Progress in Canadian Mechanical Engineering. Volume 3最新文献

{"title":"Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ti-6Al-4V Parts Fabricated by Electron Beam Melting under Dynamic Compression Tests","authors":"R. Alaghmandfard, Dharmendra Chalasani, A. Odeshi, M. Mohammadi","doi":"10.32393/csme.2020.1190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32393/csme.2020.1190","url":null,"abstract":"In this research, the effect of strain rate on the microstructure evolution, mechanical properties, and deformation mechanisms of the horizontally printed Ti-6Al-4V cylindrical rods produced by electron beam melting (EBM) was investigated. The initial microstructure consists of α and β phases, and columnar prior β -grain boundaries oriented along the building direction. Dynamic compression tests at three different strain rates (690 s -1 , 1580 s -1 , and 2220 s -1 ) were performed using a Split-Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) apparatus. The variations in dynamic mechanical properties were correlated with the microstructural features such as α platelet width, interlamellar spacing, and fragmentation. Adiabatic shear bands (ASBs) formed in the thermally softened areas in the samples deformed at higher strain rates, which led to the fracture. The fracture of test specimen at high strain rates is attributed to the formation of voids and their subsequent growth and coalescence under thermal instability along the adiabatic shear bands during deformation. In the fractured samples, features of both ductile (presence of dimples) and brittle (smoother surfaces) were observed. With the increase in strain rate from 690 s -1 to 2220 s -1 , yield strength (YS), ultimate compressive strength (UCS), and strain-to-fracture increased by 48%, 28%, and 286%.","PeriodicalId":184087,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Canadian Mechanical Engineering. Volume 3","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124871917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Developed Approach for Incorporating the Equations of State into the Shan-Chen model","authors":"Saleh S. Baakeem, S. Bawazeer, A. Mohamad","doi":"10.32393/csme.2020.101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32393/csme.2020.101","url":null,"abstract":"Owing to its simplicity and flexibility, the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) is an alternative method to the conventional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques in simulating a single-phase and multiphase fluid flows, and transport phenomena, successfully and efficiently. The Shan–Chen (SC) model is the most widely used model in the open literature due to its simplicity and flexibility in simulating multiphase systems. In this work, a method to incorporate the Equations of State (EoS) into the SC model is proposed and analyzed. Three popular EoSs—van der Waals EoS, Redlich–Kwong EoS, and Carnahan and Starling’s EoS—are coupled with the SC model. The difference between previously proposed approaches and the current one is in the manner of determining parameters (a and b) of the EoS. In the developed approach, the parameters become a function of the critical properties of a substance. The effects of an arbitrary constant ( ), temperature, and the controlling strength parameter (G) on surface tension are discussed. The results show that the SC model sometimes yields negative values of surface tension when is set below 1.5. The developed model enhances the flexibility of the SC model in simulating a single component multiphase system.","PeriodicalId":184087,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Canadian Mechanical Engineering. Volume 3","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124504122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical Simulation and Analysis of Aerodynamic Characteristics of Road Vehicles in Platoon","authors":"Wei Gao, Zhaowen Deng, Yingpan Feng, Yuping He","doi":"10.32393/csme.2020.1154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32393/csme.2020.1154","url":null,"abstract":"—With the spiking of fuel price and increasingly stringent emission regulation requirements, it brings a more daunting challenge for researchers and engineers to reduce the aerodynamic drag of road vehicles. When a vehicle is traveling in a platoon, the wake flow of the leading vehicle can affect the aerodynamic characteristics of the following vehicle. Due to the interaction of the flow field of the involved vehicles, the aerodynamic drag of each vehicle changes, which results in the alteration of the vehicle's fuel consumption. In the study, a single MIRA model was generated using CATIA software. The external flow field of the MIRA was imitated by CFD simulation. The numerical result of the drag coefficient was compared with the wind tunnel test results of Hunan University, China. The drag coefficient errors between the simulated value and the experimental result are less than 6%. It implies that the simulation and tests achieve a good agreement. The benchmark indicates that the numerical simulation method is reliable. By means of CFD simulation, we explored the effects of separation distance, the number