Medical History最新文献_第2页

Culpeper’s herbal The English Physitian and its debt to apothecary John Parkinson 卡尔佩珀的草药《英国医师》及其欠药剂师约翰-帕金森的债

IF 1.4 2区哲学

Medical History Pub Date : 2024-09-13 DOI: 10.1017/mdh.2024.22

Graeme Tobyn

{"title":"Culpeper’s herbal The English Physitian and its debt to apothecary John Parkinson","authors":"Graeme Tobyn","doi":"10.1017/mdh.2024.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2024.22","url":null,"abstract":"In this textual comparison of seventeenth-century herbals, I show in detail that most of the descriptions and medicinal uses of English herbs included in Culpeper’s small folio The English Physitian (1652) and its enlargement of the following year were lifted straight out of the works of John Parkinson, apothecary. This was a deliberate act by Culpeper, to make available to the people of England the best information on native plant medicines for use in treating their illnesses. He attacked the College of Physicians of London, whom the great majority of the population could not afford to engage, for trying to keep this knowledge secret. Among later historians of the herbal tradition, Culpeper’s work was not accorded the same status as the great English herbals of William Turner, John Gerard, and John Parkinson, not because this borrowing was recognised but because its astrological content worked to divert attention from the quality and source of much of its guidance on treatment. Even contemporaries of Culpeper did not recognise the extent of the borrowing. Comparisons also reveal the limitations of Culpeper’s powers of plant description and his lack of interest in the developing science of botany. The editorial decisions Culpeper made to reduce a great folio herbal to a much smaller book to be sold for 3d touch on domestic and other non-medical uses, while points of discussion common to both authors such as the doctrine of signatures and superstitious beliefs about plants are explored.","PeriodicalId":18275,"journal":{"name":"Medical History","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142182477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Nourishing food, clean air and exercise: medical debates over environment and polar hygiene on Robert Falcon Scott's British National Antarctic expedition, 1901-1904. 营养食品、清洁空气和锻炼：1901-1904 年罗伯特-法尔孔-斯科特的英国国家南极探险队关于环境和极地卫生的医学辩论。

IF 0.9 2区哲学

Medical History Pub Date : 2024-07-01 Epub Date: 2024-03-18 DOI: 10.1017/mdh.2024.3

Edward Armston-Sheret

{"title":"Nourishing food, clean air and exercise: medical debates over environment and polar hygiene on Robert Falcon Scott's British National Antarctic expedition, 1901-1904.","authors":"Edward Armston-Sheret","doi":"10.1017/mdh.2024.3","DOIUrl":"10.1017/mdh.2024.3","url":null,"abstract":"The late nineteenth and early twentieth century saw dramatic new developments in climatic medicine, particularly the institutionalisation of thinking about tropical hygiene. There were also more limited efforts to understand how hygiene theories should be applied in a polar environment. Studying the British National Antarctic Expedition (1901-1904), led by Robert Falcon Scott, helps us understand how these practices had both similarities and differences from applications of hygiene in other contexts. The expedition offers unique insights into debates about hygiene, environment, and health because of the important, and well documented, role that medics, naval officers and scientists played in organising logistical arrangements for the journey to Antarctica. In analysing the writings of expedition members and organisers, this paper examines the ways that the universal tools of hygiene theories were applied and developed in a polar environment. Many of the most acute threats seemed to come not from the outside environment but from the explorers' supplies and equipment. There was general agreement on many issues. Yet the expedition's organisers, medics and leadership had numerous arguments about the best way to preserve or restore health. These disagreements were the product of both competing medical theories about the cause of disease and the importance of embodied (and somewhat subjective) observations in establishing the safety of foods, atmospheres and environments in this period.","PeriodicalId":18275,"journal":{"name":"Medical History","volume":" ","pages":"308-324"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11655163/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140143827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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Medical schools in empires: connecting the dots - CORRIGENDUM. 帝国的医学院：连点——勘误。

IF 0.9 2区哲学

Medical History Pub Date : 2024-07-01 Epub Date: 2024-12-09 DOI: 10.1017/mdh.2024.37

Hohee Cho, Martin Robert

引用次数: 0

MDH volume 68 issue 3 Cover and Front matter. MDH第68卷第3期封面和封面问题。

IF 0.9 2区哲学

Medical History Pub Date : 2024-07-01 Epub Date: 2024-12-09 DOI: 10.1017/mdh.2024.46

