MethodsX最新文献

{"title":"Adaptation of an in vitro one-compartment pharmacodynamic chemostat for testing efficacy of ceftazidime against Burkholderia pseudomallei outside a BSL3 facility","authors":"Hana Farizah Zamri ,&nbsp;Mohammad Ridhuan Mohd Ali ,&nbsp;Ahmad Izzan Irfan Sha'ari ,&nbsp;Nurul Husna Mohd Mazalan ,&nbsp;Norazah Ahmad ,&nbsp;Nur Asyura Nor Amdan ,&nbsp;Nusaibah Abdul Rahim ,&nbsp;Zakuan Zainy Deris","doi":"10.1016/j.mex.2025.103167","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mex.2025.103167","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Non-clinical pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PKPD) models are crucial in the initial design of drug-dosage regimens and in drug development but has rarely been employed for testing high-risk organisms due to stringent handling procedures. <em>Burkholderia pseudomallei</em> is classified as a Tier 1 select agent with international guidelines recommending this organism to be handled within a biosafety level 3 (BSL3) facility. Unfortunately, BSL3 facilities are not widely available in low-resource settings. This paper describes a detailed guide for setting up an <em>in vitro</em> pharmacodynamic infection model specific for testing <em>B. pseudomallei</em> outside BSL 3 laboratory. Briefly in this study,<ul><li><span>•</span><span><div>All procedures involving active handling of live <em>B. pseudomallei</em> cultures were performed strictly inside a class II BSC in BSL-2 plus negative airflow laboratory.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>The model was set to simulate <em>B. pseudomallei</em>-bacteremia treated with ceftazidime, a 1st-line anti-melioidosis drug with an approximate 2-hour half-life. Model validation was performed by simulating ceftazidime half-life.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>For the pharmacodynamic study, ceftazidime was given as bolus injections at 8-hour intervals into the central culture chamber containing actively growing <em>B. pseudomallei</em>.</div></span></li></ul></div></div>","PeriodicalId":18446,"journal":{"name":"MethodsX","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 103167"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11782592/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143080556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comprehensive assessment of scale formation, corrosion, and biological pollution in a cooling water supply system","authors":"Olha Biedunkova,&nbsp;Pavlo Kuznietsov,&nbsp;Oleg Pinchuk","doi":"10.1016/j.mex.2025.103154","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mex.2025.103154","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A comprehensive method for the cooling water supply system (CWS) was investigated, which allows for the comprehensive assessment of corrosion, scale formation and biological pollution. Direct and indirect methods were used. Consequently, indirect methods included the calculation of differences in φ and ψ, the Langelier saturation index (LSI), and the Ryznar stability index (RSI), which characterise scale formation and corrosion processes based on the results of the pH, temperature, total dissolved salts, total hardness and total alkalinity measurements were measured using standard methods. Direct methods included bench tests to measure the corrosion rate (V) and scale formation rate (S). Additionally, the colony forming units (CFU) controlling with indication of an yeast and bacteria, the algae cell counts and hydrobox controlling water CWS were carried out. The comprehensive assessment method presented in this article includes adjustments to the existing method to improve its effectiveness, which is used for monitoring of spent fuel storage facilities at a Nuclear Power Plant (NPP).<ul><li><span>•</span><span><div>Introduced a comprehensive methodology combining direct and indirect monitoring for assessing scale formation, corrosion, and biological pollution in nuclear power plant (NPP) cooling water systems.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>Enhanced monitoring techniques enable the simultaneous assessment of corrosion resistance and scale formation potential, overcoming limitations of traditional methods.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>Incorporated colony-forming unit analysis, algae cell quantification, and hydrobox-based evaluations for a detailed understanding of biofouling.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>Validated methodology offers predictive risk modelling and optimised strategies to ensure reliability and safety in NPP operations.</div></span></li></ul></div></div>","PeriodicalId":18446,"journal":{"name":"MethodsX","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 103154"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11782872/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143080627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The method for impact analyzing of duplex plasma nitriding and DLC coatings on the cyclic performance of 16MnCr5 piston pin steel under plain and fretting fatigue testing","authors":"Mobin Dizisaz,&nbsp;Mohammad Sadegh Aghareb Parast,&nbsp;Mohammad Azadi","doi":"10.1016/j.mex.2025.103164","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mex.2025.103164","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The current analysis studied the analyzing method and experimental datasets of the plain and fretting fatigue lifetime of 16MnCr5 steels and the impact of duplex plasma nitriding and diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings. Standard specimens were cut from industrial piston pins used in combustion engines and machined for this objective. Subsequently, plain and fretting fatigue tests, with a fretting force of 15 N, were performed on both as-received and DLC-coated specimens at stress levels ranging from 250 to 550 MPa and under a frequency of 100 Hz. The impact of the mentioned parameters on the fatigue behavior of the samples was carefully analyzed using regression models to identify the influential or significant factors.