2022 4th International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Control Technologies (CEECT)最新文献

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Condition Judgment Method of Self-owned Power Plant Participating in New Energy Consumption Based on SOM-Kmeans Algorithm 基于SOM-Kmeans算法的自备电厂参与新能源消纳状态判断方法
2022 4th International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Control Technologies (CEECT) Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1109/CEECT55960.2022.10030132
Jijun Dong, Zhijun Bai, Xiaohua Liu, Hangming Liu, D. Peng, Huirong Zhao, Mingming Pan, Jindou Yuan
{"title":"Condition Judgment Method of Self-owned Power Plant Participating in New Energy Consumption Based on SOM-Kmeans Algorithm","authors":"Jijun Dong, Zhijun Bai, Xiaohua Liu, Hangming Liu, D. Peng, Huirong Zhao, Mingming Pan, Jindou Yuan","doi":"10.1109/CEECT55960.2022.10030132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CEECT55960.2022.10030132","url":null,"abstract":"The high proportion of fluctuating renewable energy connected to the grid puts forward new requirements for the stability and flexibility of the power system. Under the environment of supply side structural change and new electricity reform, how to coordinate the development of self-owned power plants and power grids faces new challenges. The judgment of the conditions for the participation of self-owned power plants in new energy consumption is an important prerequisite for the source-network interaction of the power plant. Therefore, this paper proposes a method based on SOM-Kmeans algorithm to judge the participation conditions of self-owned power plants in the interactive scene of new energy consumption. Firstly, based on the daily wind speed and illumination intensity data within a year, the sunrise force data of fans and photovoltaic power generation units are obtained through the new energy output model. Secondly, the new energy output scenes are clustered and cut, and the typical new energy output scenes are obtained based on the SOM-Kmeans algorithm. Finally, the typical output scenes are analyzed, and the response quantity and response time conditions of the self-supplied power plant are judged by combining the day-ahead generation plan data of the self-supplied power plant.","PeriodicalId":187017,"journal":{"name":"2022 4th International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Control Technologies (CEECT)","volume":"95 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123533494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Sub-Synchronous Oscillation Recognition Based on Extreme Learning Machine 基于极限学习机的次同步振荡识别
2022 4th International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Control Technologies (CEECT) Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1109/CEECT55960.2022.10030608
Weisong Min, Chaoqun Wang, Yang Wang, Xianyong Xiao
{"title":"Sub-Synchronous Oscillation Recognition Based on Extreme Learning Machine","authors":"Weisong Min, Chaoqun Wang, Yang Wang, Xianyong Xiao","doi":"10.1109/CEECT55960.2022.10030608","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CEECT55960.2022.10030608","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, sub-synchronous oscillation (SSO) occurs frequently in wind power systems in many countries, which seriously affects the safety and stability of power systems. In order to monitor and warn sub-synchronous oscillations when they occur and avoid further escalation of accidents, it is urgent to carry out wide-area monitoring for SSO. Therefore, a sub-synchronous oscillation identification method based on Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) is proposed in this paper. Through the analysis and observation of PMU signal waveform images, this paper found that SSO can be identified from three aspects: the trend of PMU signal waveform, the fluctuation of envelope and the length of stationary subsequence. Thus, the SSO identification problem can be transformed into a Classification problem. In this paper, the classical ELM algorithm is adopted to realize the fast and accurate recognition of SSO. The proposed method is verified in detail by the synthetic signal, and compared with the Support Vector Machines (SVM) algorithm. The results show that the proposed method can effectively identify SSO even in the case of large noise. Therefore, the theoretical results are expected to provide technical support for SSO real-time warning in the future.","PeriodicalId":187017,"journal":{"name":"2022 4th International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Control Technologies (CEECT)","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126015411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Dynamic Planning for Feeder Capacity Enhancement of Active Distribution Network with Geographic Constraints of Distributed Renewables 分布式可再生能源地理约束下主动配电网馈线容量增强的动态规划
2022 4th International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Control Technologies (CEECT) Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1109/CEECT55960.2022.10030198
Xinting Yang, Chuan Long, Shengyong Ye, Liyang Liu, Xuna Liu, Yuqi Han