of vehicles in the platoon, the shape of the vehicle, and the speed of vehicle platoon on the aerodynamic properties of vehicles in platooning. The results of the numerical simulation demonstrate that although the influences of the aforementioned parameters on the aerodynamic properties of leading and trailing vehicles in the platoon are different, but the average drag coefficient of vehicle platoon is lower than that of a single vehicle, which is beneficial to improve the fuel economy of vehicle.","PeriodicalId":184087,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Canadian Mechanical Engineering. Volume 3","volume":"79 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121894893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Error of Displacement Measurements using Digital Volume Correlation and High Resolution Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography","authors":"Dylan Zaluski, S. Kontulainen, J. Johnston","doi":"10.32393/CSME.2020.1171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32393/CSME.2020.1171","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Digital volume correlation (DVC) is a 3D image processing technique for non-invasive assessment of internal deformation of structures in unloaded and loaded (deformed) states. One application of DVC is experimental validation of displacement predictions from subject-specific finite element (FE) models of bone. FE models can help clinicians and researchers better understand musculoskeletal diseases which affect bone mechanics (e.g., osteoporosis, osteoarthritis); however, FE models must be validated by experimental testing. Micro-CT is typically used for DVC due to its low noise and high resolution but the scanner is limited to small bone samples. High-resolution peripheral quantitative CT (HR-pQCT) can scan larger volumes, making it suitable for studying long bones affected by musculoskeletal disease (e.g., tibia, femur). The aim of this study was to estimate errors associated with DVC measures of displacement using HR-pQCT scans. Methods: Five cadaveric proximal tibiae were scanned twice using HR-pQCT (integration time 300ms, isotropic voxel size 41µm) with no external load. Due to limitations in detector size, each specimen scan was acquired as a series of 8 blocks of 220 slices each, with a 20-slice overlap between each consecutive block. After reconstruction and ring artifact correction of all blocks, the full 8-block scan volumes were obtained by rigidly registering the overlapping blocks and linearly blending the common regions using a custom program in MATLAB. A variety of noise filters (median, bilateral, total variation diminishing and non-local means) were tested to identify which method resulted in the lowest displacement measurement error. Displacement fields for the zero-strain scans were obtained using a commercial DVC software (DaVis 10.01, LaVision Inc.). (SD) (LSC) 95% Results: With or without noise filtering, the SD of the x , y and z displacement components were 4.0, 9.0 and 8.5µm respectively, corresponding to LSCs of 11.1, 25.0 and 23.5µm. Displacement errors were highest at the transition region between scan blocks due to registration inaccuracy.","PeriodicalId":184087,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Canadian Mechanical Engineering. Volume 3","volume":"241 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132226007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Net Zero Energy Building Design in Tropical Climatic Conditions of Mumbai, India","authors":"Saunak Shukla, Jeremy Lytle, K. Ye, W. Leong, A. Fung","doi":"10.32393/csme.2020.115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32393/csme.2020.115","url":null,"abstract":"Approximately 40% of the world’s population currently reside in tropical geographical zones, defined as the region of the planet spanning between latitudes of 23  N and 23  S. The tropical region is generally projected to be most adversely and rapidly affected by mechanisms of climate change. As a result, resilience in infrastructure and buildings is of paramount importance to the region. The present case study documents the design of a 17,500 ft 2 (1,625 m 2 ) net zero energy building for a document storage and archive center in Mumbai, India. Net zero energy constitutes that the building’s energy demands can be balanced with locally available and/or building installed Renewable Energy Sources (RES), on an annual basis. A highlight of the design challenge in this climate is the high demand for cooling and dehumidification, with the archival zones of the building requiring constant air conditioning to maintain its artifacts within a specific set point of 65  F (18  C) and 40% RH. Decisions such as building orientation, building envelope, shading, and mechanical system selection are informed by comprehensive climate analysis. The prescriptive requirements set by 2018 International Green Construction Code is used as a reference design upon which a variety of further energy conservation measures (ECMs) are employed to achieve the net zero target. Considerations include building envelope optimization, LED lighting, solar hot water, airside energy/enthalpy recovery