressing need for new management options for control. This review aims to summarise the most current knowledge regarding the biology, virulence factors, ecology, omics and emerging management strategies for Colletotrichum species that cause apple bitter rot.</p><p><strong>Taxonomy: </strong>Colletotrichum species-Domain Eukaryota, Kingdom Fungi, Phylum Ascomycota, Class Sordariomycetes, Order Glomerellales, Family Glomerellaceae, Genus Colletotrichum.</p><p><strong>Biology: </strong>Hemibiotrophic pathogen with a wide host range that establishes a biotrophic interaction where it penetrates host plants using appressoria followed by a switch to necrotrophy causing rot symptoms.</p><p><strong>Toxins: </strong>Cercosporin, colletotrichins, colletotric acid, ferricrocin.</p><p><strong>Host range: </strong>The host range varies by species but largely occurs on dicotyledonous plants and is less prevalent on monocots as well as gymnosperms, ferns, mosses and animals (e.g., insects).</p><p><strong>Disease symptoms: </strong>Symptoms often manifest as flat to sunken necrotic areas on fruit. Lesions on leaves and fruit can have concentric rings with abundant pathogen sporulation.</p><p><strong>Disease control: </strong>Colletotrichum spp. are primarily managed by single-site quinone outside inhibitor (Qol), methyl benzimidazole carbamate (MBC), demethylation inhibitor (DMI) fungicides, and multisite dithiocarbamate and phthalimide fungicides. Susceptibility may vary with species, strain specificity, or geographic region. Other management options include clean stock production, cultural practices, resistance breeding, and biological control through the introduction of protective or competing microorganisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":18763,"journal":{"name":"Molecular plant pathology","volume":"26 1","pages":"e70050"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11725531/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142971551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Papain-Like Cysteine Proteases Contribute to Functional Cleavage of Begomoviral V2 Effector Required for Relevant Virulences.","authors":"Jie Zhang, Pengxiang Shang, Linkai Yuan, Dingshan Li, Shunmin Liu, Zhenguo Du, Jun Zhuang, Zujian Wu","doi":"10.1111/mpp.70049","DOIUrl":"10.1111/mpp.70049","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The begomoviral V2 protein is known to be multifunctional, including its interaction with and inhibition of CYP1, a papain-like cysteine protease (PLCP). However, the effect of this interaction on viral pathogenicity remains unclear. Cotton leaf curl Multan virus (CLCuMuV), a typical monopartite begomovirus associated with a betasatellite, is one of the main pathogens responsible for cotton leaf curl disease. This study verifies the interaction between CLCuMuV V2 and NbCP15, a PLCP homologue in Nicotiana benthamiana. The results show that V2 can be cleaved by NbCP15 in vitro, with the N-terminal cleavage site located between the second and third amino acids. Using an Agrobacterium-mediated inoculation method, we investigated the influence of cleavage sites on viral pathogenicity. The findings indicate that mutation of the third amino acid in V2 (V2^D3A) reduced the pathogenicity of both heterologous PVX and CLCuMuV. Additionally, the NbCP15 gene mutation in N. benthamiana (nbcp15) also resulted in reduced CLCuMuV pathogenicity. These results suggest that CLCuMuV V2 may promote viral infection through its interaction with plant PLCPs.</p>","PeriodicalId":18763,"journal":{"name":"Molecular plant pathology","volume":"26 1","pages":"e70049"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11723823/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142964591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cotton RLP6 Interacts With NDR1/HIN6 to Enhance Verticillium Wilt Resistance via Altering ROS and SA.","authors":"Dongmei Zhang, Yan Wang, Qishen Gu, Lixia Liu, Zhicheng Wang, Jin Zhang, Chengsheng Meng, Jun Yang, Zixu Zhang, Zhiying Ma, Xingfen Wang, Yan Zhang","doi":"10.1111/mpp.70052","DOIUrl":"10.1111/mpp.70052","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cotton Verticillium wilt (VW) is often a destructive disease that results in significant fibre yield and quality losses in Gossypium hirsutum. Transferring the resistance trait of Gossypium barbadense to G. hirsutum is optional but challenging in traditional breeding due to limited molecular dissections of resistance genes. Here, we discovered a species-diversified structural variation (SV) in the promoter of receptor-like protein 6 (RLP6) that caused distinctly higher expression level of RLP6 in G. barbadense with the SV than G. hirsutum without the SV. Functional experiments showed that RLP6 is an important regulator in mediating VW resistance. Overexpressing RLP6 significantly enhanced resistance and root growth, whereas the opposite phenotype appeared in RLP6-silenced cotton. A series of experiments indicated that RLP6 regulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) and salicylic acid (SA) signalling, which induced diversified defence-related gene expression with pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins and cell wall proteins enrichments for resistance improvement. These findings could be valuable for the transfer of the G. barbadense SV locus to improve G. hirsutum VW resistance in future crop disease resistance breeding.