Medicine and sport science最新文献_第4页

Public health recommendations for physical activity in the prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus. 体育活动预防2型糖尿病的公共卫生建议

Medicine and sport science Pub Date : 2014-01-01 Epub Date: 2014-09-09 DOI: 10.1159/000357343

Estelle Victoria Lambert, Fiona Bull

引用次数: 17

Exercise for people with type 1 diabetes. 1型糖尿病患者需要锻炼。

Medicine and sport science Pub Date : 2014-01-01 Epub Date: 2014-09-09 DOI: 10.1159/000357344

Ian W Gallen

引用次数: 13

The effect of exercise on obesity, body fat distribution and risk for type 2 diabetes. 运动对肥胖、体脂分布和2型糖尿病风险的影响。

Medicine and sport science Pub Date : 2014-01-01 Epub Date: 2014-09-09 DOI: 10.1159/000357338

Julia H Goedecke, Lisa K Micklesfield

{"title":"The effect of exercise on obesity, body fat distribution and risk for type 2 diabetes.","authors":"Julia H Goedecke, Lisa K Micklesfield","doi":"10.1159/000357338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000357338","url":null,"abstract":"It is well known that obesity is a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes (T2D), while exercise is known to reduce body fatness and attenuate the risk of T2D. The aim of this chapter is to examine the interactions between exercise, obesity and body fat distribution, and the risk for T2D. Firstly, we show that body fatness, in particular visceral adipose tissue (VAT) accumulation, is associated with insulin resistance and incident T2D. We then show that aerobic exercise of sufficient intensity and volume results in a decrease in body fat and VAT. Conversely, sedentary behavior and physical inactivity are associated with increased body fat and VAT. Finally, the chapter examines the interaction between physical activity (PA), obesity and risk for T2D and shows that both obesity and PA are significant independent predictors of incident T2D, but the magnitude of risk imparted by high levels of body fat is much greater than that of low levels of PA. Further, we show that obese physically active individuals are at greater risk for incident T2D than normal-weight physically inactive individuals. The mechanisms underlying this complex interaction include the ability of exercise to increase free fatty acid oxidation to match high rates of lipolysis associated with obesity, as well as the effects of exercise on adipokine, cytokine and myokine secretion. Exercise, of sufficient volume and intensity, is therefore recommended to reduce obesity, centralization of body fat, and risk of T2D.","PeriodicalId":18475,"journal":{"name":"Medicine and sport science","volume":"60 ","pages":"82-93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000357338","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32671995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 55

Relationships between exercise, mitochondrial biogenesis and type 2 diabetes. 运动、线粒体生物发生与2型糖尿病之间的关系。

Medicine and sport science Pub Date : 2014-01-01 Epub Date: 2014-09-09 DOI: 10.1159/000357335

Anna-Maria Joseph, David A Hood

{"title":"Relationships between exercise, mitochondrial biogenesis and type 2 diabetes.","authors":"Anna-Maria Joseph, David A Hood","doi":"10.1159/000357335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000357335","url":null,"abstract":"Skeletal muscle is the major site of insulin-stimulated glucose utilization in the body. Central to this process is oxidative metabolism, which is controlled by mitochondria. Therefore, defects in the biogenesis of this organelle can impact the ability of muscle to oxidize substrates and can have grave consequences on the action of insulin on glucose uptake. In healthy muscle, glucose and free fatty acids (FFAs) are efficiently metabolized preventing the accumulation of harmful lipid by-products. In contrast, in pre-diabetic conditions, reduced oxidative capacity, high levels of reactive oxygen species, and chronic elevations in FFAs culminate in greater intramyocellular lipids and lipid metabolites that interfere with insulin signaling pathways, and contribute to lower insulin sensitivity. While the extent of the involvement of mitochondria in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes (T2D) is still an ongoing debate, there is compelling evidence to suggest that dysfunction in mitochondria, mediated by changes in gene expression, morphology, and mitochondrial turnover, contributes to the dysregulation of insulin signaling pathways observed with this metabolic syndrome. In the present review, we discuss our current understanding of mitochondrial biogenesis and highlight how dysfunction in key mitochondrial biogenesis pathways may play an important role in the pathogenesis of T2D. Moreover, we provide evidence supporting the therapeutic value of exercise in the prevention and treatment of metabolic syndromes such as T2D.","PeriodicalId":18475,"journal":{"name":"Medicine and sport science","volume":"60 ","pages":"48-61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000357335","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32672653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 27

Diabetes and exercise in the elderly. 老年人的糖尿病和运动。

Medicine and sport science Pub Date : 2014-01-01 Epub Date: 2014-09-09 DOI: 10.1159/000357342

