Micromachines最新文献

6DOF Aircraft Landing Gear System with Magnetorheological Damper in Various Taxing and Touchdown Scenarios.

IF 3 3区工程技术

Micromachines Pub Date : 2025-03-20 DOI: 10.3390/mi16030355

Quoc-Viet Luong, Quang-Ngoc Le, Jai-Hyuk Hwang, Thi-My-Nu Ho

{"title":"6DOF Aircraft Landing Gear System with Magnetorheological Damper in Various Taxing and Touchdown Scenarios.","authors":"Quoc-Viet Luong, Quang-Ngoc Le, Jai-Hyuk Hwang, Thi-My-Nu Ho","doi":"10.3390/mi16030355","DOIUrl":"10.3390/mi16030355","url":null,"abstract":"This manuscript presents a new approach to describe aircraft landing gear systems equipped with magnetorheological (MR) dampers, integrating a reinforcement learning-based neural network control strategy. The main target of the proposed system is to improve the shock absorber efficiency in the touchdown phase, in addition to reducing the vibration due to rough ground in the taxing phase. The dynamic models of the aircraft landing system in the taxing phase with standard landing ground roughness, one-point touchdown, two-point touchdown, and third-point touchdown are built as the first step. After that, Q-learning-based reinforcement learning is developed. In order to verify the effectiveness of the controller, the co-simulations based on RECURDYN V8R4-MATLAB R2019b of the proposed system and the classical skyhook controller are executed. Based on the simulation results, the proposed controller provides better performance compared to the skyhook controller. The proposed controller provided a maximum improvement of 16% in the touchdown phase and 10% in the taxing phase compared to the skyhook controller.","PeriodicalId":18508,"journal":{"name":"Micromachines","volume":"16 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11944611/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Thrombospondin-2 Using Nanoparticle Sensors for Cancer Screening and Prognosis.

IF 3 3区工程技术

Micromachines Pub Date : 2025-03-20 DOI: 10.3390/mi16030354

Maziyar Kalateh Mohammadi, Seyedsina Mirjalili, Md Ashif Ikbal, Hao Xie, Chao Wang

{"title":"Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Thrombospondin-2 Using Nanoparticle Sensors for Cancer Screening and Prognosis.","authors":"Maziyar Kalateh Mohammadi, Seyedsina Mirjalili, Md Ashif Ikbal, Hao Xie, Chao Wang","doi":"10.3390/mi16030354","DOIUrl":"10.3390/mi16030354","url":null,"abstract":"Thrombospondin-2 (THBS2) is a prevailing prognostic biomarker implicated in different cancer types, such as deadly colorectal, pancreas, and triple-negative breast cancers. While the current methods for cancer-relevant protein detection, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), mass spectrometry, and immunohistochemistry, are feasible at advanced stages, they have shortcomings in sensitivity, specificity, and accessibility, particularly at low concentrations in complex biological fluids for early detection. Here, we propose and demonstrate a modular, in-solution assay design concept, Nanoparticle-Supported Rapid Electronic Detection (NasRED), as a versatile cancer screening and diagnostic platform. NasRED utilizes antibody-functionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to capture target proteins from a minute amount of sample (<10 µL) and achieve optimal performance with a short assay time by introducing active fluidic forces that act to promote biochemical reaction and accelerate signal transduction. This rapid (15 min) process serves to form AuNP clusters upon THBS2 binding and subsequently precipitate such clusters, resulting in color modulation of the test tubes that is dependent on the THBS2 concentration. Finally, a semiconductor-based, portable electronic device is used to digitize the optical signals for the sensitive detection of THBS2. High sensitivity (femtomolar level) and a large dynamic range (five orders of magnitude) are obtained to analyze THBS2 spiked in PBS, serum, whole blood, saliva, cerebrospinal fluids, and synovial fluids. High specificity is also preserved in differentiating THBS2 from other markers such as cancer antigen (CA) 19-9 and bovine serum albumin (BSA). This study highlights NasRED's potential to enhance cancer prognosis and screening by offering a cost-effective, accessible, and minimally invasive solution.","PeriodicalId":18508,"journal":{"name":"Micromachines","volume":"16 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11945633/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Woofer-Type Piezo-Actuated Microspeaker Based on Aerosol Deposition and Metal MEMS Process.

IF 3 3区工程技术

Micromachines Pub Date : 2025-03-20 DOI: 10.3390/mi16030353

Wei-Ting Shih, Wan-Hsin Tsou, Dejan Vasic, François Costa, Wen-Jong Wu

引用次数: 0

Optimizing Tonpilz Transducer Transmission Through Impedance Matching and Head Mass Structure.

