Military PsychologyPub Date : 2024-11-01Epub Date: 2023-08-11DOI: 10.1080/08995605.2023.2244818
Mike Young, Victor Dulewicz
{"title":"General intelligence, personality traits, and motivation as predictors of performance, potential, and rate of advancement of Royal Navy senior officers.","authors":"Mike Young, Victor Dulewicz","doi":"10.1080/08995605.2023.2244818","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08995605.2023.2244818","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper assesses the impact of general intelligence, as well as specific personality traits, and aspects of motivation, on performance, potential, and advancement of senior leaders. A questionnaire survey was conducted on the full population of 381 senior officers in the Royal Navy with an 80% response rate. Performance, potential, and rate of advancement were established direct from the organization's appraisal system; intelligence, personality traits and motivation were assessed, at the time of the study, using the Verify G+ Test, Occupational Personality Questionnaire, and Motivation Questionnaire. Findings suggest differences in motivation are more important than differences in general intelligence, or personality traits, in predicting assessed performance, potential within, and actual rate of advancement to, senior leadership positions. This is a rare example of a study into very senior leaders, validated against both formal appraisal data and actual rates of advancement. As a consequence of this study the Royal Navy has started to use psychometric-based assessments as part of the selection and development of its most Senior Officers.</p>","PeriodicalId":18696,"journal":{"name":"Military Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"617-630"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11622648/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9976709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Military PsychologyPub Date : 2024-11-01Epub Date: 2023-09-19DOI: 10.1080/08995605.2023.2259778
Jiri Nema, Denisa Mankova, Miroslav Bures, Jan Novak
{"title":"Sleep quality and duration: A key to life satisfaction among military students.","authors":"Jiri Nema, Denisa Mankova, Miroslav Bures, Jan Novak","doi":"10.1080/08995605.2023.2259778","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08995605.2023.2259778","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Military service is a demanding profession that requires high physical preparedness and mental endurance. At the same time, the demands of military duties often require early rising and shortened sleep duration. Such a reduction in sleep can reduce physical and mental performance, and these changes can be reflected in life satisfaction. For this reason, soldiers' life satisfaction is a crucial variable for their success and long-term service. This study examined the relationship between sleep quality, sleep duration, and life satisfaction in military medical students. The results on 35 military students showed that greater sleep quality corresponded to greater life satisfaction; this relationship was moderate and significant (<i>r</i> = -460, <i>p</i> = .005). Notably, participants (<i>n</i> = 17) who began to wake up without the use of an alarm clock reported an average of 11% higher life satisfaction than the participants who woke to an alarm clock; this difference between participants was statistically significant (<i>p</i> = .011, Cohen's <i>d</i> = .911). Pre- and post-intervention showed that sleep hygiene education could be a suitable solution to prevent sleep deprivation and positively impact life satisfaction. Our findings emphasize the importance of increased sleep hygiene education, especially in preparing future military officers and during military exercises. Prioritizing sleep hygiene in these ways can significantly increase soldiers' life satisfaction.</p>","PeriodicalId":18696,"journal":{"name":"Military Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"711-721"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11622618/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41143801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Military PsychologyPub Date : 2024-11-01Epub Date: 2023-09-18DOI: 10.1080/08995605.2023.2259780
Seungju Hyun, Xyle Ku, Jaewoong Baik
{"title":"Tapping your inner psychotherapist: The effects of a growth writing for military cadets on mental health.","authors":"Seungju Hyun, Xyle Ku, Jaewoong Baik","doi":"10.1080/08995605.2023.2259780","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08995605.2023.2259780","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although growth writing has been verified to be effective in addressing psychological maladjustment through sequential shifts in emotion-processing strategies, there have been no further findings extending these preliminary observations to applications in the military field. This study aimed to investigate whether growth writing can serve as a novel intervention in enhancing the mental health of cadets. A total of 103 cadets (Sex ratio: 68.9% male, Age: 20.60<math><mo>±</mo></math>2.16 years) participated in an 8-week writing program and were randomly assigned to either the growth writing group or the unstructured writing group. The growth writing group wrote structured narratives on the themes of exposure, devaluation, and benefit-finding for 30 minutes per week, focusing on the most stressful event in cadet lives. The unstructured