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Plague and the Mongol conquest of Baghdad (1258)? A reevaluation of the sources 瘟疫与蒙古征服巴格达（1258 年）？重新评估资料来源

IF 1.4 2区哲学

Medical History Pub Date : 2024-04-08 DOI: 10.1017/mdh.2023.38

Jonathan Brack, Michal Biran, Reuven Amitai

{"title":"Plague and the Mongol conquest of Baghdad (1258)? A reevaluation of the sources","authors":"Jonathan Brack, Michal Biran, Reuven Amitai","doi":"10.1017/mdh.2023.38","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2023.38","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reexamines the sources used by N. Fancy and M.H. Green in “Plague and the Fall of Baghdad (1258)” (Medical History, 65/2 (2021), 157–177). Fancy and Green argued that the Arabic and Persian descriptions of the Mongol sieges in Iran and Iraq, and in particular, in the conquest of Baghdad in 1258, indicate that the besieged fortresses and cities were struck by Plague after the Mongol sieges were lifted. This, they suggested, is part of a recurrent pattern of the outbreak of Plague transmitted by the Mongol expansion across Eurasia. Fancy and Green concluded that the primary sources substantiate the theory driven by recent paleogenetic studies indicating that the Mongol conquests of the thirteenth century set the stage for the massive pandemic of the mid-fourteenth century. The link between the Plague outbreak and the Mongol siege of Baghdad relies on three near-contemporaneous historical accounts. However, our re-examination of the sources shows that the main text (in Persian) has been significantly misunderstood, and that the two other texts (in Syriac and Arabic) have been mis-contextualized, and thus not understood properly. They do not support the authors’ claim regarding Plague epidemic in Baghdad in 1258, nor do other contemporary and later Arabic texts from Syria and Egypt adduced by them, which we re-examine in detail here. We conclude that there is no evidence for the appearance of Plague during or immediately after the Mongol conquests in the Middle East, certainly not for its transmission by the Mongols.","PeriodicalId":18275,"journal":{"name":"Medical History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140587867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

‘The god of criminals is their belly’: diet, prisoner health, and prison medical officers in mid-nineteenth-century English and Irish prisons 罪犯之神是他们的肚子"：十九世纪中期英国和爱尔兰监狱中的饮食、囚犯健康和监狱医务人员

IF 1.4 2区哲学

Medical History Pub Date : 2024-04-08 DOI: 10.1017/mdh.2023.36

Catherine Cox, Hilary Marland

{"title":"‘The god of criminals is their belly’: diet, prisoner health, and prison medical officers in mid-nineteenth-century English and Irish prisons","authors":"Catherine Cox, Hilary Marland","doi":"10.1017/mdh.2023.36","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2023.36","url":null,"abstract":"Existing scholarship on prison diets has emphasised the role of food and its restriction as a key aspect of the deterrent system of prison discipline introduced in the 1860s. Here we suggest that a strong emphasis was placed on dietary regulation after the establishment of the reformist, but also ‘testing’, separate system of confinement in the mid-nineteenth century. While the impact of diet on the physical health of prisoners was a major concern, we argue that the psychological impact of food was also stressed, and some prison administrators and doctors argued that diet had an important protective function in preserving inmates’ mental wellbeing. Drawing on a wide range of prison archives and official reports, this article explores the crucial role of prison medical officers in England and Ireland in implementing prison dietaries. It highlights the importance and high level of individual adaptations to dietary scales laid down centrally, as a means of utilising diet as a tool of discipline or as an intervention to improve prisoners’ health. It examines the forays of some prison doctors into dietary experiments, as they investigated the impact of different dietaries or made more quotidian adjustments to food intake, based on local conditions and food supplies. The article concludes that, despite central policies geared to establishing uniformity and interest in new scientific discourses on nutrition, a wide range of practices were pursued in individual prisons, mostly shaped by practical rather than scientific factors, with many prison medical officers asserting their autonomy in making dietary adjustments.","PeriodicalId":18275,"journal":{"name":"Medical History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140587872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Climate, diseases and medicine: the welfare of soldiers during the East Asian War of 1592–1598 气候、疾病和医学：1592-1598 年东亚战争期间士兵的福利

