Medicine and sport science最新文献_第5页

Exercise interventions to prevent and manage type 2 diabetes: physiological mechanisms. 运动干预预防和管理2型糖尿病:生理机制。

Medicine and sport science Pub Date : 2014-01-01 Epub Date: 2014-09-09 DOI: 10.1159/000357334

Flemming Dela, Clara Prats, Jørn Wulff Helge

{"title":"Exercise interventions to prevent and manage type 2 diabetes: physiological mechanisms.","authors":"Flemming Dela, Clara Prats, Jørn Wulff Helge","doi":"10.1159/000357334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000357334","url":null,"abstract":"Physical training is known to markedly increase insulin-mediated glucose uptake. This effect occurs predominantly in skeletal muscle and it has been shown in healthy individuals, people with impaired glucose tolerance and in patients with type 2 diabetes. The mechanism/s behind this adaptation includes an increase in glucose delivery, as well as an increase in glucose transport into the myocytes, and increases in glycolytic and oxidative enzyme activities. Furthermore, the capacity for glycogen synthesis increases with physical training. There has been less focus on the effect of physical training on insulin secretion, which is, however, known to decrease in the trained compared with the untrained state in healthy people. In patients with type 2 diabetes, in whom the β-cells have lost the capacity to secrete sufficient insulin in order to maintain normal glucose tolerance, the response to training is not a decrease in insulin secretion in response to a given stimulus. Rather, either no change or an increase is seen in the few studies that have been conducted. The mechanism for this opposite response is unknown, and this area needs high-quality intervention as well as cross-sectional studies.","PeriodicalId":18475,"journal":{"name":"Medicine and sport science","volume":"60 ","pages":"36-47"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000357334","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32672651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 19

Role of biomechanics in rotator cuff pathology: North American perspective. 生物力学在肩袖病理中的作用:北美视角。

Medicine and sport science Pub Date : 2012-01-01 Epub Date: 2011-10-04 DOI: 10.1159/000328871

Vasili Karas, Brian J Cole, Vincent M Wang

{"title":"Role of biomechanics in rotator cuff pathology: North American perspective.","authors":"Vasili Karas, Brian J Cole, Vincent M Wang","doi":"10.1159/000328871","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000328871","url":null,"abstract":"The biomechanical properties of, and mechanical environment surrounding, the rotator cuff continue to be a research area of great interest as injury and failure of these tendons are among the most common of shoulder pathologies, with incidence increasing in older populations. Recent literature has refined our knowledge of the anatomy, the role of the various tendons in movement and shoulder stability, and structural and material properties of the human rotator cuff. Furthermore, animal models have characterized the effects of mechanical loading on rotator cuff properties, the biomechanical interactions among cuff tendons in uninjured and deficient rotator cuffs have been described, and more recent imaging studies have provided novel insights into the function of the rotator cuff in vivo. Research to advance our understanding of the biomechanical factors contributing to rotator cuff disease is needed, as the etiology, prognostic indicators, and reasons for treatment failure are poorly understood. We summarize published biomechanical literature on the rotator cuff to provide a current perspective on potential mechanisms involved in cuff pathology.","PeriodicalId":18475,"journal":{"name":"Medicine and sport science","volume":"57 ","pages":"18-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000328871","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30196730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 14

Subscapularis tears. 肩胛下肌的泪水。

Medicine and sport science Pub Date : 2012-01-01 Epub Date: 2011-10-04 DOI: 10.1159/000328886

Umile Giuseppe Longo, Alessandra Berton, Andrea Marinozzi, Nicola Maffulli, Vincenzo Denaro