writing group freely wrote about their feelings and thoughts regarding the most stressful event in cadet lives for 30 minutes every week. We found that growth writing resulted in greater benefits compared to unstructured writing, as indicated by a more significant reduction in stress, depression, anxiety, and anger, as well as a stronger increase in life satisfaction at the five-week follow-up. Moreover, significant changes were observed in stress, depression, anxiety, anger, and life satisfaction over the three assessment points among cadets in the growth writing group. Overall, the current findings highlight that the growth writing process can serve as a valuable form of self-psychotherapy for cadets who will face challenging battlefields in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":18696,"journal":{"name":"Military Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"722-731"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11622626/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10311560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Military PsychologyPub Date : 2024-11-01Epub Date: 2023-08-28DOI: 10.1080/08995605.2023.2243364
Justin Ryan Feeney, Richard D Goffin, Colin Kemp, Shadi Beshai, Joy D Klammer
{"title":"Evaluation of warning strategies to reduce faking during military recruitment.","authors":"Justin Ryan Feeney, Richard D Goffin, Colin Kemp, Shadi Beshai, Joy D Klammer","doi":"10.1080/08995605.2023.2243364","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08995605.2023.2243364","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The applicant faking literature suggests that faking warnings - brief messages that dissuade applicants from faking - can reduce faking on personality tests by up to 50%. However, the efficacy of warnings may be limited by their atheoretical construction. Further, these threatening messages can cause applicants to feel negatively about the personality test, potentially reducing their validity during the selection process. We tried to improve the efficacy of faking warnings, while minimizing negative applicant reactions, by leveraging theory from the accountability and morality literatures. We tested three new faking warnings that emphasized short-term accountability, long-term accountability, and morality. To do so, we tested 466 military trainees undergoing basic training at the Canadian Armed Forces and asked them to engage in a selection simulation. We assigned groups of trainees to the different faking warning conditions and guided them through the simulation. We found that a faking warning emphasizing short-term accountability, which threatened to detect fakers by contacting references and using \"internal integrity checks,\" reduced applicant faking. None of the other messages had any effect when compared to a no-warning control group.</p>","PeriodicalId":18696,"journal":{"name":"Military Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"606-616"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11622624/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10111661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Military PsychologyPub Date : 2024-11-01Epub Date: 2023-09-21DOI: 10.1080/08995605.2023.2258737
Fabio Ibrahim, Jonas Schumacher, Lars Schwandt, Philipp Yorck Herzberg
{"title":"The first shot counts the most: Tactical breathing as an intervention to increase marksmanship accuracy in student officers.","authors":"Fabio Ibrahim, Jonas Schumacher, Lars Schwandt, Philipp Yorck Herzberg","doi":"10.1080/08995605.2023.2258737","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08995605.2023.2258737","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this study, we investigated the effect of tactical breathing (breath-based stress management) on marksmanship performance in a randomized between-subjects design. The total of <i>n</i> = 100 participants (18% female) were all student soldiers and randomly assigned to the intervention group (tactical breathing) or the control group. In the German Armed Forces shooting simulator, participants shot ten rounds at ten meters with the P8 (Heckler and Koch). In addition, the effect of neuroticism, fear of failure, and resilience on shooting performance and the interaction of those traits with the experimental condition were examined. Overall, the total hit score showed a strong ceiling effect, so the more difficult initial hit was primarily used as a performance criterion. None of the personality traits significantly affected the initial hit, and there were no interactions between the experimental condition and the personality traits. However, there was a significant difference in initial hit between the control and experimental group, as the tactical breathing group shot an average of 1.9 points better, <i>t</i>(98) = 8.489, <i>p</i> < .001, <i>d</i> = 1.698. Considering the initial shot, which was more difficult due to the uncocked trigger, tactical breathing proved to be an effective method for increasing marksmanship performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":18696,"journal":{"name":"Military Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"689-700"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11622642/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41138962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Military PsychologyPub Date : 2024-11-01Epub Date: 2023-11-03DOI: 10.1080/08995605.2023.2265286