IF 1.4 2区哲学

Medical History Pub Date : 2024-04-08 DOI: 10.1017/mdh.2024.8

Baihui Duan

{"title":"Climate, diseases and medicine: the welfare of soldiers during the East Asian War of 1592–1598","authors":"Baihui Duan","doi":"10.1017/mdh.2024.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2024.8","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the care provided for the welfare of soldiers by the three combatant countries – China, Korea and Japan – during the East Asian War of 1592–8. Also known as the Imjin War, this large-scale military conflict can also be understood as an encounter between different state cultures and strategies of military medicine. This study focuses on cold-induced injuries, epidemic outbreaks and external wounds suffered during the war. I illuminate provision of prophylactic measures against cold by the Ming state, as well as attempts by the Sino-Chosŏn medical alliance to manage epidemics and treat wounded soldiers. I contrast these measures with the lack of similar centralised support for the Japanese forces, and examine the effect these differences had upon on military outcomes during the war. The difference in the amount of time, efforts and resources that the three combatant states devoted to sick and injured soldiers has implications not only for our understanding of the war but also for illuminating the early modern history of military medicine in East Asia. By exploring East Asian military medicine during and after the Imjin War, this article responds to recent calls for more detailed examination of histories of military medicine in premodern periods and non-European regions.","PeriodicalId":18275,"journal":{"name":"Medical History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140587873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The expansion of medical education in the Dutch East Indies and the formation of the Indonesian medical profession 荷属东印度群岛医学教育的扩展和印度尼西亚医学界的形成

IF 1.4 2区哲学

Medical History Pub Date : 2024-04-08 DOI: 10.1017/mdh.2024.11

Hans Pols

{"title":"The expansion of medical education in the Dutch East Indies and the formation of the Indonesian medical profession","authors":"Hans Pols","doi":"10.1017/mdh.2024.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2024.11","url":null,"abstract":"In 1851, the colonial administration of the Dutch East Indies established a two-year program to educate young Javanese men to become vaccinators in Batavia (today’s Jakarta). During the following sixty years, the medical curriculum was expanded several times; in 1913, it consisted of a ten-year program. In 1927, the Batavia Medical School, granting degrees equivalent to those of Dutch university-affiliated medical schools, commenced operations. Consequently, a steadily increasing number of Indonesian physicians with various credentials were employed by the colonial health service, plantations, sugar factories and mines, or established private practices. They became a social group that occupied an ambiguous and even paradoxical position somewhere between Europeans and the indigenous population. During the 1910s, this inspired these physicians to obtain credentials and professional recognition equal to those of their European colleagues. Several of them became active in journalism, politics and social movements. During the 1920s, several became radicalised and criticised the nature of colonial society. In the 1930s, following the increasingly repressive nature of colonial society, most of them remained active in the public sphere while a small group dedicated itself to improving medical research and health care. After the transfer of sovereignty from the Netherlands to Indonesia on 27 December 1949, this small cadre reestablished medical education and health care, and built the Indonesian medical profession.","PeriodicalId":18275,"journal":{"name":"Medical History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140588188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Professors of racial medicine: imperialism and race in nineteenth-century United States medical schools. 种族医学教授：十九世纪美国医学院的帝国主义与种族。

IF 1.4 2区哲学

Medical History Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.1017/mdh.2024.9

Christopher D E Willoughby

引用次数: 0

Marginalised within a minority: Jews with disabilities in the Jewish press of the Kingdom of Poland (1860s–1914) 在少数群体中被边缘化：波兰王国犹太报刊中的残疾犹太人（19 世纪 60 年代至 1914 年）

