Molecular & Cellular Proteomics最新文献

{"title":"Identification of post-translationally modified MHC class I-associated peptides as potential cancer immunotherapeutic targets.","authors":"Keira E Mahoney, Larry Reser, Maria Virginia Ruiz Cuevas, Jennifer G Abelin, Jeffrey Shabanowitz, Donald F Hunt, Stacy A Malaker","doi":"10.1016/j.mcpro.2025.100971","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcpro.2025.100971","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Over the past three decades, the Hunt laboratory has developed advancements in mass spectrometry-based technologies to enable the identification of peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. The MHC class I processing pathway is responsible for presenting these peptides to circulating cytotoxic T cells, allowing them to recognize and eliminate malignant cells, many of which have aberrant signaling. Professor Hunt hypothesized that due to the dysregulation in phosphorylation in cancer, that abnormal phosphopeptides are likely presented by this pathway, and went on to discover the first phosphopeptide presented by the MHC processing pathway. Thereafter, the laboratory continued to sequence MHC-associated phosphopeptides and contributed several improved methods for their enrichment, detection, and sequencing. This manuscript summarizes the most recent advancements in identification of modified MHC-associated peptides and includes the cumulative list of phosphopeptides sequenced by the Hunt lab. Further, many other post-translational modifications (PTMs) were found to modify MHC peptides, including O-GlcNAcylation, methylation, and kynurenine; in total, we present here a list of 2,450 MHC-associated PTM peptides. Many of these were disease specific and found across several patients, thus highlighting their potential as cancer immunotherapy targets. We are sharing this list with the field in hopes that it might be used in investigating this potential. Overall, the Hunt lab's contributions have significantly advanced our understanding of antigen presentation and dysregulation of PTMs, supporting modern immunotherapy and vaccine development efforts.</p>","PeriodicalId":18712,"journal":{"name":"Molecular & Cellular Proteomics","volume":" ","pages":"100971"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144028356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Utilizing a Negative Enrichment Strategy to Profile Protein Methylation, Leveraging the Orthogonality of LysargiNase and Trypsin.","authors":"Mingwei Sun, Shuxian Wei, Yang Li, Zichun Qiao, Zhen Liang, Yichu Shan, Yukui Zhang, Jiang Bo, Lihua Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.mcpro.2025.100970","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcpro.2025.100970","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Protein methylation, a prevalent post-translational modification, plays crucial roles in chromatin remodeling and gene transcription. A deeper understanding protein methylation in these biological processes requires comprehensive characterization of the methylation sites. However, methylation induces minimal changes in the size and electrostatic status of lysine/arginine residues, especially in the case of mono-methylation and dimethylation. This significantly increases the difficulty of distinguishing methylation sites from non-methylation sites. In this study, we developed a strategy to enrich protein methylation, termed the Negative Enrichment Strategy for Profiling Protein Methylation, to comprehensively analyze lysine/arginine methylation. Initially, proteins were digested using LysargNase to generate peptides containing methylated or non-methylated lysine/arginine at the N-terminus. Subsequently, the N-terminal free α-amines of the LysargiNase-generated peptides were selectively blocked using formaldehyde in an acidic solution. Since trypsin cleaved after non-methylated lysine/arginine residues, only non-methylated peptides were digested by trypsin, exposing neo-N-terminal free amines. Finally, the non-methylated peptides with neo-N-terminal free amines were selectively removed by reacting with hyperbranched polyglycerol-aldehyde polymers, resulting in the negative enrichment of methylated peptides. Through our approach, we identified 2419 methylation forms in 2384 sites from 1440 protein. This method provided a powerful approach for the comprehensive profiling of protein lysine and arginine methylations simultaneously, enabling a deeper understanding of protein methylation in diverse cellular conditions and human diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":18712,"journal":{"name":"Molecular & Cellular Proteomics","volume":" ","pages":"100970"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144017787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Proteome-wide Investigation of Proline Hydroxylation in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Using DiLeu Isobaric Labeling Strategy.","authors":"Feixuan Wu, Dylan Nicholas Tabang, Danqing Wang, Jon S Odorico, Lingjun Li","doi":"10.1016/j.mcpro.2025.100969","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcpro.2025.100969","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly aggressive malignancy characterized by a dense fibrotic stroma intertwined with a collagen-rich extracellular matrix (ECM), which significantly contributes to tumor progression. In this study, we developed a high-throughput quantitative method that integrates enhanced hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) with modified elution conditions and 12-plex N,N-dimethyl leucine (DiLeu) isobaric