<ul><li><span>•</span><span><div>Fully reversed rotary bending plain and fretting fatigue testing was conducted at stress levels ranging from 250 to 550 MPa. The fatigue lifetime of the coated samples increased by 47.7 % under pure fatigue conditions and by 85.3 % under fretting fatigue conditions, respectively.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>OM and Raman spectroscopy were used to investigate the microstructure and the DLC coating. The thickness of the DLC coating was measured at 1.956± 0.1478 micrometers, while the thickness of the white layer was 4.4248± 0.5020 micrometers.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>Obtained fatigue data were analyzed in Design-Expert software using the Poisson method and the linear regression (no transform) method. In the results of the Poisson regression model for all fatigue data, the McFadden Pseudo R² was 94.92 %, and the Adjusted McFadden Pseudo R² was also 94.92 %. For the linear regression model analyzing all logarithmic fatigue data, the R² was 92.87 %, the Adjusted R² was 90.75 %, and the Predicted R² was 82.76 %.</div></span></li></ul></div></div>","PeriodicalId":18446,"journal":{"name":"MethodsX","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 103164"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11782594/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143080332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of the clinical trial site performance metrics instrument: A study protocol","authors":"Mattia Bozzetti ,&nbsp;Rosario Caruso ,&nbsp;Silvia Soncini ,&nbsp;Monica Guberti","doi":"10.1016/j.mex.2025.103165","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mex.2025.103165","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Clinical trials (CTs) are essential for medical advancements, yet their increasing complexity and cost demand improved efficiency in trial management. One major challenge in multicenter studies is the inconsistency in evaluating site performance. This study aims to develop and validate a Clinical Trial Site Performance Measure (CT-SPM) to assess “good performance” across trials. The tool will be tested and refined through psychometric analysis, resulting in both a comprehensive scale and a short form for universal application. The study is conducted in three phases: Phase 1 involves metric selection through expert consensus; Phase 2 focuses on psychometric testing to evaluate the reliability and validity of the instrument; and Phase 3 defines a cut-off for “good performance” using statistical models. This protocol aims to standardize site performance evaluation, potentially reducing research costs and enhancing trial quality.<ul><li><span>•</span><span><div>The study develops and validates a Clinical Trial Site Performance Measure (CT-SPM) using expert consensus and psychometric testing.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>A comprehensive and short-form tool will be created to evaluate site performance in multicenter clinical trials.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>A cut-off for “good performance” will be established using statistical models, facilitating consistent and efficient site evaluations.</div></span></li></ul></div></div>","PeriodicalId":18446,"journal":{"name":"MethodsX","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 103165"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11782877/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143080630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An integrated geospatial modelling framework of hybrid microgrid sizing for rural electrification planning","authors":"Berino Francisco Silinto ,&nbsp;Darlain Edeme ,&nbsp;Silvia Corigliano ,&nbsp;Aleksandar Dimovski ,&nbsp;Marco Merlo ,&nbsp;Christian Zuidema ,&nbsp;André Faaij","doi":"10.1016/j.mex.2025.103153","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mex.2025.103153","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pursuing rural electrification in developing countries through hybrid generation systems is constrained by a lack of suitable energy modelling tools. Few tools include geographical parameters relevant to capturing specific spatial and socio-economic circumstances. Even less are openly available and find applications for rural areas of developing countries. This work presents an integrated geospatial energy modelling framework based on an extended tool, the GISEle (GIS for rural electrification) model, which aims for a least-cost energy solution. GISEle is an open-source tool supporting rural electrification planning strategies and challenges through optimal hybrid microgrid integration. The developed framework is universally applicable and explains how the extended GISEle tool can be used to become suitable for analysing decentralised hybrid generation systems within the context of rural areas of developing countries. This presented framework includes:<ul><li><span>•</span><span><div>Advancing the approach to proper data collection to better capture local specificities and (future) demand and reporting results in rural areas of developing countries;</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>Adding the Remote-Areas Multi-energy systems load Profiles (RAMP) to improve load demand assessments, while considering the impact of electrification on growing demand scenarios;</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>Linking the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model to allow for hydropower sizing in GISEle.