{"title":"Subscapularis tears.","authors":"Umile Giuseppe Longo, Alessandra Berton, Andrea Marinozzi, Nicola Maffulli, Vincenzo Denaro","doi":"10.1159/000328886","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000328886","url":null,"abstract":"The subscapularis muscle is the largest and strongest muscle of the rotator cuff. It plays an essential role in the stability and function of the shoulder. Tears of the subscapularis tendon are more frequent than previously estimated. The worldwide use of arthroscopy in rotator cuff surgery has allowed to recognize the true prevalence of subscapularis lesions, as it permits to visualize the articular side where partial tears are usually localized. Subscapularis tears are generally non-traumatic, arising from intrinsic degeneration, subcoracoid and/or anterosuperior impingement. Clinical presentation is usually characterized by history of pain, typically located anteriorly, and difficulty in lifting movements across the chest, or twisting inwards that hinders activities of daily life. Special tests for the diagnosis of subscapularis tears include the lift-off, belly-press, and bear-hug tests. Imaging of the subscapularis tendon may involve plain radiography, magnetic resonance and ultrasound scanning, but MRI better characterizes subscapular tears and coexistent shoulder pathology. The management of subscapularis tears is aimed at restoring the integral role of this muscle in the shoulder. Operative management is indicated for most patients because it is the only one to allow restoration of subscapularis function. Arthroscopic repair can be safely and successfully performed. It requires tendon mobilization to reach the lesser tuberosity. If this is not possible, its footprint can be medialized up to 5-7 mm. Arthroscopic results are encouraging. At intermediate follow-up, improvement in functional scores and patient satisfaction has been reported. Outcomes are comparable to that of open repair, with a very low complication rate and no major intraoperative complications.","PeriodicalId":18475,"journal":{"name":"Medicine and sport science","volume":"57 ","pages":"114-121"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000328886","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30197694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 21

The epidemiology of injury in bungee jumping, BASE jumping, and skydiving. 蹦极、定点跳伞和高空跳伞损伤的流行病学研究。

Medicine and sport science Pub Date : 2012-01-01 Epub Date: 2012-07-18 DOI: 10.1159/000338720

Kjetil Søreide

{"title":"The epidemiology of injury in bungee jumping, BASE jumping, and skydiving.","authors":"Kjetil Søreide","doi":"10.1159/000338720","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000338720","url":null,"abstract":"Knowledge regarding epidemiology of injury is of benefit to injury prevention of activities associated with high risk. As relatively 'young' activities, the investigation of injuries and deaths related in extreme sports such as bungee jumping and BASE jumping is relatively sparse. Studies evaluating risk in civilian and military skydiving activities have been reported over the past decades, but technique and equipment has changed. Risk with bungee jumping is only sporadically reported in the literature, most often in connection with eye injuries, but also rare events of serious, life-threatening injuries and even death. BASE is an acronym for Building, Antenna, Span, Earth, which represents the fixed objects from which jumps are made. Estimated risk in BASE jumping for any injury (independent of severity grade) is 0.4-0.5%, which as 5- to 8-fold higher than skydiving. Typically, men outnumber women in a ratio of 10:1 in both injuries and case fatality rates. Age is frequently reported to range from 30 to 40 years. Notably, differences in training and environmental locations exist between recreational skydiving and BASE jumping. As BASE jumps are made from lower altitudes than skydives, jumpers generally fall at lower speeds, have far less aerodynamic control, and may lose flying stability. Yet, typical injuries include a bruised or sprained ankle during landing. Protective gear including helmet and pads may help to prevent such injuries, while more complex knowledge of human factors, environment and training are needed to prevent fatal injuries.","PeriodicalId":18475,"journal":{"name":"Medicine and sport science","volume":"58 ","pages":"112-29"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000338720","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30783306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 14

The epidemiology of extreme hiking injuries in volcanic environments. 火山环境下极限徒步旅行损伤的流行病学研究。

Medicine and sport science Pub Date : 2012-01-01 Epub Date: 2012-07-18 DOI: 10.1159/000338721