tags, facilitating efficient multiplexed quantitative analysis of hydroxyproline. This approach was applied to human pancreatic samples and resulted in the identification of 194 hydroxyproline peptides from 157 hydroxyproline sites and 59 proline-hydroxylated proteins, representing the first and the largest hydroxyproline proteomics dataset reported for the pancreas to date. This dataset lays a molecular foundation for understanding the structure-function relationships of hydroxyproline-containing proteins and their roles in pancreatic physiology and pathology. We then apply this strategy to investigating proline hydroxylation alterations in benign pancreatic tumors, PDAC and their normal adjacent tissues (NAT). Our findings suggest significant biological functions related to proline hydroxylation, including altered patterns of key proteins such as collagen alpha-1(I) chain and collagen alpha-1(XII) chain. These proteins emerge as potential targets for further studies on proline hydroxylation in PDAC, potentially elucidating its role in modifying protein structures and influencing cancer progression.</p>","PeriodicalId":18712,"journal":{"name":"Molecular & Cellular Proteomics","volume":" ","pages":"100969"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144005674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CellEKT: A Robust Chemical Proteomics Workflow to Profile Cellular Target Engagement of Kinase Inhibitors.","authors":"Joel Rüegger, Berend Gagestein, Antonius P A Janssen, Alexandra Valeanu, Alger Lazo Mori, Marielle van der Peet, Michael S Boutkan, Bogdan I Florea, Alex A Henneman, Remo Hochstrasser, Haiyan Wang, Paul Westwood, Andreas Topp, Patricia M Gomez Barila, Jan Paul Medema, Connie R Jimenez, Bigna Woersdoerfer, Stephan Kirchner, Jitao David Zhang, Uwe Grether, Arne C Rufer, Mario van der Stelt","doi":"10.1016/j.mcpro.2025.100961","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mcpro.2025.100961","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The human genome encodes 518 protein kinases that are pivotal for drug discovery in various therapeutic areas, such as cancer and autoimmune disorders. The majority of kinase inhibitors target the conserved ATP-binding pocket, making it difficult to develop selective inhibitors. To characterize and prioritize kinase-inhibiting drug candidates, efficient methods are desired to determine target engagement (TE) across the cellular kinome. In this study, we present CellEKT (Cellular Endogenous Kinase Targeting), an optimized and robust chemical proteomics platform for investigating cellular TE of endogenously expressed kinases using the sulfonyl fluoride-based probe XO44 and two new probes ALX005 and ALX011. The optimized workflow enabled the determination of the kinome interaction landscape of covalent and noncovalent drugs across over 300 kinases, expressed as IC₅₀, which were validated using distinct platforms like phosphoproteomics and NanoBRET. With CellEKT, TE profiles were linked to their substrate space. CellEKT has the ability to decrypt drug actions and to guide the discovery and development of drugs.</p>","PeriodicalId":18712,"journal":{"name":"Molecular & Cellular Proteomics","volume":" ","pages":"100961"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143788541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Single-Cell Proteomic Characterization of Drug-Resistant Prostate Cancer Cells Reveals Molecular Signatures Associated with Morphological Changes.","authors":"Jongmin Woo, Michael Loycano, Md Amanullah, Jiang Qian, Sarah R Amend, Kenneth J Pienta, Hui Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.mcpro.2025.100949","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mcpro.2025.100949","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study delves into the proteomic intricacies of drug-resistant cells (DRCs) within prostate cancer, which are known for their pivotal roles in therapeutic resistance, relapse, and metastasis. Utilizing single-cell proteomics (SCP) with an optimized high-throughput data-independent acquisition (DIA) approach with the throughput of 60 sample per day, we characterized the proteomic landscape of DRCs in comparison to parental PC3 cells. This DIA method allowed for robust and reproducible protein quantification at the single-cell level, enabling the identification and quantification of over 1300 proteins per cell on average. Distinct proteomic sub-clusters within the DRC population were identified, closely linked to variations in cell size. The study uncovered novel protein signatures, including the regulation of proteins critical for cell adhesion and metabolic processes, as well as the upregulation of surface proteins and transcription factors pivotal for cancer progression. Furthermore, by conducting single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) analysis, we identified six upregulated and 10 downregulated genes consistently altered in drug-treated cells across both SCP and scRNA-seq platforms. These findings underscore the heterogeneity of DRCs and their unique molecular signatures, providing valuable insights into their biological behavior and potential therapeutic targets.