{"title":"Dynamic Planning for Feeder Capacity Enhancement of Active Distribution Network with Geographic Constraints of Distributed Renewables","authors":"Xinting Yang, Chuan Long, Shengyong Ye, Liyang Liu, Xuna Liu, Yuqi Han","doi":"10.1109/CEECT55960.2022.10030198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CEECT55960.2022.10030198","url":null,"abstract":"In order to resolve power curtailment of distributed energy resources (DER) and use clean energy as much as possible, the ability of rooftop photovoltaic (PV) consumption has become a concern for utilities in scenarios of high penetration. This paper addresses the multistage dynamic feeder capacity enhancement planning problem of a distribution system where PV and energy storage systems (ESS) are jointly integrated, and a novel comprehensive planning method based on geographic constraints of distributed renewables is proposed. In this process, load growth and the development of PV and ESS limited by spatial capacity saturation are taken into account. At each planning stage, the operation conditions are divided into several typical day scenarios clustered from the history data. Accordingly, the underlying idea of dynamic programming is used to obtain an optimal solution. The object is to maximize the PV consumption rate. As constraints, the bus voltage, feeder power flow, charge and discharge power of ESS should be maintained within the standard level. Numerical results of an actual distribution system illustrate the effective performance of the proposed approach, and the power supply reliability improvement brought about by planning is also analyzed.","PeriodicalId":187017,"journal":{"name":"2022 4th International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Control Technologies (CEECT)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129323426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
An Optimal Multivariable ADRC Controller Design for Solar-Driven Carbon Compression Waste Heat Utilization System 太阳能驱动碳压缩余热利用系统的多变量自抗扰控制器优化设计
2022 4th International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Control Technologies (CEECT) Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1109/CEECT55960.2022.10030654
Kexin Qin, Lei Pan, Nianci Lu, Xiao Wu
{"title":"An Optimal Multivariable ADRC Controller Design for Solar-Driven Carbon Compression Waste Heat Utilization System","authors":"Kexin Qin, Lei Pan, Nianci Lu, Xiao Wu","doi":"10.1109/CEECT55960.2022.10030654","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CEECT55960.2022.10030654","url":null,"abstract":"CO2 compression is one of the most important processes of the carbon capture and storage technology, which consumes a lot of cooling water and electricity, and emits a large amount of low-temperature waste heat into the environment. The consumption of energy and cooling water of CO2 compression process are the key reason for the high operating and construction costs of carbon capture and storage systems. Aiming at reducing the cost, this paper proposes a solar-driven organic rankine cycle system coupled with carbon compression cooling process for low-temperature waste heat utilization, called the ORC-CCC. It can effectively reduce the amount of cooling water and compensate for the energy consumption of the CO2 compression process. On the other hand, the cascaded and coupled energy utilization measures cause complex multivariable coupling and strong nonlinearity in the ORC-CCC dynamics and thus it is difficult to control it well. Therefore, based on the mathematical analysis on variable coupling characteristics of the ORC-CCC dynamic simulation system which we have built, a novel multivariable active disturbance rejection controller with a feedforward compensator (MADRC-FF) according to the coupling characteristics is proposed, and genetic algorithms is used to optimize the controller parameters. Since the MADRC- FF is more complex in structure compared with the traditional decentralized active disturbance rejection control, this paper theoretically proves its stability, feasibility and decoupling ability. The simulation verified its validity and better performance in multivariable control.","PeriodicalId":187017,"journal":{"name":"2022 4th International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Control Technologies (CEECT)","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127054287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Parameter Identification of Composite Load Model Based on Bayesian Optimization 基于贝叶斯优化的复合载荷模型参数辨识
2022 4th International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Control Technologies (CEECT) Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1109/CEECT55960.2022.10030681
Sirui Tang, Yunche Su, Xinwei Du, Chuan Yuan, Bo Li, Fangwang Liu, Yang Liu, W. Chen
{"title":"Parameter Identification of Composite Load Model Based on Bayesian Optimization","authors":"Sirui Tang, Yunche Su, Xinwei Du, Chuan Yuan, Bo Li, Fangwang Liu, Yang Liu, W. Chen","doi":"10.1109/CEECT55960.2022.10030681","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CEECT55960.2022.10030681","url":null,"abstract":"Load modeling has a great impact on the analysis, operation, and planning of power systems. Using the composite load model (CLM) as the model structure, parameter identification is a major challenge in load modeling. Measurement-based parameter identification of CLM can be expressed as a complex optimization problem with differential-algebraic equations (DAEs)-based dynamic constraints. Conventional population-based evolutionary programming algorithms are computationally intensive as the fitness evaluation has to be carried out exhaustively for all the individuals. To enhance the computation efficiency in