Travis W Heggie, Tracey M Heggie

{"title":"The epidemiology of extreme hiking injuries in volcanic environments.","authors":"Travis W Heggie, Tracey M Heggie","doi":"10.1159/000338721","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000338721","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this review was to summarize the epidemiological literature for extreme hikers in volcanic environments and describe the incidence, nature and severity of injuries, the factors contributing to the injuries, and strategies for preventing injuries. Due to the relative newness of extreme hiking in volcanic environments, there are only a small handful of studies addressing the topic. Moreover, these studies are primarily focused on extreme hikers in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. These studies found that the majority of extreme hikers in volcanic environments are inexperienced and unfamiliar with the potential hazards present in volcanic environments. The studies found that upper respiratory irritation resulting from exposure to volcanic gases and dehydration and scrapes, abrasions, lacerations, and thermal burns to the extremities were common injuries. The severity of the injuries ranged from simple on-site treat-and-release incidents to more severe incidents and even death. This review reveals a need for well-designed epidemiologic research from volcanic destinations outside of Hawaii that identify the nature and severity of injuries along with the factors contributing to injury incidents. There is also a demonstrated need for studies identifying preventive measures that reduce both the occurrence and severity of extreme hiking incidents in volcanic environments.","PeriodicalId":18475,"journal":{"name":"Medicine and sport science","volume":"58 ","pages":"130-41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000338721","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30783307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 5

The epidemiology of injury in ATV and motocross sports. 全地形车和越野车运动中损伤的流行病学研究。

Medicine and sport science Pub Date : 2012-01-01 Epub Date: 2012-07-18 DOI: 10.1159/000338728

A Noelle Larson, Amy L McIntosh

{"title":"The epidemiology of injury in ATV and motocross sports.","authors":"A Noelle Larson, Amy L McIntosh","doi":"10.1159/000338728","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000338728","url":null,"abstract":"Off-road motorsports are popular in rural and suburban areas, and allow for racing, recreation, and easy access to backcountry destinations. This chapter will review the incidence and types of injuries sustained in off-road motorsports. We completed a structured review of motocross and all-terrain vehicle (ATV) injuries, assessing for injury rates, risk factors, and mortality figures. Information for this study was obtained from a PubMed search under the terms 'motocross', 'motorcross', 'all-terrain vehicles', 'injury', 'motorcycle', 'ATV'. Abstracts and articles in the English language from 1980 onward were reviewed. Further statistics were obtained from the US Consumer Product Safety Commission publications. Operating vehicles off-road requires coordination, experience, and training. Motocross is an organized sport with national associations governing the competition of highly trained athletes. ATVs are used both recreationally and commercially, typically for farming and ranching. ATV use appears more dangerous that motocross, with a higher mortality rate, disproportionately for children. Both sports continue to have high rates of head, spinal cord, and extremity injury. Future prospective studies in off-road motorsports should evaluate the risk factors for injury and target specific areas for injury prevention. Improved training programs, use and improvement of safety helmets, and for ATV use, limiting access to minors, may improve the overall safety of off-road motorsports.","PeriodicalId":18475,"journal":{"name":"Medicine and sport science","volume":"58 ","pages":"158-72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000338728","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30783309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 33

The epidemiology of injury in scuba diving. 水肺潜水损伤的流行病学研究。

Medicine and sport science Pub Date : 2012-01-01 Epub Date: 2012-07-18 DOI: 10.1159/000338582

Peter L Buzzacott

{"title":"The epidemiology of injury in scuba diving.","authors":"Peter L Buzzacott","doi":"10.1159/000338582","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000338582","url":null,"abstract":"The epidemiology of injury associated with recreational scuba diving is reviewed. A search of electronic databases and reference lists identified pertinent research. Barotrauma, decompression sickness and drowning-related injuries were the most common morbidities associated with recreational scuba diving. The prevalence of incidents ranged from 7 to 35 injuries per 10,000 divers and from 5 to 152 injuries per 100,000 dives. Recreational scuba diving fatalities account for 0.013% of all-cause mortality aged ≥ 15 years. Drowning was the most common cause of death. Among treated injuries, recovery was complete in the majority of cases. Dive injuries were associated with diver-specific factors such as insufficient training and preexisting medical conditions. Environmental factors included air temperature and flying after diving. Dive-specific factors included loss of buoyancy control, rapid ascent and repetitive deep diving. The most common event to precede drowning was running out of gas (compressed air). Though diving injuries are relatively rare prospective, longitudinal studies are needed to quantify the effects of known risk factors and, indeed, asymptomatic injuries (e.g. brain lesions). Dive injury health economics data also remains wanting. Meanwhile, health promotion initiatives should continue to reinforce adherence to established safe diving practices such as observing depth/time limits, safety stops and conservative ascent rates. However, there is an obvious lack of evaluated diving safety interventions.","PeriodicalId":18475,"journal":{"name":"Medicine and sport science","volume":"58 ","pages":"57-79"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000338582","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30783388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 27

