Saurabh Gupta, Gulshan Kumar, Vijay Luxami and Kamaldeep Paul
{"title":"A naphthalimide-derived chemosensor for ratiometric detection of sulphide ions: insights into the S2−-driven reduction cascade, real-time applications and live cell imaging of bacterial cells†","authors":"Saurabh Gupta, Gulshan Kumar, Vijay Luxami and Kamaldeep Paul","doi":"10.1039/D5MA00103J","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5MA00103J","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Hydrogen sulphide (H<small><sub>2</sub></small>S) is an unpleasant, harmful gas commonly found in the environment, released from geothermal vents, and produced as a byproduct in industries such as oil refining and wastewater treatment. Because of its extreme toxicity, there is growing concern about its presence, necessitating timely detection to ensure human welfare. However, detecting H<small><sub>2</sub></small>S in various environments, including air and water, remains a significant challenge. To develop a probe for sulphide ion detection, herein, we report the synthesis of a highly selective, sensitive, and colorimetric chemosensor (<strong>NATRP</strong>) for the detection of sulphide ions (S<small><sup>2−</sup></small>) in a 50% aqueous medium. <strong>NATRP</strong> demonstrates exceptional sensitivity and selectivity for S<small><sup>2−</sup></small> ions relative to other ions, with a limit of quantification of 26 nM and a detection limit of 7.9 nM. It shows aggregation-induced emission quenching, which upon the addition of S<small><sup>2−</sup></small> ions, disaggregates with enhancement in fluorescence intensity. This enables <strong>NATRP</strong> to detect S<small><sup>2−</sup></small> ions within 15 seconds and it demonstrates good pH stability, suggesting that <strong>NATRP</strong> can detect sulphide ions across a broad pH range. The mechanism underlying the detection involves the reduction of azide groups to amine groups in the presence of S<small><sup>2−</sup></small> ions, confirmed by NMR titrations and HRMS analysis. Furthermore, <strong>NATRP</strong> successfully detects S<small><sup>2−</sup></small> ions in water, serum and solid samples, as well as in live cell imaging in bacterial cells. Moreover, UV-visible and fluorescence data have been employed to construct 1-to-2 decoders.</p>","PeriodicalId":18242,"journal":{"name":"Materials Advances","volume":" 13","pages":" 4389-4401"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ma/d5ma00103j?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144519612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pooja Kumari, Lungelo Lekokotla, Chandan Saha, Sarit K Ghosh, Harishchandra Singh and Kaushik Mallick
{"title":"Investigation of energy storage performance in organic molecule-stabilized nickel ferrocyanide nanoparticles for supercapacitor applications†","authors":"Pooja Kumari, Lungelo Lekokotla, Chandan Saha, Sarit K Ghosh, Harishchandra Singh and Kaushik Mallick","doi":"10.1039/D5MA00352K","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5MA00352K","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Supercapacitors are gaining attention as an ideal energy storage solution due to their excellent specific power, fast charging rates and high durability. This study presents the development of an organic molecule stabilized nickel ferrocyanide (NFC) hybrid material, synthesized through a complexation-mediated approach, which demonstrates outstanding electrochemical performance, making it a promising candidate for high-efficiency supercapacitor applications. X-ray diffraction analysis confirms the formation of nickel ferrocyanide with a cubic crystal structure (space group: <em>Fm</em><img><em>m</em>). Transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed spherical shaped nickel ferrocyanide particles within the size range of 2–4 nm. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed the successful formation of nickel ferrocyanide and offered detailed insights into its bonding environment and chemical states. The electrochemical performance of the hybrid material displayed a specific capacitance of 298 F g<small><sup>−1</sup></small> at 6 A g<small><sup>−1</sup></small> and retained 88% of its original capacitance after 10 000 cycles in a three-electrode system. An asymmetric supercapacitor device, fabricated using NFC as the cathode and activated carbon as the anode electrode, delivered a specific capacitance of 94 F g<small><sup>−1</sup></small> at 1.0 A g<small><sup>−1</sup></small>. The device exhibited maximum specific energy and specific power values of 44 W h kg<small><sup>−1</sup></small> and 6067 W kg<small><sup>−1</sup></small>, respectively, with a moderately good cycle life (84% capacitance retention after 10 000 cycles). The results emphasize the potential of the NFC-based hybrid system as an efficient material for energy storage applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":18242,"journal":{"name":"Materials Advances","volume":" 13","pages":" 4345-4356"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ma/d5ma00352k?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144519554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Annika Szymura, Shaista Ilyas, Florian Grohmann and Sanjay Mathur