</p>","PeriodicalId":18712,"journal":{"name":"Molecular & Cellular Proteomics","volume":" ","pages":"100949"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12008537/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143639750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metabolic Reprogramming Into a Glycolysis Phenotype Induced by Extracellular Vesicles Derived From Prostate Cancer Cells.","authors":"Yoon-Jin Lee, Chul Won Seo, Shinwon Chae, Chang Yeol Lee, Sang Soo Kim, Yoon-Hee Shin, Hyun-Mee Park, Yong Song Gho, Seongho Ryu, Sang-Han Lee, Dongsic Choi","doi":"10.1016/j.mcpro.2025.100944","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mcpro.2025.100944","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Most cancer cells adopt a less efficient metabolic process of aerobic glycolysis with high level of glucose uptake followed by lactic acid production, known as the Warburg effect. This phenotypic transition enables cancer cells to achieve increased cellular survival and proliferation in a harsh low-oxygen tumor microenvironment. Also, the resulting acidic microenvironment causes inactivation of the immune system such as T-cell impairment that favors escape by immune surveillance. While lots of studies have revealed that tumor-derived EVs can deliver parental materials to adjacent cells and contribute to oncogenic reprogramming, their functionality in energy metabolism is not well addressed. In this study, we established prostate cancer cells PC-3AcT resistant to cellular death in an acidic culture medium driven by lactic acid. Quantitative proteomics between EVs derived from PC-3 and PC-3AcT cells identified 935 confident EV proteins. According to cellular adaptation to lactic acidosis, we revealed 159 regulated EV proteins related to energy metabolism, cellular shape, and extracellular matrix. These EVs contained a high abundance of glycolytic enzymes. In particular, PC-3AcT EVs were enriched with apolipoproteins including apolipoprotein B-100 (APOB). APOB on PC-3AcT EVs could facilitate their endocytic uptake depending on low density lipoprotein receptor of recipient PC-3 cells, encouraging increases of cellular proliferation and survival in acidic culture media via increased activity and expression of hexokinases and phosphofructokinase. The activation of recipient PC-3 cells can increase glucose consumption and ATP generation, representing an acquired metabolic reprogramming into the Warburg phenotype. Our study first revealed that EVs derived from prostate cancer cells could contribute to energy metabolic reprogramming and that the acquired metabolic phenotypic transition of recipient cells could favor cellular survival in tumor microenvironment.</p>","PeriodicalId":18712,"journal":{"name":"Molecular & Cellular Proteomics","volume":" ","pages":"100944"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12008616/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143634291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Upregulation of Protein O-GlcNAcylation Levels Promotes Zebrafish Fin Regeneration.","authors":"Liyuan Jia, Hanxue Zheng, Juantao Feng, Yi Ding, Xiaotian Sun, Yuan Yu, Xue Hao, Junxiang Wang, Xinyu Zhang, Yuanfeng Tian, Fulin Chen, Jihong Cui","doi":"10.1016/j.mcpro.2025.100936","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mcpro.2025.100936","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As one of the most important posttranslational modifications, glycosylation participates in various cellular activities in organisms and is closely associated with many pathogeneses. It has been reported that glycosylation affects the liver, spinal cord, and heart tissue regeneration. The zebrafish fin has become a valuable model due to its high regenerative capacity. The molecular mechanism of regeneration has been a hot research topic in the field for a long time. However, studies on the influence of glycosylation during limb regeneration in zebrafish are relatively scarce. We discovered that N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) expression, identified by WGA, was elevated during the regeneration of the injured fin in zebrafish using lectin microarray. This phenomenon is due to the upregulation of the expression of OGT enzymes and elevated O-GlcNAcylation levels. To investigate the effects on the fin regeneration when O-GlcNAcylation changes, we used OSMI-1 or alloxan unilateral microinjection to decrease O-GlcNAcylation and observed that it prevented the fin regeneration. Conversely, the O-GlcNAcylation was impressed by a unilateral microinjection of thiamet-G or glucose into the fin, leading to a stimulation of the fin regeneration. To further understand the role of O-GlcNAcylation in fin regeneration, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry technology was performed to identify O-GlcNAc-glycoproteins. The results demonstrated that the O-GlcNAc glycoproteins, such as thrombospondin 4 and heparan sulfate proteoglycans, were involved in the regulation of zebrafish fin regeneration process and were closely associated with certain biological processes, such as stem cell differentiation, extracellular matrix-receptor interaction pathway, tissue remodeling, and so on. We demonstrated that O-GlcNAc glycoproteins are crucial for zebrafish fin regeneration, during which OGT promotes the process by upregulating the O-GlcNAcylation levels in the zebrafish fin.