and other mechanical system upgrades. Climatic implications of ground source heat pump (GSHP) technology in the area are considered to investigate feasibility. Ultimately an iterative design process is conducted whereby each design iteration is evaluated against the reference case with regards to annual energy performance and life cycle cost over a 50-year operating horizon. On-site generation is supplied by a rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV) array. This system benefits from the roof area of 2,075 m 2 , which is 27%","PeriodicalId":184087,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Canadian Mechanical Engineering. Volume 3","volume":"569 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130282286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and Analysis of an Origami-Inspired Deployable Metamorphic Robotic Grasper","authors":"Sen Wang, J. Xia, Hailin Huang, Bing Li, Hu Ying, Rongqiang Liu","doi":"10.32393/csme.2020.41","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32393/csme.2020.41","url":null,"abstract":"—In this paper, an origami-inspired deployable metamorphic robotic grasper (ODMRG) with three limbs is presented, which can be used to grasp the large-scale unknown objects. First, using thickness-accommodation technique, a thick-origami basic module is introduced, and its mobility is also calculated by applying screw theory. The single limb consisting of four motion modules and one fixed module is illustrated. There are two metamorphic positions that enable this limb to have four different configurations from the stored state to grasping state. The metamorphic process and mobility analysis of such limb are provided in this paper. Then, the assembly of 3-limbs grasper is described, after which the grasper can be stored tightly and deployed compactly. In addition, the discussion about deploy/fold ratio of this grasper is given, which indicates that the deploy/fold ratio of this grasper can be increased by adding the number of modules. Finally, the workspace and dexterity of the grasper is presented. The shape adaptability in grasping are also tested, which shows that the gasper can adapt to the large-scale objects in different shapes.","PeriodicalId":184087,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Canadian Mechanical Engineering. Volume 3","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128558217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aero-engine Casings Modal Characteristic Assessment using an Efficient and Novel Modal Assurance Criterion Methodology","authors":"Seyed-Ehsan Mir-Haidari, K. Behdinan","doi":"10.32393/csme.2020.118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32393/csme.2020.118","url":null,"abstract":"— In this paper, a novel modelling methodology and experimental protocol has been proposed for a computationally efficient means of performing modal characteristic assessment while addressing the issue of spatial phase angle difference that arises in vibration analysis of axisymmetric structures. An experimental modal characteristic assessment is performed by means of a roving hammer impact test, frequency comparison, and a novel modal assurance criterion assessment methodology. The technical accuracy of the obtained vibrational characteristics is verified using simulations results based on both high fidelity and simplified FEM models. LMS software is used to perform the experimental assessment and post processing of data while MSC. PATRAN and MSC.NASTRAN are used to implement the proposed novel theory of addressing spatial phase angle differences that are associated to axisymmetric structures, such as the aero-engine casings.","PeriodicalId":184087,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Canadian Mechanical Engineering. Volume 3","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122857353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combining Ground Source Heat Pump and Organic Rankine Cyle for Power and Heat","authors":"Roshaan Mudasar, W. Leong, A. Fung","doi":"10.32393/csme.2020.1231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32393/csme.2020.1231","url":null,"abstract":"This study is conducted to analyze the working of borehole thermal energy storage (BTES) with ground source heat pump (GSHP) and organic Rankine cycle (ORC). Drake Landing Solar Community (DLSC) situated in Okotoks, Alberta, Canada with 144 boreholes generating 236 kW of the heating load is taken as a case study to investigate its functionality when coupling with GSHP and ORC. Nine different refrigerants falling in the desired temperature range when BTES temperature drops to 60°C or 50°C during the winter season. This work is an effort to make the existing heating system into a combined heat and power (CHP) system, which is able to generate power to run the BTES and district loop pumps and also provides the heating at the same time. Results revealed that, at a source temperature of 50°C from the BTES, the combination of refrigerant R1234YF-R1234YF was considered to be the best at 75°C evaporation temperature; it raised the fluid temperature at the condenser to 83°C by having maximum coefficient of performance of 3.5 of