</div></span></li></ul></div></div>","PeriodicalId":18446,"journal":{"name":"MethodsX","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 103153"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11782852/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143080625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Upgrade of a variable temperature scanning tunneling microscope for nanometer-scale spectromicroscopy","authors":"B. Cirera ,&nbsp;A. Sáez-Coronado ,&nbsp;D. Arribas ,&nbsp;J. Méndez ,&nbsp;A. Sagwal ,&nbsp;R. de Campos Ferreira ,&nbsp;M. Švec ,&nbsp;P. Merino","doi":"10.1016/j.mex.2025.103156","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mex.2025.103156","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS), tip-enhanced photoluminescence (TEPL), and scanning tunneling microscope-induced luminescence (STML) combine the high spatial resolution of probe microscopies with the spectroscopic capabilities of optical techniques. Here, we describe the upgrade of an ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) variable-temperature scanning probe microscope (VT-SPM) to perform tip-enhanced spectromicroscopy experiments at cryogenic temperatures. The home-made design includes a portable focusing lens (NA=0.45) that allows the simultaneous collection and injection of light from the tip-sample junction while assuring easy tip and sample transfers. We demonstrate the capabilities of our upgrade to resolve electroluminescence (EL), Raman, and TERS spectra using plasmonically active probes (Ag and Au tips) on various surfaces. We are able to observe the vibrational levels of C₆₀ deposited on Ag(111) with a lateral resolution of ∼2 nanometers. Moreover, we use the tunability of the gap plasmon distribution to observe intense anti-Stokes signals of C₆₀, highlighting the spectral sensitivity of the system. This upgrade opens new possibilities for studying surface chemistry, catalysis, and molecular electronics at state-of-the-art spatial and spectral resolutions using accessible SPM systems.<ul><li><span>•</span><span><div>Portable lens holder</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>In-situ adjustable position</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>Nanometer-scale vibrational spectroscopy</div></span></li></ul></div></div>","PeriodicalId":18446,"journal":{"name":"MethodsX","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 103156"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11787449/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143080369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deep learning driven silicon wafer defect segmentation and classification","authors":"Rohan Ingle,&nbsp;Aniket K. Shahade,&nbsp;Mayur Gaikwad,&nbsp;Shruti Patil","doi":"10.1016/j.mex.2025.103158","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mex.2025.103158","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Integrated Circuits are made of various transistors that are embedded on a silicon wafer, these wafers are difficult to process and hence are prone to defects. Defecting these defects manually is a time consuming and labour-intensive task and hence automation is necessary. Deep Learning approach is better suited in this case as it is able to generalize defects if trained properly and can be a solution to segmentation and classification of defects automatically. The segmentation model mentioned in this study achieved a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 0.0036, a Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) of 0.0576, a Dice Index (DSC) of 0.7731, and an Intersection over Union (IoU) of 0.6590. The classification model achieved 0.9705 Accuracy, 0.9678 Precision, 0.9705 Recall, and 0.9676 F1 Score. In order to make this process a more interactive, an LLM with Q&amp;A capabilities was integrated to solve any doubts and answer any questions regarding defects in wafers.</div><div>This approach helps automate the detection process thus improving quality of end product.<ul><li><span>•</span><span><div>Successful and precise defect segmentation and classification using Deep Learning was achieved.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>High-intensity regions after post-processing.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>An LLM offering defect analysis and guidance was streamlined.</div></span></li></ul></div></div>","PeriodicalId":18446,"journal":{"name":"MethodsX","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 103158"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11773255/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143059283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A single entomopathogenic nematode infection assay for Drosophila melanogaster larvae","authors":"Sreeradha Mallick,&nbsp;Eric Kenney,&nbsp;Jacob Rashap,&nbsp;Ioannis Eleftherianos","doi":"10.1016/j.mex.2025.103157","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mex.2025.103157","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) Steinernema carpocapsae and Steinernema hermaphroditum can efficiently infect the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. The EPN infective juvenile (IJ) stage is the free-living and non-feeding stage that seeks out suitable insects to infect. While previous studies have described successful infection of <em>D.</em> melanogaster larvae with a standard amount of 100 IJs, the pathogenicity of a single IJ nematode towards insects remains poorly understood. Given the variability in pathogenesis among individual IJs, investigating the ability of a single IJ to cause infection in fly larvae addresses a significant gap in our understanding of host-parasite interactions. This protocol aims to evaluate the infection efficiency of a single IJ of S. carpocapsae and S. hermaphroditum. This information contributes towards a better understanding of the EPN-insect interactions and promises to improve the use of EPNs in pest management strategies. The method is summarized below:<ul><li><span>•</span><span><div>Individual third instar wild-type <em>D. melanogaster</em> larvae are infected with either a single IJ or 100 IJs of either nematode species. Uninfected control larvae are treated with sterile water.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>Larval survival is monitored over time.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>Survival curves are generated, and results are statistically analyzed to determine the effect of a single nematode on the fly larval mortality.