Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran最新文献

{"title":"Incidence, Mortality and Five-Year Survival of Colorectal Cancer in the Republic of Kazakhstan (2013-2023).","authors":"Dina Toleutayeva, Gulnar Shalgumbayeva, Assel Tukinova, Lyazzat Dyussenova, Tolegen Toleutayev","doi":"10.47176/mjiri.40.3","DOIUrl":"10.47176/mjiri.40.3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Colorectal cancer remains a significant public health concern globally and in Kazakhstan, with rising incidence rates partly attributed to improved screening and lifestyle changes. This study aimed to assess epidemiological trends in colorectal cancer in Kazakhstan from 2013 to 2023, focusing on incidence, mortality, and five-year survival rates.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This population-based registry analysis utilized national cancer registry data on colorectal cancer (CRC) morbidity and mortality. All registered cases from 2013 to 2023 were included. Five-year survival was estimated using aggregated registry data (observed survival). Temporal trends were evaluated using simple linear regression.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Between 2013 and 2023, colorectal cancer incidence in Kazakhstan slightly increased (from 8.9 to 9.8 per 100,000), while mortality significantly decreased by 32.7% (from 4.9 to 3.3; B = -6.64, reflecting an overall downward trend over the study period; <i>P</i> < 0.001), particularly in East Kazakhstan. Rectal cancer incidence increased in South Kazakhstan (B = 5.46; <i>P</i> = 0.007) and Astana (B = 1.59; <i>P</i> = 0.014), but declined in the Almaty region (B = -1.88; <i>P</i> = 0.008). Mortality decreased notably in the Almaty region, Almaty city, and North Kazakhstan. Five-year observed survival rates for CRC improved from 44.1% to 52.0%, and for rectal cancer from 42.0% to 47.0%.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Despite the decline in colorectal cancer mortality in Kazakhstan from 2013 to 2023, the persistently high rate of late-stage diagnoses underscores the urgent need to strengthen early detection efforts and implement region-specific interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":18361,"journal":{"name":"Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran","volume":"40 ","pages":"3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13404077/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148604943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Forty Years of Primary Health Care (PHC) in Iran: Achievements, Lessons and Future Directions.","authors":"Mahnaz Afshari, Alireza Raeisi, Reza Majdzadeh, Elham Ahmadnezhad, Leila Doshmangir, Mohsen Asadi-Lari","doi":"10.47176/mjiri.40.2","DOIUrl":"10.47176/mjiri.40.2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Iran's Primary Health Care (PHC) system was designed and structured in the post-revolution era and rooted in the principles of the Alma-Ata Declaration, over four decades (1985-2025), it has evolved into one of the most resilient and equity-driven primary care platforms in the Global South. Serving a population exceeding 85 million, it illustrates how sustained investment in community-based care can generate population-level impact despite geopolitical pressures, economic sanctions, and shifting epidemiological realities. This review, as a commemoration of 40 years of PHC establishment, expansion, and institutionalization, synthesizes the system's historical evolution, transformative achievements, persistent constraints, and strategic directions for the decades ahead. Iran's PHC network has achieved near-universal rural coverage, dramatic reductions in maternal, neonatal, and child mortality, and substantial gains in life expectancy. These achievements have been preserved despite war, prolonged sanctions, and the COVID-19 pandemic. The Health Transformation Plan (HTP, 2014) represented a major step toward universal health coverage (UHC), reducing out-of-pocket payments. Yet substantial challenges remain: structural under-resourcing, insufficient community participation in urban settings, limited PHC coverage in large metropolitan areas, the rising burden of noncommunicable diseases, fragmentation, and insufficient inter-sectoral collaboration. Looking toward 2050, Iran's strategic trajectory depends on modernizing PHC through digital innovation, data-informed decision-making, strengthening self-care capabilities, reinforcing continuity of care for all population groups, revitalizing community engagement, particularly in urban settings, and embedding stronger equity safeguards across the entire system. With deliberate reorganization and sustained political commitment, supported by intersectoral governance, Iran's PHC system can consolidate four decades of progress and offer a compelling, adaptable blueprint for health systems navigating resource constraints and geopolitical adversity.