</p>","PeriodicalId":18712,"journal":{"name":"Molecular & Cellular Proteomics","volume":" ","pages":"100936"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12002929/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143567612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ca²⁺-Triggered (de)ubiquitination Events in Synapses.","authors":"Sofia Ainatzi, Svenja V Kaufmann, Ivan Silbern, Svilen V Georgiev, Sonja Lorenz, Silvio O Rizzoli, Henning Urlaub","doi":"10.1016/j.mcpro.2025.100946","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mcpro.2025.100946","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Neuronal communication relies on neurotransmitter release from synaptic vesicles (SVs), whose dynamics are controlled by Ca²⁺-dependent pathways, as many thoroughly studied phosphorylation cascades. However, little is known about other post-translational modifications, such as ubiquitination. To address this, we analyzed resting and stimulated synaptosomes (isolated synapses) by quantitative mass spectrometry. We identified more than 5000 ubiquitination sites on ∼2000 proteins, the majority of which participate in SV recycling processes. Several proteins showed significant changes in ubiquitination in response to Ca²⁺ influx, with the most pronounced changes in CaMKIIα and the clathrin adaptor protein AP180. To validate this finding, we generated a CaMKIIα mutant lacking the ubiquitination target site (K291) and analyzed it both in neurons and non-neuronal cells. K291 ubiquitination, close to an important site for CaMKIIα autophosphorylation (T286), influences the synaptic function of this kinase. We suggest that ubiquitination in response to synaptic activity is an important regulator of synaptic function.</p>","PeriodicalId":18712,"journal":{"name":"Molecular & Cellular Proteomics","volume":" ","pages":"100946"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12008530/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143634288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Proteomic Analysis of Human Follicular Fluid-Derived Exosomes Reveals That Insufficient Folliculogenesis in Aging Women is Associated With Infertility.","authors":"Zhen Liu, Qilin Zhou, Jun Zan, Jingyan Tian, Yangzhuohan Zhang, Fanggui Wu, Huan Zhao, Qianwen Peng, Shangjie Liu, Qianjun Chen, Endong Liu, Zhengdong Liao, Pengfei Zou, Lin Mei, Wen Wang, Sen Dong, Luo Niu, Shengda Wu, Liangge He, Xiaoyi Zhou, Yanbo Jin, Panpan Li, Sheng Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.mcpro.2025.100930","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mcpro.2025.100930","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although the risk of female infertility increases with advancing age, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Exosomes in follicular fluid are suggested to regulate folliculogenesis and influence oocyte quality, potentially playing a critical role in age-related infertility. Elucidating their content could enhance the understanding of the molecular mechanisms associated with female aging-induced infertility. In this study, we explored the proteomic profiles of exosomes derived from human follicular fluid to identify protein signatures associated with infertility in both young and aging women. Despite the lack of significant differences in the morphology and particle size of follicular fluid-derived exosomes between the two groups, proteomic analysis revealed a distinct pattern of differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). DEPs associated with B-cell activation, pathogen invasion, and disrupted metabolic processes were significantly more highly expressed in the aging group than in the young group, indicating their involvement in age-related infertility. In vivo experiments demonstrated that the application of exosomes, particularly those derived from young female group, facilitated the successful maturation of follicles. Key exosomal proteins, including ENO1, HSP90B1, fetuin-B, C7, and APOC4, were found to be associated with follicular maturation. Furthermore, the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, which is known to be related to folliculogenesis, was activated by the application of exosomes in aging female mice. This study provides novel insights into the aging-associated protein signatures of follicular fluid-derived exosomes and their potential role in infertility. These findings suggest that aging-related protein signatures in exosomes could contribute to the treatment of age-related infertility.</p>","PeriodicalId":18712,"journal":{"name":"Molecular & Cellular Proteomics","volume":" ","pages":"100930"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11994977/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143537412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Hunt Lab Weighs in on Mass Spectrometry-Based Analysis of Protein Posttranslational Modifications.","authors":"Joshua J Coon, Jarrod A Marto, John E P Syka, Forest M White","doi":"10.1016/j.mcpro.2025.100943","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mcpro.2025.100943","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Protein posttranslational modifications have traditionally been challenging to identify due to their dynamic regulation and typically low stoichiometry. Methods for phosphopeptide enrichment from complex proteomes developed in the Hunt lab in the late 1990's and early 2000's launched the field of phosphoproteomics, the large-scale analysis of protein phosphorylation sites. To improve phosphopeptide tandem mass spectra and address the further challenge of identifying other labile posttranslational modifications such as glycosylation or tyrosine sulfation, the Hunt lab invented and disseminated electron transfer dissociation, a novel method for peptide and protein fragmentation. Here we provide a brief historical accounting of these discoveries and their ensuing applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":18712,"journal":{"name":"Molecular & Cellular Proteomics","volume":" ","pages":"100943"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12018110/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143625469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}