</div></span></li></ul></div></div>","PeriodicalId":18446,"journal":{"name":"MethodsX","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 103157"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11764094/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143047237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"XSE-TomatoNet: An explainable AI based tomato leaf disease classification method using EfficientNetB0 with squeeze-and-excitation blocks and multi-scale feature fusion","authors":"Md Assaduzzaman ,&nbsp;Prayma Bishshash ,&nbsp;Md. Asraful Sharker Nirob ,&nbsp;Ahmed Al Marouf ,&nbsp;Jon G. Rokne ,&nbsp;Reda Alhajj","doi":"10.1016/j.mex.2025.103159","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mex.2025.103159","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tomatoes are globally valued for their nutritional benefits and unique taste, playing a crucial role in agricultural productivity. Accurate diagnosis of tomato leaf diseases is vital to avoid ineffective treatments that can harm plants and ecosystems. While deep learning models excel in classifying these diseases, distinguishing subtle variations remains challenging. This study introduces XSE-TomatoNet, an enhanced version of EfficientNetB0, incorporating Squeeze-and-Excitation (SE) blocks and multi-scale feature fusion to boost classification performance. XSE-TomatoNet extracts multi-scale features, refines them with SE blocks, and merges them through Global Average Pooling, providing detailed and broad insights for precise disease classification. Our approach achieves an impressive accuracy of 99.11%, with 99% precision and recall, outperforming models like MobileNet and VGG19, especially when combined with data augmentation and ablation studies. The model achieved an average training accuracy of 99.41% and a validation accuracy of 98.88% in 10-fold cross-validation, showing strong generalization to unseen data. We also used LIME and SHAP for model interpretability, offering insights into the decision-making process, and employed Grad-CAM and Grad-CAM++ to visually highlight key areas in leaf images. Finally, the best model was integrated into a web-based system for practical use by tomato cultivators.<ul><li><span>•</span><span><div>XSE-TomatoNet is an enhanced version of EfficientNetB0 which incorporates Squeeze-and-Excitation (SE) blocks and multi-scale feature fusion.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>XSE-TomatoNet outperformed MobileNet (87.44%) and VGG-19 (95.50%), in terms of accuracy, achieving 99.41%.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>Integration of interpretation using LIME and SHAP models gives higher level understanding of the diseases and employment of Grad-CAM and Grad-CAM++ shows visual representation of the diseased leaves.</div></span></li></ul></div></div>","PeriodicalId":18446,"journal":{"name":"MethodsX","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 103159"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143135713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The solid state dispersion method for synthesizing eggshells ES/TiO2 composite to enhance photocatalytic degradation methylene blue","authors":"Rahmawati Munir ,&nbsp;Dadan Hamdani ,&nbsp;Darnah ,&nbsp;Eva Marliana ,&nbsp;Rahmiati Munir ,&nbsp;Sahara Hamas Intifadhah ,&nbsp;Ratna Kusuma","doi":"10.1016/j.mex.2024.103150","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mex.2024.103150","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The use of eggshells as a primary source for developing value-added materials has garnered significant attention in recent years due to their effectiveness as an excellent adsorbent and support. In this study, the Solid-State Dispersion (SSD) method was utilized to prepare composite photocatalysts of eggshells (ES)/TiO₂ in various ratios. TiO₂ and eggshell photocatalysts were also employed as control samples. The samples were characterized using X-ray Diffraction (XRD) to analyze the crystalline structure and phases, along with High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) to examine the morphology and surface structure at the microscopic level. These characterizations support the data analysis, offering insight into the relationship between structural and morphological properties and the photocatalytic performance of the composites. The photocatalytic efficiency of the composite was assessed in a suspension system using methylene blue (MB) solution as the target pollutant. Among the three different ratios, the ES/TiO2 (9:1) composite achieved the highest adsorption and 95.63 % photocatalytic degradation of MB. This indicates that the adsorptive capacity of eggshells is very high, even though it primarily serves as a support for TiO₂ in the ES/TiO₂ composite photocatalyst. The increased surface area of the TiO₂/eggshell composite photocatalyst enhanced MB solution adsorption and photocatalytic degradation, thereby improving its effectiveness. Overall, it can be concluded that eggshells have excellent potential as a support for photocatalysts and as an environmentally friendly catalyst. Some highlights in this article:<ul><li><span>•</span><span><div>The Solid-State Dispersion (SSD) method is presented as an efficient and eco-friendly approach for synthesizing ES/TiO₂ composites.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>ES/TiO₂ composites effectively degraded methylene blue (MB) by 95.63 % under UV light.</div></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><div>This method promotes sustainability by reusing eggshell waste and improving environmental benefits through enhanced photocatalysis.</div></span></li></ul></div></div>","PeriodicalId":18446,"journal":{"name":"MethodsX","volume":"14 ","pages":"Article 103150"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11773248/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143059383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}