</p>","PeriodicalId":18361,"journal":{"name":"Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran","volume":"40 ","pages":"2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13404471/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148604824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Primary Health Care in Iran at 40: Equity, Resilience, and the Road Ahead.","authors":"Mohammad Farhadi, Hamid R Baradaran","doi":"10.47176/mjiri.40.1","DOIUrl":"10.47176/mjiri.40.1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18361,"journal":{"name":"Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran","volume":"40 ","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13404225/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148604704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The 39th Anniversary of the Medical Journal of the I.R of Iran.","authors":"Hamid R Baradaran, Marzieh Khadem Sharif","doi":"10.47176/mjiri.39.169","DOIUrl":"10.47176/mjiri.39.169","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18361,"journal":{"name":"Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran","volume":"39 ","pages":"169"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13404415/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148604986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Annual Acknowledgement of Reviewers.","authors":"Hamid R Baradaran","doi":"10.47176/mjiri.39.170","DOIUrl":"10.47176/mjiri.39.170","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The editors of Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran (MJIRI) would like to thank all our reviewers who have contributed to the journal in Volume 39 (2025).</p>","PeriodicalId":18361,"journal":{"name":"Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran","volume":"39 ","pages":"170"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13404606/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148604994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing Public Health Strategies to Prevent Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV: Insights from a Cohort Study in Iran.","authors":"Monireh Faghir-Ganji, Seyed Abbas Motevalian, Katayoun Tayeri, Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam, Babak Eshrati","doi":"10.47176/mjiri.39.168","DOIUrl":"10.47176/mjiri.39.168","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Expanded access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) has dramatically reduced mother-to-child transmission of HIV. However, delayed diagnosis, poor linkage to care, and persistent socioeconomic barriers remain key challenges. This cohort study in Iran aimed to assess service delivery performance and address these existing gaps to optimize prevention strategies and further minimize the risks of perinatal transmission.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective cohort study analyzed 1,210 HIV-positive mother-infant pairs using data from the Ministry of Health's electronic registry (spanning 2011 to 2024). Infants were followed up for up to 18 months, and their final HIV status was confirmed by PCR testing; infants with at least one positive PCR were considered HIV positive, while those with two negative PCRs were classified as HIV negative. Inclusion criteria included maternal HIV diagnosis, attendance at counseling centers, and documentation of two neonatal PCR test results; cases with incomplete data were excluded. The final neonatal HIV status was considered the outcome variable. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression (SPSS 26), with p < 0.05 as the criterion for statistical significance.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study cohort included 1,210 infants, identifying 60 HIV-positive cases and 1,150 HIV-negative cases. Initial descriptive analyses showed that the mean maternal age did not differ significantly between the HIV-positive mothers (37.88 ± 5.34 years) and HIV-negative mothers (37.49 ± 6.11 years), with p > 0.05. Multivariate logistic regression analysis independently associated four major factors with the risk of transmission. Normal Vaginal Delivery (NVD) was associated with a significantly increased risk, showing 5.41 times higher odds of the outcome compared to C-section delivery (OR = 5.41; 95% CI: 2.60-11.30), higher maternal viral load (OR = 2.92; 95% CI: 1.30-6.59), and an earlier date of the first prenatal visit (OR = 0.99; 95% CI: 0.99-1.00), which conferred a minor protective effect. While the effect of ART initiation timing was statistically significant, its OR was very close to unity (1.00; 95% CI: 1.00-1.001), rendering it clinically negligible. Only the Type of Delivery remained the strongest independent risk factor for transmission (OR=7.39, 95% CI: 3.83-14.2), and the effect of timing factors (such as Date of First Visit and Start Date of ART) was attenuated by this stronger factor in the final model.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Overall, this study highlights that preventing HIV transmission from mother to child relies on factors such as the delivery method based on viral load, early initiation of ART, timely prenatal visits, and monitoring of viral load. Maintaining a low viral load is crucial, and prevention programs should prioritize these elements to minimize the risk of transmission.</p>","PeriodicalId":18361,"journal":{"name":"Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran","volume":"39 ","pages":"168"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13097235/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147775681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex-related Differences in Health Related Quality of Life Among Hemodialysis Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta Analysis.","authors":"Yerbol Onalbekov, Zarema Gabdilashimova, Sholpan Kadyr","doi":"10.47176/mjiri.39.167","DOIUrl":"10.47176/mjiri.39.167","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is a key patient-centered outcome in hemodialysis (HD) care, but sex-related differences remain poorly quantified. This systematic review and meta-analysis are focused on comparing HRQoL scores between female and male HD patients across generic (SF-36) and kidney-specific (KDQOL-SF) domains.