GSHP and overall combined heat and power efficiency of 77%.","PeriodicalId":184087,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Canadian Mechanical Engineering. Volume 3","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116001593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gels in Ocean Waves – Behaviour and Implications for Spill Response","authors":"R. Cunningham, G. Lawrence, H. Sharifi","doi":"10.32393/csme.2020.114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32393/csme.2020.114","url":null,"abstract":"While oil-gelling technology shows promise in the remediation of marine oil spills, the behaviour of marine surface gels has been left mostly unexplored in academia. In particular, the interactions between viscoelastic gels and surface waves are poorly understood. Determining what wave conditions result in the breakup of a gel layer could help predict the effectiveness of these technologies in the field. This study adopts an experimental perspective to provide insight into the behaviour of viscoelastic gels in waves. Orbital motions of water particles in a linear wave will result in a spatially variable velocity field under a marine surface gel. This will cause different parts of the gel to experience drag of differing magnitude and direction, leading to a net tensile force which oscillates in time. Analytical models were developed to explain the response of simple elastic, Kelvin-Voigt, and Maxwell materials to this type of forcing. While a low-density gel exposed to waves on the water surface is more directly comparable to oceanic conditions, dense-gel experiments could allow the isolation of wave-induced longitudinal stretching from wave-induced bending. In these experiments, a dense gel (gelatin) was placed on the bottom of a 4.7m wave tank and constrained vertically. Applying monochromatic, linear waves to the system resulted in an observable oscillatory strain. Tests were conducted for a variety of gel lengths and wave conditions. Breakage was observed when strain, and therefore stress, exceeded a certain threshold. The levels of stress required to achieve these strains were, however, greater than those predicted by the derived analytical models. This is likely the result of pressure effects associated with experimentation at the bottom of a wave tank. Nonetheless, this study provides an initial perspective on how wave-induced longitudinal stretching could influence oil-spill remediation. Word count: 288","PeriodicalId":184087,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Canadian Mechanical Engineering. Volume 3","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116901476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intermittent Pneumatic Compression","authors":"Cederick Landry, A. Arami, S. Peterson","doi":"10.32393/csme.2020.48","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32393/csme.2020.48","url":null,"abstract":"Intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC) systems are generally used as a prophylactic for venous insufficiency (e.g., deep vein thrombosis) in the lower limbs by emulating the action of the muscle pump. Recent studies have demonstrated that compressing and releasing the calf within each heartbeat enhances blood flow compared to typical “slow” compression methods. However, each individual’s hemodynamics can be sensitive to the compression timing within the heartbeat. Assessing the optimal compression timing is a complex process, since it changes from one individual to another, but also for every heartbeat. Therefore, a good understanding of the relationship between the hemodynamics and compression timing is required. The aim of this study is to assess whether blood flow in the femoral artery is predictable when external pressure is applied to the calf at different times within the cardiac cycle. Four participants wore a custom IPC device and the timing of the compression within the cardiac cycle was randomly varied for one hour. The following measurements were collected: femoral blood velocity (BV), electrocardiogram (ECG), and the applied pressure. Predicting the BV is a two-step process. (1) ECG is predicted one sample ahead by a nonlinear auto-regressive (NAR) model. (2) The femoral blood velocity is predicted by a NAR with exogenous inputs (NARX) model using the ECG and the measured external pressure as external inputs. Our NAR and NARX models consist of artificial neural network models that were trained to predict the blood flow one sample ahead (~10 ms). Once trained, those models were used in a closed-loop form to predict the ECG and the blood velocity (BV) traces of the next heartbeat. Even though the models failed to predict the next ECG R-wave, the prediction of the ECG and the BV was accurate between two successive R-waves, showing that the BV can be predicted for one heartbeat ahead. Keywords-component; Intermittent pneumatic compression, deep vein thrombosis, blood flow, machine learning","PeriodicalId":184087,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Canadian Mechanical Engineering. Volume 3","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116937379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}