IF 1.4 2区哲学

Medical History Pub Date : 2024-03-20 DOI: 10.1017/mdh.2023.35

Maria Antosik-Piela, Aleksandra Oniszczuk

引用次数: 0

Commercialising everyday distress: neurasthenia and traditional Chinese medicine in colonial Hong Kong, 1950s to 1980s 将日常困扰商业化：20 世纪 50 年代至 80 年代殖民地时期香港的神经衰弱与传统中医药

IF 1.4 2区哲学

Medical History Pub Date : 2024-03-20 DOI: 10.1017/mdh.2024.7

Kelvin Chan

引用次数: 0

Nourishing food, clean air and exercise: medical debates over environment and polar hygiene on Robert Falcon Scott's British National Antarctic expedition, 1901-1904. 营养食品、清洁空气和锻炼：1901-1904 年罗伯特-法尔孔-斯科特的英国国家南极探险队关于环境和极地卫生的医学辩论。

IF 1.4 2区哲学

Medical History Pub Date : 2024-03-18 DOI: 10.1017/mdh.2024.3

Edward Armston-Sheret

{"title":"Nourishing food, clean air and exercise: medical debates over environment and polar hygiene on Robert Falcon Scott's British National Antarctic expedition, 1901-1904.","authors":"Edward Armston-Sheret","doi":"10.1017/mdh.2024.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2024.3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The late nineteenth and early twentieth century saw dramatic new developments in climatic medicine, particularly the institutionalisation of thinking about tropical hygiene. There were also more limited efforts to understand how hygiene theories should be applied in a polar environment. Studying the British National Antarctic Expedition (1901-1904), led by Robert Falcon Scott, helps us understand how these practices had both similarities and differences from applications of hygiene in other contexts. The expedition offers unique insights into debates about hygiene, environment, and health because of the important, and well documented, role that medics, naval officers and scientists played in organising logistical arrangements for the journey to Antarctica. In analysing the writings of expedition members and organisers, this paper examines the ways that the universal tools of hygiene theories were applied and developed in a polar environment. Many of the most acute threats seemed to come not from the outside environment but from the explorers' supplies and equipment. There was general agreement on many issues. Yet the expedition's organisers, medics and leadership had numerous arguments about the best way to preserve or restore health. These disagreements were the product of both competing medical theories about the cause of disease and the importance of embodied (and somewhat subjective) observations in establishing the safety of foods, atmospheres and environments in this period.</p>","PeriodicalId":18275,"journal":{"name":"Medical History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140143827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Kristin D. Hussey, Imperial Bodies in London. Empire, Mobility and the Making of British Medicine, 1880-1814 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2021), pp.256, £43.74, hardback, ISBN: 0822946866. Kristin D. Hussey, Imperial Bodies in London.Empire, Mobility and the Making of British Medicine, 1880-1814 （匹兹堡：匹兹堡大学出版社，2021 年），第 256 页，43.74 英镑，精装本，国际标准书号：0822946866。

IF 1.4 2区哲学

Medical History Pub Date : 2024-03-18 DOI: 10.1017/mdh.2024.12

Esme Cleall

引用次数: 0

Delia Gavrus and Susan Lamb (eds), Transforming Medical Education. Historical Case Studies of Teaching, Learning, and Belonging in Medicine. (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2022), pp. 608, $65.00 CAD, Cloth, eBook, ISBN: 9780228010722. Delia Gavrus 和 Susan Lamb（编著），《医学教育的变革》。医学教学、学习和归属感的历史案例研究》。(蒙特利尔和金斯顿：麦吉尔皇后大学出版社，2022 年），第 608 页，65.00 加元，布面，电子书，ISBN：9780228010722。

IF 1.4 2区哲学

Medical History Pub Date : 2024-03-18 DOI: 10.1017/mdh.2024.13

Martin Robert

引用次数: 0