Eduardo Ferriolli, Fernanda Pinheiro Amador S Pessanha, Juliana Cristina Lemos S Marchesi

{"title":"Diabetes and exercise in the elderly.","authors":"Eduardo Ferriolli, Fernanda Pinheiro Amador S Pessanha, Juliana Cristina Lemos S Marchesi","doi":"10.1159/000357342","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000357342","url":null,"abstract":"Type 2 diabetes mellitus is highly prevalent among the elderly. Age-associated changes in body composition, obesity and sedentary behavior are some of the main factors responsible for the increased prevalence of diabetes in this population. Elderly patients experience important and specific issues, including the association of comorbidities and geriatric syndromes, use of many medications, the presence of dependencies and frailty. Physical activity has been shown to be as effective for the treatment of diabetes in the elderly as in younger patients, so that its practice must be strongly encouraged. Resistive activities are preferable for the frail and vulnerable diabetic elderly. Aerobic activities should be prescribed whenever possible, and the association of both modalities is the best choice. Moderate- to high-intensity exercises are more effective for glycemic control and, unlike previously thought, are generally safe for the elderly population. The frequency of exercising should be at least 3 days/week for aerobic and 2 days/week for resistance activities. Balance exercises may be beneficial in special situations. In the elderly patient, special care must be taken for: the presence of contraindications for the practice of each exercise modality; the interactions and limitations imposed by medications, chronic comorbidities and geriatric syndromes; the higher possibility of developing hypoglycemia, especially if insulin is used for treatment, and the prevention of orthostatic hypotension that may be worsened by dehydration. The prescription of exercises tailored for each patient's preferences and limitations is highly effective not only for glycemic control, but also for improving independence, self-esteem and quality of life.","PeriodicalId":18475,"journal":{"name":"Medicine and sport science","volume":"60 ","pages":"122-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000357342","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32671999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 39

Interaction between lipid availability,endurance exercise and insulin sensitivity. 脂质利用率、耐力运动和胰岛素敏感性之间的相互作用。

Medicine and sport science Pub Date : 2014-01-01 Epub Date: 2014-09-09 DOI: 10.1159/000357336

Sean A Newsom, Simon Schenk

引用次数: 2

Increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes in sub-Saharan Africa: not only a case of inadequate physical activity. 撒哈拉以南非洲地区2型糖尿病患病率上升:不仅仅是身体活动不足。

Medicine and sport science Pub Date : 2014-01-01 Epub Date: 2014-09-09 DOI: 10.1159/000357333

Edward O Ojuka, Veeraj Goyaram

{"title":"Increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes in sub-Saharan Africa: not only a case of inadequate physical activity.","authors":"Edward O Ojuka, Veeraj Goyaram","doi":"10.1159/000357333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000357333","url":null,"abstract":"In the last 50 years, sub-Saharan Africa has witnessed a significant increase in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), from <1% recorded in some countries in the 1960s to a regional prevalence of 4.3% in 2012 (compared with a current global prevalence of 6.4%). There is great variability in prevalence of T2DM among the African communities with some countries, such as Réunion, recording an average of 16% and others, such as Uganda registering <1% in rural communities. The greatest increase in prevalence has been registered among urban dwellers. The cause of the rapid increase in T2DM prevalence is not clear. However, studies in both rural and urban areas have found that physical activity is not an independent risk factor for the disease in the region. Physical activity level was found to be adequate in Africa, with 83.8% of men and 75.7% of women meeting the WHO recommendation of at least 150 min of moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity per week. The paper argues that the rapidly growing number of people >40 years old, increasing urbanization, adaptation of lifestyle behaviors that accompany urbanization and the interaction of these with a genetic predisposition to T2DM, are plausible reasons for the increasing prevalence of T2DM.","PeriodicalId":18475,"journal":{"name":"Medicine and sport science","volume":"60 ","pages":"27-35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000357333","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32672650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 17

Gene-physical activity interactions and their impact on diabetes. 基因与身体活动的相互作用及其对糖尿病的影响。

Medicine and sport science Pub Date : 2014-01-01 Epub Date: 2014-09-09 DOI: 10.1159/000357339