{"title":"Ionic liquid modified mesoporous silica nanocarriers for efficient drug delivery and hydrophobic surface engineering†","authors":"Annika Szymura, Shaista Ilyas, Florian Grohmann and Sanjay Mathur","doi":"10.1039/D4MA01267D","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4MA01267D","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Attaining covalent attachment of diverse molecules onto carrier surfaces without compromising their chemical identity and biological functionality remains a challenge. Here, a newly synthesized alkyne-functionalized ionic liquid, 1-hexadecyl-3-propargyl imidazolium bromide (HDPI), was chemically attached on the surface of azide-modified mesoporous silica nanocarriers (mSiO<small><sub>2</sub></small>, av. size 110 nm) based on the Menshutkin reaction and copper-catalyzed click chemistry. The HDPI-functionalized mSiO<small><sub>2</sub></small> nanocarriers were loaded with tetracycline (TC) to develop a dual-action drug delivery system. Time-dependent drug release studies conducted at pH 7.4 and 37 °C over 48 h revealed controlled TC release. The long alkyl chain of the surface-bound ionic liquids (ILs) facilitated bacterial cell wall penetration, enhancing TC transport into both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. This dual-action mechanism was validated through antibacterial assays demonstrating that the surfactant-like IL disrupts bacterial cytoplasmic membranes, while the antibiotic induces cell death. Given the inherent antibacterial properties of ILs, we further investigated their ability to form stable, hydrophobic, and antimicrobial coatings on glass substrates under different environmental conditions. The results indicate that these IL-based coatings are uniform, durable, and hold significant potential for applications in healthcare and industry.</p>","PeriodicalId":18242,"journal":{"name":"Materials Advances","volume":" 13","pages":" 4220-4232"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ma/d4ma01267d?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144519513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sonja Kürten, Kimia Hashemizadeh, Mingjian Wu, Johannes Will, Ivan Kundrata, Erdmann Spiecker and Julien Bachmann
{"title":"Direct-patterning SnO2 deposition by atomic-layer additive manufacturing†","authors":"Sonja Kürten, Kimia Hashemizadeh, Mingjian Wu, Johannes Will, Ivan Kundrata, Erdmann Spiecker and Julien Bachmann","doi":"10.1039/D5MA00182J","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5MA00182J","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The ALD precursor tetrakis(dimethylamido)tin and water are exploited towards the atomic-layer additive manufacturing (ALAM) of SnO<small><sub>2</sub></small> lines. ALAM exploits the surface chemistry principles of ALD (atomic layer depositions) but adds a laterally constrained precursor delivery. Motion of the precursor delivery nozzle over the substrate surface thus deposits the material in a 3D printing mode while maintaining the sub-nanometers thickness control of ALD. We find that the precursor canister temperature can be lowered by approximately 20 °C from ALD to ALAM, corresponding to a lower precursor consumption. The temperature window of controlled deposition reaches from 150 °C to 250 °C, whereas 200 °C yields the best stoichiometry and highest growth rate. The material is amorphous initially and crystallizes upon annealing at 500 °C in N<small><sub>2</sub></small> or air. The lines deposited have a flat top profile and a constant thickness along their length.</p>","PeriodicalId":18242,"journal":{"name":"Materials Advances","volume":" 12","pages":" 3998-4002"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ma/d5ma00182j?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144291828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cinnamic acid-derived carbon dots by microwave irradiation synergise the ciprofloxacin effect against Staphylococcus aureus and promote its skin permeability†","authors":"Tompe Krishna Vitthal, Varaprasad Rao Regu, Bhabani Shankar Das, Ashirbad Sarangi, Mahendra Gaur, Amrita Ray, Arun Kumar Pradhan, Soma Chattopadhyay and Bharat Bhusan Subudhi","doi":"10.1039/D5MA00247H","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5MA00247H","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Aqueous solubility and biocompatibility have encouraged the development of carbon dots (CDs) for multiple applications. Considering the significance of natural molecules as precursors, cinnamic acid (CA) was used to develop carbon dots (CA-CDs) using an efficient microwave irradiation method which gave a higher quantum yield in comparison with other conventional methods. The positively charged CA-CDs showed a broad spectrum of action against Gram-positive (<em>S. aureus</em>) and Gram-negative (<em>E. coli</em>) bacteria. Unlike ciprofloxacin (CIP), CA-CDs showed potent inhibition of clinically resistant <em>S. aureus</em> (SA-DR) while reducing biofilm production, leading to synergy with CIP. CA-CDs also acted as carriers to enhance the skin-permeability of CIP through their ionic complex (CIP-CA-CDs). The complex retained the antimicrobial properties and showed the ability to gradually release CIP like a reservoir. Considering the poor permeability of CIP as a limitation, this work can encourage the translational application of CIP for topical application. This work provides a novel method of developing CDs for antimicrobial properties and can encourage their use as a complementary therapy or as carriers for further application.</p>","PeriodicalId":18242,"journal":{"name":"Materials Advances","volume":" 13","pages":" 4239-4253"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ma/d5ma00247h?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144519451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chae Young Park, Suji Kim, Chimin Song, Jieun Kim and Joohyung Lee