Seungju Hyun, Xyle Ku, Joonyoung Hu, Byeonghyeon Kim, Hoyoun Ki, Jaewon Ko
{"title":"Peer effects on organizational commitment: Evidence from military cadets.","authors":"Seungju Hyun, Xyle Ku, Joonyoung Hu, Byeonghyeon Kim, Hoyoun Ki, Jaewon Ko","doi":"10.1080/08995605.2023.2265286","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08995605.2023.2265286","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The commitment of soldiers to the military is essential because it could lead to increased morale, motivation and retention. Despite the accumulation of knowledge about predictors of organizational commitment (OC), efforts to investigate environmental factors influencing OC are in their infancy. We note that individuals shape their attitudes toward the environment based on information obtained from their surroundings, and we investigate peer effects on OC using data from a natural experiment of randomly-assigned military academy roommates. A total of 400 cadets (Sex ratio: 93.5% male, Age: 21.13 <math><mo>±</mo></math> 1.43 years) from 136 living quarters participated in this quantitative study. In both self- and roommate-reports, we found that the average affective commitment (AC), continuance commitment (CC), and normative commitment (NC) of roommates in a living quarter can still predict AC, CC, and NC of the remaining individual in that same living quarter, respectively, even after controlling for the personal predictors of that remaining individual. Additionally, in self-report, we discovered that when there is a high heterogeneity in AC among roommates within a living quarter, the AC of the remaining individual in that living quarter tends to be higher, even after controlling for the personal predictors of that remaining individual. These findings provide initial evidence that attempting to assign soldiers with low OC to the same living quarters as those with high OC may be worthwhile.</p>","PeriodicalId":18696,"journal":{"name":"Military Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"732-740"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11622643/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71425039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Military PsychologyPub Date : 2024-11-01Epub Date: 2023-08-29DOI: 10.1080/08995605.2023.2250709
Jeffrey M Osgood, Hunter K Yates, Jayne B Holzinger, Phillip J Quartana
{"title":"Cognitive reappraisal moderates the effect of combat or other exposures on negative behavioral health symptoms.","authors":"Jeffrey M Osgood, Hunter K Yates, Jayne B Holzinger, Phillip J Quartana","doi":"10.1080/08995605.2023.2250709","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08995605.2023.2250709","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Understanding the individual differences that can buffer the impact of combat and other adverse exposures on deleterious behavioral health outcomes could lead to more targeted prevention and intervention efforts. Cognitive reappraisal, an antecedent-focused emotion regulation strategy, is linked to positive health outcomes such as lower levels of post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, and depression. This study examined the moderating effect of individual differences in cognitive reappraisal use on the association between combat exposure and behavioral health outcomes in active-duty U.S. Soldiers (N = 2,290). This study utilized survey data collected approximately 18 months following a combat deployment to Afghanistan in 2014. Results showed that individual differences in cognitive reappraisal use significantly moderated the effect of combat exposure on anxiety and post-traumatic stress symptoms but not depressive symptoms. Specifically, increasing combat exposures predicted a steeper increase in negative behavioral health symptoms for Soldiers reporting lesser (versus greater) cognitive reappraisal use. These findings highlight a role for cognitive reappraisal as a targetable factor that can mitigate the behavioral health consequences of exposure to combat stressors.</p>","PeriodicalId":18696,"journal":{"name":"Military Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"661-671"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11622580/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10112779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Military PsychologyPub Date : 2024-11-01Epub Date: 2023-09-13DOI: 10.1080/08995605.2023.2252718
Hans-Christian Knevelsrud, Henrik Ottesen Sørlie, Sigmund Valaker
{"title":"Mission command: A self-determination theory perspective.","authors":"Hans-Christian Knevelsrud, Henrik Ottesen Sørlie, Sigmund Valaker","doi":"10.1080/08995605.2023.2252718","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08995605.2023.2252718","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>It is well documented that leadership behavior influences employees' motivation. In particular are autonomy-supportive leadership styles associated with desirable outcomes through basic psychological needs satisfaction and subsequent autonomous motivation. Mission Command, a leadership philosophy endorsed by the armed forces of many nations, can be considered autonomy-supportive and should therefore foster motivational outcomes beyond effective mission execution. Despite this, research on the relationship between mission command and soldiers' motivation is currently lacking. In the current study, an instrument was developed to measure the perceived degree of mission command behavior. Using