Tuomas O Kilpeläinen, Paul W Franks

{"title":"Gene-physical activity interactions and their impact on diabetes.","authors":"Tuomas O Kilpeläinen, Paul W Franks","doi":"10.1159/000357339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000357339","url":null,"abstract":"Physical activity exerts beneficial effects on glucose homeostasis that are channeled through our genes. Where variation in the target genes of physical activity exists, gene-physical activity interactions may occur, such that individual genetic profiles inflict differing physiological responses to an equal bout of physical activity. Individuals with specific genetic profiles are also expected to be more responsive to the beneficial effects of physical activity in the prevention of type 2 diabetes. Identification of such gene-physical activity interactions could give new insights into the biological mechanisms of how type 2 diabetes develops, which could open up new avenues for the development of novel treatments. It has also been postulated that knowledge of interactions could improve the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes by enabling targeted interventions. The present chapter will introduce the reader to the recent advances in the genetics of type 2 diabetes, summarize the current evidence on gene-physical activity interactions in relation to type 2 diabetes, and outline how information on gene-physical activity interactions might help improve the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes. Finally, we will discuss the existing and emerging strategies that might enhance our ability to identify and exploit gene-physical activity interactions in the etiology of type 2 diabetes.","PeriodicalId":18475,"journal":{"name":"Medicine and sport science","volume":"60 ","pages":"94-103"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000357339","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32671996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 12

The relationship between exercise,nutrition and type 2 diabetes. 运动、营养与2型糖尿病之间的关系。

Medicine and sport science Pub Date : 2014-01-01 Epub Date: 2014-09-09 DOI: 10.1159/000357331

Erin J Stephenson, William Smiles, John A Hawley

{"title":"The relationship between exercise,nutrition and type 2 diabetes.","authors":"Erin J Stephenson, William Smiles, John A Hawley","doi":"10.1159/000357331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000357331","url":null,"abstract":"Type 2 diabetes mellitus and its precursor, insulin resistance, are metabolic disease states characterized by impaired regulation in the delivery, transport, and/or storage of energy substrates (primarily carbohydrate- and fat-based fuels). A hallmark feature of patients with type 2 diabetes is prolonged periods of hyperglycemia due to a decreased responsiveness of metabolically active peripheral tissues to the actions of insulin (i.e., metabolic inflexibility). Accordingly, efforts to modify skeletal muscle substrate handling in type 2 diabetes patients so that the capacity for fat oxidation and metabolic flexibility is improved should be a primary goal for the treatment of these disorders. Two potent interventions for improving whole-body glucose homeostasis are exercise and diet. A single bout of either resistance or endurance exercise reduces the prevalence and duration of hyperglycemic excursions in patients with type 2 diabetes, an effect lasting well into the next day. With regard to diet, the carbohydrate content of a meal and the glycemic index (GI) of the carbohydrate consumed are both major determinants of the postprandial glycemic response. Diets containing high-GI carbohydrates have been shown to be independent risk factors for type 2 diabetes onset, while in obese insulin-resistant individuals, low-GI diets are effective for inducing both weight loss and improving insulin action and glucose tolerance. The implementation of physical activity and dietary modifications are effective low-cost treatment options for controlling hyperglycemic episodes in patients with type 2 diabetes.","PeriodicalId":18475,"journal":{"name":"Medicine and sport science","volume":"60 ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000357331","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32672649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 32

Physical activity in children: prevention of obesity and type 2 diabetes. 儿童体育活动:预防肥胖和2型糖尿病。

Medicine and sport science Pub Date : 2014-01-01 Epub Date: 2014-09-09 DOI: 10.1159/000357341

Elaine Rush, David Simmons

{"title":"Physical activity in children: prevention of obesity and type 2 diabetes.","authors":"Elaine Rush, David Simmons","doi":"10.1159/000357341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000357341","url":null,"abstract":"There is strong evidence that increased physical activity is beneficial for blood glucose homeostasis and the prevention of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. This chapter takes a life course approach with an emphasis on the intrauterine and childhood stages of life. Firstly, growth and development at critical periods with a focus on skeletal muscle and adipose tissue; then, obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus are considered in relation to physical activity and sedentary behaviour. The importance of the development of fundamental movement skills in early childhood for both physical fitness and also growth and development is emphasised. Physical activity guidelines in westernised countries are examined for commonalities. Finally, the effective translation of the evidence base for the benefits of physical activity into randomised controlled trials and then into real-world public health services that are sustainable is addressed with a case study from New Zealand of Project Energize--a through-school physical activity and nutrition intervention. Physical activity, alongside a 'healthy diet' is arguably the best preventive measure and treatment for both obesity and type 2 diabetes. It is an essential and normal activity of daily life, and all aspects of the life course and the environment should support physical activity.","PeriodicalId":18475,"journal":{"name":"Medicine and sport science","volume":"60 ","pages":"113-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000357341","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32671998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 22