load modelling. In this paper, Bayesian optimization is proposed. Case studies are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed Bayesian optimization method. Comparing with the conventional particle swarm optimization, the proposed Bayesian optimization can significantly reduce the computation time as fewer times of time-domain simulation-based fitness evaluation is needed. But both algorithms can achieve similar performance on the estimation accuracy.","PeriodicalId":187017,"journal":{"name":"2022 4th International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Control Technologies (CEECT)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130004898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Research on active and reactive power coordinated control method of parallel compensator with energy storage 带储能并联补偿器有功无功协调控制方法研究
2022 4th International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Control Technologies (CEECT) Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1109/CEECT55960.2022.10030710
Wanlin Guan, Mingyu Xu, Xiaoguang Chen, H. Su, Zhixiong Liu, Haoyu Li
{"title":"Research on active and reactive power coordinated control method of parallel compensator with energy storage","authors":"Wanlin Guan, Mingyu Xu, Xiaoguang Chen, H. Su, Zhixiong Liu, Haoyu Li","doi":"10.1109/CEECT55960.2022.10030710","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CEECT55960.2022.10030710","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the high permeability of the distributed energy system under weak grid condition, the existence of line impedance reduces the voltage support capacity of the common coupling point, and the output intermittency of the energy system causes power imbalance during the system operation. To solve the problems mentioned above, this paper proposes a power coordinated control method based on energy-storage parallel compensator. Considering both the state of charge (SOC) of the energy-storage battery and the device capacity limitation, the parallel compensator under proposed control method performs real-time active and reactive power compensation to the grid, effectively solving the power fluctuation of the grid-connected system and ensuring the stability of the common coupling point voltage. The overall performance of the proposed control method is illustrated with the four-quadrant operation principle, the coordination control method mechanism, and the simulation-based performance. Finally, based on RT-BOX hardware-in-the-loop experimental platform, the experimental verification of different working conditions is carried out. The experimental results prove the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed control method.","PeriodicalId":187017,"journal":{"name":"2022 4th International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Control Technologies (CEECT)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130035449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Research on the Energy-Carbon Flow Analysis and Visulization for Enterprises with Coal-fired Captive Power Plants 燃煤自备电厂企业能量-碳流分析与可视化研究
2022 4th International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Control Technologies (CEECT) Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1109/CEECT55960.2022.10030603
Shaolin Wang, G. Wang, Xi Yang, Jian’an Zhao, D. Peng, Huirong Zhao, Mingming Pan, Jindou Yuan
{"title":"Research on the Energy-Carbon Flow Analysis and Visulization for Enterprises with Coal-fired Captive Power Plants","authors":"Shaolin Wang, G. Wang, Xi Yang, Jian’an Zhao, D. Peng, Huirong Zhao, Mingming Pan, Jindou Yuan","doi":"10.1109/CEECT55960.2022.10030603","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CEECT55960.2022.10030603","url":null,"abstract":"Based on the investigation and analysis of the research status of energy flow and carbon flow methods at home and abroad, this paper proposes a general framework of energy-carbon flow analysis model for enterprises with coal-fired captive power plants. In this model, the mathematical relationship between energy flow and carbon flow in each link of power generation, distribution and consumption within an enterprise is constructed and analyzed. Based on the analysis results, an energy-carbon flow diagram can be easily presented, which helps quickly locate the key position of energy conservation and carbon reduction. In the end of this paper, a papermaking enterprise with coal-fired captive power plant is taken as an example to validate the proposed model, and suggestions for energy saving and emission reduction are put forward.","PeriodicalId":187017,"journal":{"name":"2022 4th International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Control Technologies (CEECT)","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131033168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Numerical Investigation of Transformer Pressure Relief Valve Operation Characteristics 变压器减压阀工作特性的数值研究
2022 4th International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Control Technologies (CEECT) Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1109/CEECT55960.2022.10030724
Qiannan Xue, Hanfeng Wang, Hao Liu, Peng Zhang, Hongxi Yang, Weixiang Wang, C. Yan