IF 3 3区工程技术

Micromachines Pub Date : 2025-03-20 DOI: 10.3390/mi16030352

Yang Gou, Shenhai Ye, Xin Fu, Fanghua Zheng, Xuzhong Zha, Cong Li

{"title":"Optimizing Tonpilz Transducer Transmission Through Impedance Matching and Head Mass Structure.","authors":"Yang Gou, Shenhai Ye, Xin Fu, Fanghua Zheng, Xuzhong Zha, Cong Li","doi":"10.3390/mi16030352","DOIUrl":"10.3390/mi16030352","url":null,"abstract":"The bandwidth and output power of underwater acoustic transmitters are important for high-performance sonar detection systems. A mismatch between the impedance of the transducer and the transmitting circuit results in a low power factor, significantly limiting the sonar's operating bandwidth and detection range. In addition, the radial head structure of the Tonpilz transducer plays an important role in determining the radiation characteristics of the sound field. This paper proposes a new radiation head structure along with an impedance-matching network circuit. First, a mathematical model of active power is established based on the Krimholtz-Leedom-Matthaei (KLM) model of the transducer. The adaptive Gauss-Newton algorithm is then used to calculate the parameters of the broadband impedance-matching network components, ultimately determining the network parameters and the structure of the transducer's radiation head. Experimental results indicate that the transmitter voltage response of the proposed transducer is 6 dB higher than that of a conventional transducer and can be further increased by 5 dB with impedance matching. The impedance-matching network enhances the power factor of the transducer by 3.2 times, expands the frequency band by a factor of 1.6, and significantly enhances the acoustic field radiation characteristics of the underwater acoustic transducer.","PeriodicalId":18508,"journal":{"name":"Micromachines","volume":"16 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11945222/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

DOF Enhanced via the Multi-Wavelength Method for the Moiré Fringe-Based Alignment.

IF 3 3区工程技术

Micromachines Pub Date : 2025-03-20 DOI: 10.3390/mi16030356

Kairui Zhang, Haifeng Sun, Dajie Yu, Song Hu, Junbo Liu, Ji Zhou

{"title":"DOF Enhanced via the Multi-Wavelength Method for the Moiré Fringe-Based Alignment.","authors":"Kairui Zhang, Haifeng Sun, Dajie Yu, Song Hu, Junbo Liu, Ji Zhou","doi":"10.3390/mi16030356","DOIUrl":"10.3390/mi16030356","url":null,"abstract":"Alignment systems are core subsystems of lithography, which directly affect the overlay accuracy of the lithography process. The Moiré fringe-based alignment method has the advantages of high precision and low complexity. However, the precision of this method is highly sensitive to variations in the gap between the wafer and the mask. To enhance the performance of Moiré fringe-based alignment, this paper proposes a novel method in which the multi-wavelength approach is used to enhance the imaging depth of focus (DOF). We use a multi-wavelength light to illuminate the alignment marks on the wafer and mask, which is combined with different sources. Then, we use the improved phase analysis algorithm to analyze the contrast of the Moiré fringe and calculate the Moiré fringe displacement. Experiments show that, in an alignment range of 1000 μm, the effective DOF can exceed 400 μm. It is evidenced that the accuracy of the Moiré fringe alignment is unaffected and remains at the nanometer level. Otherwise, with parameter optimization, the alignment DOF is expected to be further extended.","PeriodicalId":18508,"journal":{"name":"Micromachines","volume":"16 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11945687/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Using Higher Diffraction Orders to Improve the Accuracy and Robustness of Overlay Measurements.

IF 3 3区工程技术

Micromachines Pub Date : 2025-03-19 DOI: 10.3390/mi16030347

Shaoyu Liu, Yan Tang, Xiaolong Cheng, Yuliang Long, Jinfeng Jiang, Yu He, Lixin Zhao