引用次数: 0

Medical schools in empires: connecting the dots. 帝国的医学院：连接点。

IF 0.9 2区哲学

Medical History Pub Date : 2024-05-27 DOI: 10.1017/mdh.2024.14

Hohee Cho, Martin Robert

{"title":"Medical schools in empires: connecting the dots.","authors":"Hohee Cho, Martin Robert","doi":"10.1017/mdh.2024.14","DOIUrl":"10.1017/mdh.2024.14","url":null,"abstract":"This article provides an overview of the historiography of medical education and calls for greater attention to the connections between medical schools. It begins by reviewing research on medical education in imperial metropoles. Researchers have compared medical schools in different national contexts, traced travellers between them or examined the hierarchies that medical education created within the medical profession. The article then shows how historians have emphasised the ways in which medicine in colonial empires was shaped by negotiation, exchange, hybridisation and competition. The final part of the article introduces the special issue 'Medical Education in Empires'. Drawing on a variety of sources in English, French, Dutch and Chinese, the special issue builds on these historiographies by juxtaposing cases of medical schools in imperial contexts since the eighteenth century. It considers who funded these medical schools and why, what models of medicine underpinned their creation, what social changes they contributed to, what life was like in these schools, who the students and teachers were and what graduates did with their medical careers. This special issue thus contributes to clarifying the role of medical education in empires and the long-term impact of empires on the medical world.","PeriodicalId":18275,"journal":{"name":"Medical History","volume":" ","pages":"1-18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11458329/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141155304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

'Microcosm of the Pacific': Colonial encounters at the Central Medical School in Fiji. 太平洋的缩影"：斐济中央医学院的殖民遭遇。

IF 0.9 2区哲学

Medical History Pub Date : 2024-05-20 DOI: 10.1017/mdh.2024.10

Hohee Cho

{"title":"'Microcosm of the Pacific': Colonial encounters at the Central Medical School in Fiji.","authors":"Hohee Cho","doi":"10.1017/mdh.2024.10","DOIUrl":"10.1017/mdh.2024.10","url":null,"abstract":"While larger British colonies in Africa and Asia generally had their own medical services, the British took a different approach in the South Pacific by working with other colonial administrations. Together, colonial administrations of the South Pacific operated a centralised medical service based on the existing system of Native Medical Practitioners in Fiji. The cornerstone of this system was the Central Medical School, established in 1928. Various actors converged on the school despite its apparent isolation from global centres of power. It was run by the colonial government of Fiji, staffed by British-trained tutors, attended by students from twelve colonies, funded and supervised by the Rockefeller Foundation, and jointly managed by the colonial administrations of Britain, Australia, New Zealand, France and the United States. At the time of its establishment, it was seen as an experiment in international cooperation, to the point that the High Commissioner for the Western Pacific called it a 'microcosm of the Pacific'. Why did the British establish an intercolonial medical school in Oceania, so far from the imperial metropole? How did the medical curriculum at the Central Medical School standardise to meet the imperial norm? And in what ways did colonial encounters occur at the Central Medical School? This article provides answers to these questions by comparing archival documents acquired from five countries. In doing so, this article will pay special attention to the ways in which this medical training institution enabled enduring intercolonial encounters in the Pacific Islands.","PeriodicalId":18275,"journal":{"name":"Medical History","volume":" ","pages":"1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11458334/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141065924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Crafting British medicine in the Empire: the establishment of medical schools in India and Canada, 1763–1837 在帝国打造英国医学：1763-1837 年在印度和加拿大建立医学院

IF 1.4 2区哲学

Medical History Pub Date : 2024-04-12 DOI: 10.1017/mdh.2024.6

Martin Robert

引用次数: 0

Breakdown and reform: the Chilean road to the creation of ministries of hygiene and social welfare 1892–1931 崩溃与改革：1892-1931 年智利卫生和社会福利部的创建之路

IF 1.4 2区哲学

Medical History Pub Date : 2024-04-11 DOI: 10.1017/mdh.2024.2

Diego Barría Traverso, Diego Romero Pavez

{"title":"Breakdown and reform: the Chilean road to the creation of ministries of hygiene and social welfare 1892–1931","authors":"Diego Barría Traverso, Diego Romero Pavez","doi":"10.1017/mdh.2024.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2024.2","url":null,"abstract":"Doctors have played an important role in the development of health institutions in Latin America. However, they are not the only profession that has had a voice in these matters. There are also other factors influencing the development of ministries of health. This issue has gone unnoticed in the literature. This article suggests that it is possible to identify two distinct trends in the creation of health ministries in Latin America. The first, of an early nature, was seen principally in Central America and the Caribbean in countries dependent on or under the influence of the United States which, from the 1880s, promoted health Pan-Americanism. The second trend, which became apparent from 1924, was characterised by the emergence of ministries in a context of institutional breakdown and the appearance of new actors (military or populist leaders). This second trend was first seen in Chile in 1924. This article analyses the creation of the Ministerio de Higiene, Asistencia y Previsión Social (Ministry of Hygiene, Assistance and Social Security) in Chile in 1924 and its subsequent development through to 1931. The analysis looks at the health measures adopted, the context in which this occurred and the debates triggered by the ministry’s process of institutional development, based on parliamentary discussions, presidential speeches, official statistics, legislation, documents prepared by key actors and the press of the time.","PeriodicalId":18275,"journal":{"name":"Medical History","volume":"66 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140587869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Plague and the Mongol conquest of Baghdad (1258)? A reevaluation of the sources 瘟疫与蒙古征服巴格达（1258 年）？重新评估资料来源