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This systematic review and meta-analysis followed PRISMA 2020 guidelines and was registered in PROSPERO (CRD420251078233). PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, and Google Scholar were searched for observational studies reporting HRQoL by sex in adult HD patients published from January 2000 to June 2025. Two reviewers independently screened studies, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias. Mean differences (Females-Males) were pooled using REML random-effects models (95% CI), heterogeneity was quantified using I² and the Q-test, and small-study bias was evaluated using funnel plots and Egger's regression.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Nineteen studies (N=6025; 2713 female, 3312 males) were included. In SF-36 domains, females scored lower than males across all eight scales, most notably in Bodily Pain (<i>P</i><0.001), Role-Physical (<i>P</i><0.001), and Physical Functioning (<i>P</i><0.001). Egger's test indicated small-study bias only for Bodily Pain and General Health. In KDQOL domains, females reported worse \"Symptoms and Problems\" (<i>P</i>=0.0653) and \"Effects on Daily Life\" (<i>P</i>=0.0087), with no other significant sex differences.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Female HD patients consistently experience poorer HRQoL than males across multiple SF-36 and select KDQOL domains. These findings highlight the need for sex-sensitive interventions, such as tailored pain management and psychosocial support, to improve quality of life in females receiving HD.</p>","PeriodicalId":18361,"journal":{"name":"Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran","volume":"39 ","pages":"167"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13097204/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147774787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the Link Between SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR Cycle Threshold, Clinical Characteristics, and Laboratory Results in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients With Neurological and Autoimmune Conditions.","authors":"Mohammad Ghodrati, Ramtin Naderian, Ali Ghasemi, Mahdieh Tarahomi, Pegah Pooya, Majid Eslami, Hadi Ghaffari","doi":"10.47176/mjiri.39.166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47176/mjiri.39.166","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is having a significant impact on global health and the global economy. Notably, the virus can persist in various organs postinfection, potentially triggering chronic inflammation and long-term health issues, including neurological and autoimmune disorders. This study examines the association between SARS-CoV-2 viral load (measured by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction [RT-PCR] cycle threshold [Ct] values) and clinical/laboratory parameters in hospitalized COVID-19 patients with preexisting neurological or autoimmune disorders.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study included 86 COVID-19 patients hospitalized in Kowsar and Amir-Al-Momenin hospitals, affiliated with Semnan University of Medical Sciences, from September 2022 to March 2023. Nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swab samples were collected and analyzed using RT-PCR. Clinical data, including demographic information, clinical manifestations, and laboratory parameters, were statistically analyzed using SPSS (version 26). Variables with <i>P</i> ≤ 0.05 were considered significant.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This cohort study comprised 38 men (44.2%) and 48 women (55.8%), with a median age of 61 years. Neurological diseases were present in 12 patients (14%), and autoimmune diseases were observed in 6 patients (7%). The mean age of patients with neurological diseases was significantly higher than that of patients without neurological diseases (74.75 vs 66.24 years, <i>P</i> = 0.045). At the same time, no significant differences were found in clinical parameters, including fasting blood glucose (FBG), white blood cell (WBC) count, and liver function tests (AST, ALT), between patients with and without neurological or autoimmune diseases. Survival analysis indicated a marginally significant association between neurological diseases and survival (<i>P</i> = 0.050), whereas no significant association was observed for autoimmune diseases.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study did not find significant associations between SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR Ct values and the presence of neurological or autoimmune diseases in COVID-19 patients. While Ct values reflect viral load, other factors, such as pre-existing conditions, genetic predisposition, and immune responses, may play a more critical role in the development of these conditions. Further prospective studies are necessary to elucidate these complex relationships and improve patient treatment strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":18361,"journal":{"name":"Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran","volume":"39 ","pages":"166"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13659710/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149182858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Peripheral IL-6/IL-17/NF-κB1 and IL-10 Signaling