structural equation modeling, the instrument was then used to examine the relationship between perceived degree of mission command, basic psychological needs satisfaction and autonomous motivation, as well as soldiers' job satisfaction and turnover intention. The empirical sample comprised 286 respondents from three different rapid-reaction forces in the Norwegian Home Guard. The results indicate that mission command was not directly related to autonomous motivation. However, there was a direct relationship between mission command and the satisfaction of the need for autonomy, and a significant indirect effect of mission command on autonomous motivation through satisfaction of the need for autonomy. Moreover, there was a positive relationship between autonomous motivation and job satisfaction and a negative relationship between autonomous motivation and turnover intention. Taken together, this study suggests that mission command leadership behaviors can contribute to basic needs satisfaction, promote soldiers' autonomous motivation and job satisfaction, and reduce turnover intention. Practical and theoretical implications are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":18696,"journal":{"name":"Military Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"672-688"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11622611/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10215934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Military PsychologyPub Date : 2024-11-01Epub Date: 2023-08-29DOI: 10.1080/08995605.2023.2250708
Carsten James Grimm, Ian de Terte, Darrin Hodgetts, Stephen Kearney
{"title":"Narratives of holistic mental health recovery in New Zealand Defence Force personnel.","authors":"Carsten James Grimm, Ian de Terte, Darrin Hodgetts, Stephen Kearney","doi":"10.1080/08995605.2023.2250708","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08995605.2023.2250708","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Research on military mental health recovery has tended to focus on therapy outcomes while backgrounding the role of diverse healing influences. The New Zealand Defence Force (NZDF) is a bicultural military integrated with Māori customs and cultural perspectives on holistic health and wellbeing. This study used narrative analysis to examine the semi-structured interviews of 21 active duty NZDF personnel who had accessed mental healthcare to understand what factors contributed to their return to wellness. Narratives described an orientation toward recovery as a process, where many interrelated wellbeing and social factors together supported the return to health. Culturally available Māori wellbeing metaphors were adopted as heuristics by service members in their storying of growth and healing. Findings are considered in terms of how wellbeing and recovery are conceptualized and promoted within militaries with diverse cultures. Discussion focuses on how narratives within military institutions can promote resilience and support service member recovery from mental distress.</p>","PeriodicalId":18696,"journal":{"name":"Military Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"650-660"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11622612/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10112780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Military PsychologyPub Date : 2024-11-01Epub Date: 2023-08-01DOI: 10.1080/08995605.2023.2241591
Alison L Drew, Kimberly A Rhoades, Amy M Smith Slep, Richard E Heyman, Huidi Yang
{"title":"Leadership perspectives on facilitators and barriers to sustaining evidence-based prevention interventions in the United States Military.","authors":"Alison L Drew, Kimberly A Rhoades, Amy M Smith Slep, Richard E Heyman, Huidi Yang","doi":"10.1080/08995605.2023.2241591","DOIUrl":"10.1080/08995605.2023.2241591","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) aims to prevent suicide, harassment, sexual assault, and partner and child maltreatment by implementing evidence-based behavioral health interventions (EBIs). However, sustaining EBI implementation over time and with fidelity to result in meaningful impacts is a tremendous challenge. We interviewed 35 military leaders in positions to observe, and possibly hinder, the erosions of EBI implementations to learn what distinguishes EBIs that sustain in the military from those that fade away. Thematic analysis identified barriers and supports to EBI sustainment consistent with the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research, reflecting the domains: outer setting, inner setting, individuals, and innovation. Participants described how factors at different levels of the social ecology interact with each other and emphasized how aspects of military culture (e.g., hierarchical structure, frequent moves, mission focus) can both support and challenge implementing and sustaining behavioral-health EBIs. EBI implementation in the military differs from most civilian settings in that service member participation in certain preventative programs is mandated. The results indicate how policy and practice can strengthen sustained EBI implementation to reduce harm and support service members.</p>","PeriodicalId":18696,"journal":{"name":"Military Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"593-605"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11622577/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9914706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}