IF 1.4 2区哲学

Medical History Pub Date : 2024-04-08 DOI: 10.1017/mdh.2023.38

Jonathan Brack, Michal Biran, Reuven Amitai

{"title":"Plague and the Mongol conquest of Baghdad (1258)? A reevaluation of the sources","authors":"Jonathan Brack, Michal Biran, Reuven Amitai","doi":"10.1017/mdh.2023.38","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2023.38","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reexamines the sources used by N. Fancy and M.H. Green in “Plague and the Fall of Baghdad (1258)” (Medical History, 65/2 (2021), 157–177). Fancy and Green argued that the Arabic and Persian descriptions of the Mongol sieges in Iran and Iraq, and in particular, in the conquest of Baghdad in 1258, indicate that the besieged fortresses and cities were struck by Plague after the Mongol sieges were lifted. This, they suggested, is part of a recurrent pattern of the outbreak of Plague transmitted by the Mongol expansion across Eurasia. Fancy and Green concluded that the primary sources substantiate the theory driven by recent paleogenetic studies indicating that the Mongol conquests of the thirteenth century set the stage for the massive pandemic of the mid-fourteenth century. The link between the Plague outbreak and the Mongol siege of Baghdad relies on three near-contemporaneous historical accounts. However, our re-examination of the sources shows that the main text (in Persian) has been significantly misunderstood, and that the two other texts (in Syriac and Arabic) have been mis-contextualized, and thus not understood properly. They do not support the authors’ claim regarding Plague epidemic in Baghdad in 1258, nor do other contemporary and later Arabic texts from Syria and Egypt adduced by them, which we re-examine in detail here. We conclude that there is no evidence for the appearance of Plague during or immediately after the Mongol conquests in the Middle East, certainly not for its transmission by the Mongols.","PeriodicalId":18275,"journal":{"name":"Medical History","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140587867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

‘The god of criminals is their belly’: diet, prisoner health, and prison medical officers in mid-nineteenth-century English and Irish prisons 罪犯之神是他们的肚子"：十九世纪中期英国和爱尔兰监狱中的饮食、囚犯健康和监狱医务人员

IF 1.4 2区哲学

Medical History Pub Date : 2024-04-08 DOI: 10.1017/mdh.2023.36

Catherine Cox, Hilary Marland

{"title":"‘The god of criminals is their belly’: diet, prisoner health, and prison medical officers in mid-nineteenth-century English and Irish prisons","authors":"Catherine Cox, Hilary Marland","doi":"10.1017/mdh.2023.36","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2023.36","url":null,"abstract":"Existing scholarship on prison diets has emphasised the role of food and its restriction as a key aspect of the deterrent system of prison discipline introduced in the 1860s. Here we suggest that a strong emphasis was placed on dietary regulation after the establishment of the reformist, but also ‘testing’, separate system of confinement in the mid-nineteenth century. While the impact of diet on the physical health of prisoners was a major concern, we argue that the psychological impact of food was also stressed, and some prison administrators and doctors argued that diet had an important protective function in preserving inmates’ mental wellbeing. Drawing on a wide range of prison archives and official reports, this article explores the crucial role of prison medical officers in England and Ireland in implementing prison dietaries. It highlights the importance and high level of individual adaptations to dietary scales laid down centrally, as a means of utilising diet as a tool of discipline or as an intervention to improve prisoners’ health. It examines the forays of some prison doctors into dietary experiments, as they investigated the impact of different dietaries or made more quotidian adjustments to food intake, based on local conditions and food supplies. The article concludes that, despite central policies geared to establishing uniformity and interest in new scientific discourses on nutrition, a wide range of practices were pursued in individual prisons, mostly shaped by practical rather than scientific factors, with many prison medical officers asserting their autonomy in making dietary adjustments.","PeriodicalId":18275,"journal":{"name":"Medical History","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140587872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0