{"title":"Using Higher Diffraction Orders to Improve the Accuracy and Robustness of Overlay Measurements.","authors":"Shaoyu Liu, Yan Tang, Xiaolong Cheng, Yuliang Long, Jinfeng Jiang, Yu He, Lixin Zhao","doi":"10.3390/mi16030347","DOIUrl":"10.3390/mi16030347","url":null,"abstract":"This paper introduces a method for improving the measurement performance of single wavelength overlay errors by incorporating higher diffraction orders. In this method, to enhance the accuracy and robustness of overlay error detection between layers, the measurement errors introduced by empirical formulas are corrected by incorporating higher diffraction orders, based on the differences in the light intensity difference curves for different diffraction orders. This method also expands the range of available wavelengths for selection. The introduction of specially designed overlay error measurement markers enhances the diffraction efficiency of higher diffraction orders to overcome the issue of their weak light intensity, making them difficult to utilize effectively. This paper first conducts a theoretical analysis using scalar diffraction theory, and then demonstrates the feasibility of the design through vector diffraction simulations and optical path simulations. The resulting two-layer marker structure is simple and compatible with existing measurement systems, showing tremendous potential for application at advanced process nodes.","PeriodicalId":18508,"journal":{"name":"Micromachines","volume":"16 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11945055/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Cosserat Rod-Based Tendon Friction Modeling, Simulation, and Experiments for Tendon-Driven Continuum Robots.

IF 3 3区工程技术

Micromachines Pub Date : 2025-03-19 DOI: 10.3390/mi16030346

Honghong Wang, Jingli Du, Yi Mao

{"title":"Cosserat Rod-Based Tendon Friction Modeling, Simulation, and Experiments for Tendon-Driven Continuum Robots.","authors":"Honghong Wang, Jingli Du, Yi Mao","doi":"10.3390/mi16030346","DOIUrl":"10.3390/mi16030346","url":null,"abstract":"Traditional tendon-driven continuum robot (TDCR) models based on Cosserat rod theory often assume that tendon tension is a continuous wrench along the backbone. However, this assumption overlooks critical factors, including the discrete arrangement of disks, the segmented configuration of tensioned tendons, and the friction between tendons and guide holes. Additionally, tendon forces are not continuous but discrete, concentrated wrenches, with the frictional force magnitude and direction varying based on the TDCR's bending configuration. We propose a TDCR modeling method that integrates Cosserat rod theory with a finite element approach to address these limitations. We construct a Cosserat rod model for the robot's backbone, discretize the tendon geometry using the finite element method (FEM), and incorporate friction modeling between tendons and guide holes. Furthermore, we introduce an algorithm to determine the direction of friction forces, enhancing modeling accuracy. This approach results in a more realistic and comprehensive mathematical representation of TDCR behavior. Numerical simulations under various tendon-routing scenarios are conducted and compared with classical TDCR models. The results indicate that our friction-inclusive model improves accuracy, yielding an average configuration deviation of only 0.3% across different tendon routings. Experimental validation further confirms the model's accuracy and robustness.","PeriodicalId":18508,"journal":{"name":"Micromachines","volume":"16 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11945068/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Design and Performance Analysis of Spiral Microchannels for Efficient Particle Separation Using Inertial Microfluidics.

IF 3 3区工程技术

Micromachines Pub Date : 2025-03-19 DOI: 10.3390/mi16030349

Eda Ozyilmaz, Gamze Gediz Ilis

{"title":"Design and Performance Analysis of Spiral Microchannels for Efficient Particle Separation Using Inertial Microfluidics.","authors":"Eda Ozyilmaz, Gamze Gediz Ilis","doi":"10.3390/mi16030349","DOIUrl":"10.3390/mi16030349","url":null,"abstract":"Accurate separation in microfluidic devices is crucial for biomedical applications; however, enhancing their performance remains challenging due to computational and experimental constraints. This study aims to optimize microfluidic devices by systematically refining spiral microchannel configurations for the segregation of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and red blood cells (RBCs) through detailed variable analysis and resource-efficient techniques. The spiral design was developed into six variations, considering loop numbers (2, 3, and 4), aspect ratios (2.333, 3.333, and 5), spiral radii (5, 6, and 7 mm), flow rates (1.5, 2, and 3 mL/min), surface roughness levels (0, 0.5, and 1 μm), and particle sizes (12, 18, and 24 μm). Simulations were conducted in COMSOL Multiphysics and evaluated using the Taguchi method to determine the optimal configuration, reducing the analysis set from 216 to 27 through an efficient experimental design approach. The results identified the optimal structure as having an aspect ratio of 3.333, four loops, a spiral radius of 6-7 mm, a flow rate of 3 mL/min, a surface roughness of 1 μm, and a particle diameter of 24 μm. Among the evaluated parameters, aspect ratio (61.2%) had the most significant impact, followed by the number of loops (13.9%) and flow rate (9.4%). The optimized design demonstrated high separation efficiency and purity, achieving 97.5% and 97.6%, respectively. The fabrication process involved 3D-printing the channel mold, followed by polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) casting, validating the durability and scalability of the proposed design. This study integrates simulation and experimental results, providing a robust framework for developing next-generation microfluidic devices and advancing diagnostic and targeted therapeutic applications.","PeriodicalId":18508,"journal":{"name":"Micromachines","volume":"16 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11946254/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Design of Temperature Monitoring and Fault Warning System for Lithium Ternary Battery Case.