{"title":"Numerical Investigation of Transformer Pressure Relief Valve Operation Characteristics","authors":"Qiannan Xue, Hanfeng Wang, Hao Liu, Peng Zhang, Hongxi Yang, Weixiang Wang, C. Yan","doi":"10.1109/CEECT55960.2022.10030724","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CEECT55960.2022.10030724","url":null,"abstract":"The transformer tank rupture may occur due to the internal fault, or even cause an explosion or fire catastrophe if the relay protection of power transformer fails to operate in time. Generally, a pressure relief valve is installed to respond to a spike in oil pressure. In recent years, even equipped with pressure relief valves, transformers have regularly been engaged in igniting and explosion mishaps caused by internal arcing faults, which have raised concerns about the reliability of the protection. For a long time, due to the lack of corresponding numerical calculation model and detailed test data, the industry is uncertain about the transient operation characteristics of the pressure relief valve. Given this background, this paper proposes a numerical calculation model developed by the finite element method to simulate the pressure relief performance and to investigate the transient operation characteristics of the pressure relief valve, which can provide an important reference for improving the pressure relief performance.","PeriodicalId":187017,"journal":{"name":"2022 4th International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Control Technologies (CEECT)","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130890629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Condition Monitoring of IGBT Module Based on Peak Rise Rate Appearance Time of Case Temperature during the Start-up Process of Converter 基于变流器启动过程中箱体温度峰值上升率出现时间的IGBT模块状态监测
2022 4th International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Control Technologies (CEECT) Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1109/CEECT55960.2022.10030696
Jinyang Li, Yaoyi Yu, Xiong Du
{"title":"Condition Monitoring of IGBT Module Based on Peak Rise Rate Appearance Time of Case Temperature during the Start-up Process of Converter","authors":"Jinyang Li, Yaoyi Yu, Xiong Du","doi":"10.1109/CEECT55960.2022.10030696","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CEECT55960.2022.10030696","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we proposed a new method to monitor the IGBT thermal path degradation of IGBT module using the peak rise rate appearance time of case temperature right below the center of the chip during the start-up process of converter. The correlation between the peak rise rate appearance time and 3rd-order Cauer thermal parameters is analyzed. Results show that the degradation of IGBT module can be monitored by detecting the peak rise rate appearance time. Simulation and experimental tests are performed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.","PeriodicalId":187017,"journal":{"name":"2022 4th International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Control Technologies (CEECT)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127973526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Evaluation of the Dielectric Response Characteristics and Insulation State of Cables Under Impulse Voltage 冲击电压作用下电缆介电响应特性及绝缘状态的评价
2022 4th International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Control Technologies (CEECT) Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1109/CEECT55960.2022.10030231
Wei Bai, Guangbin Chu, Jianqi Li, Tengfei Li, Q. Qu, Shaohe Wang, Yao Fu
{"title":"Evaluation of the Dielectric Response Characteristics and Insulation State of Cables Under Impulse Voltage","authors":"Wei Bai, Guangbin Chu, Jianqi Li, Tengfei Li, Q. Qu, Shaohe Wang, Yao Fu","doi":"10.1109/CEECT55960.2022.10030231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CEECT55960.2022.10030231","url":null,"abstract":"To address the shortcomings of the traditional frequency domain spectroscopy (FDS) in cable insulation testing, a new method is proposed to evaluate the cable insulation status based on the dielectric response characteristics of cables under impulse voltage, and its theoretical and experimental validation is carried out. By analyzing the spectral characteristics of the shock signal and the polarization characteristics of the insulation medium, the feasibility of the shock dielectric spectrum method of insulation state assessment is demonstrated; the dielectric response law of cables with different water tree lengths is simulated by using electromagnetic transient program (EMTP), and the feasibility of the method is verified theoretically; the short cable specimens with different water tree lengths are cultivated through the water tree accelerated aging, and an impact experimental platform was built for experimental testing. The experimental results show that: the short cable samples with different degrees of aging can be effectively identified by using the dielectric-frequency spectrum below 1,000 Hz, and the long cable can be effectively determined by using the complex capacitance imaginary part-frequency spectrum to determine whether there are local aging defects. The results of the study show that the dielectric response characteristics under shock can effectively evaluate the insulation aging status of cables.","PeriodicalId":187017,"journal":{"name":"2022 4th International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Control Technologies (CEECT)","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128846554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
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