</p>","PeriodicalId":18763,"journal":{"name":"Molecular plant pathology","volume":"26 1","pages":"e70052"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11753439/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143024053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ClBeclin1 Positively Regulates Citrus Defence Against Citrus Yellow Vein Clearing Virus Through Mediating Autophagy-Dependent Degradation of ClAPX1.","authors":"Jiajun Wang, Ling Yu, Jinfa Zhao, Shimin Fu, Yalin Mei, Binghai Lou, Yan Zhou","doi":"10.1111/mpp.70041","DOIUrl":"10.1111/mpp.70041","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Autophagy, one of the most widespread and highly conserved protein degradation systems in eukaryotic cells, plays an important role in plant growth, development and stress response. Beclin 1 is a core component of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) autophagy complex and positively regulates plant immunity against viruses. The upregulation of Eureka lemon ClBeclin1 was observed in response to citrus yellow vein clearing virus (CYVCV) infection. However, the function of ClBeclin1 and the underlying mechanism during CYVCV colonisation remain unclear. Here, the resistance evaluation of the overexpression and silencing of ClBeclin1 in Eureka lemon hairy roots revealed it as a positive regulator of citrus immunity against CYVCV. Transcriptomic profiling and metabolic analyses along with genetic evidence implied that the overexpression of ClBeclin1 positively triggered reactive oxygen species (ROS)- and jasmonic acid (JA)-mediated immunity in citrus. The accumulation of ROS and JA contents was attributed to the autophagic degradation of the ROS scavenger ClAPX1 via ClBeclin1 overexpression. Exogenous application of either H₂O₂ or JA significantly reduced CYVCV colonisation and vein-clearing symptoms on the host. Collectively, our findings indicate that ClBeclin1 activation contributes to citrus immunity against CYVCV through triggering ROS- and JA-mediated defence responses, and the accumulation of ROS and JA resulted from the autophagic degradation of ClAPX1 by ClBeclin1.</p>","PeriodicalId":18763,"journal":{"name":"Molecular plant pathology","volume":"25 12","pages":"e70041"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11631719/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142807528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Genomics Reveals Sources of Genetic Variability in the Asexual Fungal Plant Pathogen Colletotrichum lupini.","authors":"Joris A Alkemade, Pierre Hohmann, Monika M Messmer, Timothy G Barraclough","doi":"10.1111/mpp.70039","DOIUrl":"10.1111/mpp.70039","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fungal plant pathogens cause major crop losses worldwide, with many featuring compartmentalised genomes that include both core and accessory regions, which are believed to drive adaptation. The highly host-specific fungus Colletotrichum lupini greatly impacts lupin (Lupinus spp.) cultivation. This pathogen is part of clade 1 of the C. acutatum species complex and comprises four genetically uniform, presumably clonal, lineages (I-IV). Despite this, variation in virulence and morphology has been observed within these lineages. To investigate the potential sources of genetic variability in this asexual fungus, we compared the genomes of 16 C. lupini strains and 17 related Colletotrichum species. Phylogenomics confirmed the presence of four distinct lineages, but further examination based on genome size, gene content, transposable elements (TEs), and deletions revealed that lineage II could be split into two groups, II-A and II-B. TE content varied between lineages and correlated strongly with genome size variation, supporting a role for TEs in genome expansion in this species. Pangenome analysis revealed a highly variable accessory genome, including a minichromosome present in lineages II, III, and IV, but absent in lineage I. Accessory genes and effectors appeared to cluster in proximity to TEs. Presence/absence variation of putative effectors was lineage-specific, suggesting that these genes play a crucial role in determining host range. Notably, no effectors were found on the TE-rich minichromosome. Our findings shed light on the potential mechanisms generating genetic diversity in this asexual fungal pathogen that could aid future disease management.</p>","PeriodicalId":18763,"journal":{"name":"Molecular plant pathology","volume":"25 12","pages":"e70039"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11645255/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142822210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}