IF 3 3区工程技术

Micromachines Pub Date : 2025-03-19 DOI: 10.3390/mi16030345

Xiyao Liu, Kuihua Han

{"title":"Design of Temperature Monitoring and Fault Warning System for Lithium Ternary Battery Case.","authors":"Xiyao Liu, Kuihua Han","doi":"10.3390/mi16030345","DOIUrl":"10.3390/mi16030345","url":null,"abstract":"To enhance the safety of lithium ternary battery cases in new energy vehicles, this study designed a temperature monitoring and fault warning system based on NiCr/NiSi thin-film thermocouples. The system integrates six modules-sensor, amplifier, data acquisition, microprocessor (using the KPCA nonlinear dimensionality reduction algorithm), communication and monitoring, and alarm control-to monitor temperature, voltage, and humidity changes in real time. Multi-level warning thresholds are established (e.g., Level 1: initial temperature 35-55 °C rising to 42-65 °C after 10 min; initial voltage 400-425 V dropping to 398-375 V after 10 min). Experimental results demonstrate that the NiCr/NiSi thermocouple exhibits high sensitivity (average Seebeck coefficient: 41.42 μV/°C) and low repeatability error (1.04%), with a dense and uniform surface structure (roughness: 3.2-5.75 nm). The warning logic, triggered in four levels based on dynamic temperature and voltage changes, achieves an 80% accuracy rate and a low false/missed alarm rate of 4%. Long-term operation tests show stable monitoring deviations (±0.2 °C for temperature and ±0.02 V for voltage over 24 h). The system also adapts to varying humidity environments, with peak sensitivity (41.3 μV/°C) at 60% RH. This research provides a highly reliable solution for battery safety management in new energy vehicles.","PeriodicalId":18508,"journal":{"name":"Micromachines","volume":"16 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11946480/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Modular, Cost-Effective, and Pumpless Perfusion Assembly for the Long-Term Culture of Engineered Microvessels.

IF 3 3区工程技术

Micromachines Pub Date : 2025-03-19 DOI: 10.3390/mi16030351

Shashwat S Agarwal, Jacob C Holter, Travis H Jones, Brendan T Fuller, Joseph W Tinapple, Joseph M Barlage, Jonathan W Song

{"title":"A Modular, Cost-Effective, and Pumpless Perfusion Assembly for the Long-Term Culture of Engineered Microvessels.","authors":"Shashwat S Agarwal, Jacob C Holter, Travis H Jones, Brendan T Fuller, Joseph W Tinapple, Joseph M Barlage, Jonathan W Song","doi":"10.3390/mi16030351","DOIUrl":"10.3390/mi16030351","url":null,"abstract":"Continuous perfusion is necessary to sustain microphysiological systems and other microfluidic cell cultures. However, most of the established microfluidic perfusion systems, such as syringe pumps, peristaltic pumps, and rocker plates, have several operational challenges and may be cost-prohibitive, especially for laboratories with no microsystems engineering expertise. Here, we address the need for a cost-efficient, easy-to-implement, and reliable microfluidic perfusion system. Our solution is a modular pumpless perfusion assembly (PPA), which is constructed from commercially available, interchangeable, and aseptically packaged syringes and syringe filters. The total cost for the components of each assembled PPA is USD 1-2. The PPA retains the simplicity of gravity-based pumpless flow systems but incorporates high resistance filters that enable slow and sustained flow for extended periods of time (hours to days). The perfusion characteristics of the PPA were determined by theoretical calculations of the total hydraulic resistance of the assembly and experimental characterization of specific filter resistances. We demonstrated that the PPA enabled reliable long-term culture of engineered endothelialized 3-D microvessels for several weeks. Taken together, our novel PPA solution is simply constructed from extremely low-cost and commercially available laboratory supplies and facilitates robust cell culture and compatibility with current microfluidic setups.","PeriodicalId":18508,"journal":{"name":"Micromachines","volume":"16 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11945127/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143720171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0