The scapula in rotator cuff disease. 肩袖疾病中的肩胛骨。

Medicine and sport science Pub Date : 2012-01-01 Epub Date: 2011-10-04 DOI: 10.1159/000328877

W Ben Kibler

{"title":"The scapula in rotator cuff disease.","authors":"W Ben Kibler","doi":"10.1159/000328877","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000328877","url":null,"abstract":"The scapula serves as the platform or base for the muscles of the rotator cuff. Rotator cuff function and dysfunction is therefore directly related to the functional state of the scapula. When the scapula is well stabilized, optimal positioning in both static and dynamic tasks allows the rotator cuff to function at an optimal level. However, scapular dysfunction produces an unstable base which in turn negatively affects the rotator cuff's biomechanical contributions to arm motion. Scapular alterations may be causative in rotator cuff dysfunction or may be the result of rotator cuff injury and increase the dysfunction. Possible causative mechanisms such as compromised anatomy (i.e. injury), muscle tightness, and scapular muscle weakness can contribute to the apparent dysfunction. Whether it is a cause or an effect, scapular dyskinesis is frequently identified in rotator cuff disease. Careful examination for presence of scapular dyskinesis and each of the causative mechanisms should be done as part of the comprehensive evaluation of patients with rotator cuff disease. Correction of the alterations following a logically progressed closed to open chain scapular-based program should be included as part of the overall treatment plan.","PeriodicalId":18475,"journal":{"name":"Medicine and sport science","volume":"57 ","pages":"27-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000328877","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30196731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 19

Tendinopathy of the long head of the biceps. 二头肌长头的肌腱病。

Medicine and sport science Pub Date : 2012-01-01 Epub Date: 2011-10-04 DOI: 10.1159/000328880

Garrett M Snyder, Scott D Mair, Christian Lattermann

引用次数: 65

Synthetic augmentation in massive rotator cuff tears. 大规模肩袖撕裂的合成增强剂。

Medicine and sport science Pub Date : 2012-01-01 Epub Date: 2011-10-04 DOI: 10.1159/000328891

Umile Giuseppe Longo, Alfredo Lamberti, Giacomo Rizzello, Nicola Maffulli, Vincenzo Denaro

{"title":"Synthetic augmentation in massive rotator cuff tears.","authors":"Umile Giuseppe Longo, Alfredo Lamberti, Giacomo Rizzello, Nicola Maffulli, Vincenzo Denaro","doi":"10.1159/000328891","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000328891","url":null,"abstract":"Massive rotator cuff tears represent a great challenge in orthopaedic. They are associated with persistent defects, weakness, and poor outcomes and can cause an uncoupling of forces across the glenohumeral joint, with unstable shoulder kinematics. In the last few years, a notable interest has emerged to develop new treatment strategies that provide effective mechanical reinforcement of rotator cuff repair and stimulate and enhance the patient's intrinsic healing potential. Tissue engineering techniques using novel scaffold materials offer potential alternatives for managing massive irreparable rotator cuff tears. Synthetic scaffolds, manufactured from chemical compounds, have gained much interest to bridge massive rotator cuff tears. Preliminary studies support the idea that synthetic scaffolds can provide an alternative for rotator cuff augmentation with an enormous therapeutic potential. Despite the growing clinical use of synthetic scaffold devices for rotator cuff repair, there are numerous questions related to their indication, surgical application, safety, mechanism of action, and efficacy that remain to be clarified or addressed. We review the current basic science and clinical understanding of synthetic scaffolds for massive rotator cuff repair, reporting the preclinical and clinical studies carried out to date in this field. We underline the benefits and limitations of the available synthetic scaffolds for augmentation of rotator cuff tears, and discuss the implications of these literature data on the future directions for the use of these scaffolds in tendon repair procedures.","PeriodicalId":18475,"journal":{"name":"Medicine and sport science","volume":"57 ","pages":"168-177"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000328891","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30197698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 47