in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Integrative Transcriptomic Analysis and qRT-PCR Validation.","authors":"Yoosra Najim Abed Al-Saadi, Zainab Basim Mohammed, Mithal Abdulkareem Abdoun, Ali Mahmoudi","doi":"10.47176/mjiri.39.165","DOIUrl":"10.47176/mjiri.39.165","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is associated with immune and inflammatory dysregulation. However, the molecular networks linking peripheral immune signatures to neuroinflammatory processes remain poorly understood. This study aimed to explore inflammation-related molecular pathways in ASD through integrated transcriptomic network analysis and to validate key cytokine genes (IL6, IL10, IL17, NF-κB1) using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was an integrative computational-experimental study. We analyzed 4 gene expression Omnibus (GEO) transcriptomic datasets (GSE18123, GSE111176, GSE87847, GSE6575), constructed protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks, and identified inflammation-related modules. Selected inflammatory genes (IL6, IL10, IL17, NF-ΚB1) were validated by qRT-PCR in peripheral blood samples from ASD (n = 15) and healthy controls (n = 5). Statistical analyses were conducted in R. Data normality was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test, and normally distributed variables were compared using t-tests.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Integration of datasets revealed core differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and a connected PPI network (26 nodes, 88 edges), with hub genes such as PUM1, TRRAP, ILF3, INO80, and PTBP1. Functional enrichment indicated cytokine-mediated signaling, leukocyte activation, and neuroinflammation processes. Network analysis highlighted central regulators linking chromatin remodeling, ribonucleic acid (RNA) processing, and immune signaling. qRT-PCR confirmed dysregulation of IL6 (fold change ≈ 12.8, <i>P</i> = 0.049), IL17 (≈ 21.3, <i>P</i> = 0.048), NF-ΚB1 (≈ 42.4, <i>P</i> = 0.039), and IL10 (≈ 0.101, <i>P</i> = 0.038).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The findings suggest an IL-6/IL-17/NF-κB1-centric proinflammatory axis and reduced IL-10-mediated regulation in ASD, implicating peripheral immune activation and transcriptional regulators in neuroinflammatory processes. The identified hub genes and pathways may serve as biomarkers and therapeutic targets for an inflammation-associated ASD subtype. Limitations include small qRT-PCR sample size and lack of protein-level validation; future studies should explore longitudinal and multiomics approaches.</p>","PeriodicalId":18361,"journal":{"name":"Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran","volume":"39 ","pages":"165"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13404083/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148604942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Application of Machine Learning to Predict Clinical Outcomes of Deep Brain Stimulation in Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Parisa Javadnia, Mohammad Rohani, Elahe Amini, Mohammad Yousefi, Atieh Jafarabadi Ashtiani, Sadra Rohani, Arezoo Farzi","doi":"10.47176/mjiri.39.164","DOIUrl":"10.47176/mjiri.39.164","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Parkinson's disease (PD) is a degenerative condition of the nervous system that is primarily characterized by a gradual decline of motor function. For patients with suboptimal response to medical treatment, deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a well-recognized surgical approach. This systematic review evaluates the performance of machine learning (ML) models in classifying patients or symptoms or to predict postoperative outcomes following DBS in PD.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, Embase, and Web of Science were searched in accordance with PRISMA through December 31, 2024. We included original human studies of DBS-treated PD in which ML used clinical (non-imaging) features to classify patients or symptoms, or to predict postoperative outcomes. Cohort, cross-sectional, and case-series designs were eligible. Imaging-based prediction studies were excluded.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>From 961 records, eight studies (n=555 patients) met the inclusion criteria. Three studies performed preoperative-to-postoperative outcome prediction, and five focused on symptom or patient classification. Targets included motor severity, speech outcomes, and gait-related measures. The Support Vector Machine (SVM) was the most frequently applied ML model, followed by the k-nearest neighbor, which was used in three studies. Commonly used assessment tools included the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Hoehn and Yahr Scale, and the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This review highlights early but exploratory application of ML for patients' or symptoms classification and predicting clinical outcomes and adverse events following DBS using preoperative clinical data. However, the current evidence is sparse, single-center, and methodologically heterogeneous, with limited external validation. Therefore, clinical translation remains premature.</p>","PeriodicalId":18361,"journal":{"name":"Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran","volume":"39 ","pages":"164"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13097215/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147775273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}