{"title":"Gallium-in-glycerol phase change material emulsions (PCMEs) with superior latent heat capacity and thermal conductivity†","authors":"Chae Young Park, Suji Kim, Chimin Song, Jieun Kim and Joohyung Lee","doi":"10.1039/D5MA00152H","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5MA00152H","url":null,"abstract":"<p >In this study, we demonstrate a phase change material emulsion (PCME) with high thermal conductivity and latent heat capacity, produced by emulsifying Ga in glycerol as a flowable, electrically insulating liquid matrix. Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) was employed as an emulsifier to achieve high Ga loadings (50–80 vol%) with stable dispersion, leveraging the strong binding affinity of PVP to Ga and the increased matrix viscosity. The Ga-in-glycerol emulsions retained solid–liquid phase transition temperatures near those of bulk Ga, melting at approximately 30 °C and crystallizing between −30 °C and −40 °C, unlike previous nano-sized dispersions that exhibited substantial depression of the phase transition temperatures. These PCMEs displayed significantly enhanced thermal properties compared to conventional emulsions with organic PCMs, with thermal conductivities reaching up to 4.85 W m<small><sup>−1</sup></small> K<small><sup>−1</sup></small> and latent heat capacities up to 241.52–262.91 J cm<small><sup>−3</sup></small> at 80 vol% Ga loading. Despite the high Ga loading, the emulsions maintained electrical insulation. Additionally, these emulsions exhibited viscoelasticity, which confers them with high sedimentation stability and structure integrity while enabling their fluidic processing under shear. The unique combination of high thermal conductivity, substantial latent heat capacity, electrical insulation, and excellent rheological processability of these Ga-in-glycerol emulsions demonstrates their potential for advanced thermal management and energy storage applications, including electronics cooling and renewable energy systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":18242,"journal":{"name":"Materials Advances","volume":" 12","pages":" 4027-4036"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ma/d5ma00152h?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144291832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anna-Marie Lauermannová, Adéla Jiříčková, Martina Záleská, Milena Pavlíková, Adam Pivák, Ondřej Jankovský and Zbyšek Pavlík
{"title":"Nanoscale modification of MOC-based composites: the influence of alumina nanosheets on the microstructure and material properties","authors":"Anna-Marie Lauermannová, Adéla Jiříčková, Martina Záleská, Milena Pavlíková, Adam Pivák, Ondřej Jankovský and Zbyšek Pavlík","doi":"10.1039/D5MA00094G","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5MA00094G","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The presented study deals with the optimization of alumina nanosheets (<strong>ANS</strong>) content in magnesium oxychloride cement (MOC)-based construction composites filled with silica sand. The experimental setup was designed in such a way that the optimal content of <strong>ANS</strong> in these composites was determined while ensuring the highest possible values of mechanical parameters (compressive and flexural strength, and Young's dynamic modulus) while maintaining good water resistance of the prepared composite, which is a crucial parameter in terms of MOC-based materials. The designed composites were studied concerning the changes in their structure after the addition of <strong>ANS</strong>, especially in their porosity and density. The prepared composites were also examined in detail using scanning electron microscopy in order to show changes in their microstructure. It was revealed that the addition of 0.1 wt% of <strong>ANS</strong> was the most beneficial, causing an 8.4% increase in compressive strength, a 3.4% increase in flexural strength, and an 8.4% increase in the dynamic Young's modulus compared to the sample with no additives. On the other hand, the sample containing 0.5 wt% of <strong>ANS</strong> showed the best hygric properties with a water absorption coefficient of 3.21 kg m<small><sup>2</sup></small> s<small><sup>−1/2</sup></small> and 24-h water absorption of 68.3 kg m<small><sup>−3</sup></small> and the best resistance to water damage defined by the softening coefficient (78.3%) and the residual compressive strength (61.3 MPa) after 24 h immersion in water.</p>","PeriodicalId":18242,"journal":{"name":"Materials Advances","volume":" 12","pages":" 3817-3827"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ma/d5ma00094g?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144291737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marco Sigl, Melissa Egger, Daniel Knez, Stephen Nagaraju Myakala, Connor M. J. Marshall, Joe Kaye, Ali Salehi-Reyhani, Heinz Amenitsch, Alexey Cherevan, Dominik Eder, Gregor Trimmel, Saif A. Haque and Thomas Rath
{"title":"Phase formation and photocatalytic properties of chalcostibite and tetrahedrite thin films derived from copper and antimony xanthates†","authors":"Marco Sigl, Melissa Egger, Daniel Knez, Stephen Nagaraju Myakala, Connor M. J. Marshall, Joe Kaye, Ali Salehi-Reyhani, Heinz Amenitsch, Alexey Cherevan, Dominik Eder, Gregor Trimmel, Saif A. Haque and Thomas Rath","doi":"10.1039/D5MA00212E","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5MA00212E","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Metal sulfides receive great interest as solar absorber materials for photocatalysis and solar cells. Among them, copper antimony sulfide is a promising ternary metal sulfide. Copper antimony sulfide possesses four accessible phases, which have great potential in solar energy conversion and photocatalysis due to their energy levels and optical properties. However, the synthesis often requires high temperatures and prolonged reaction times. While the different phases are already well characterized, insights into their formation processes from specific precursors, which can enable targeted optimization of material properties, still remain largely unexplored. In this study, we investigated thin films of the two phases chalcostibite (CuSbS<small><sub>2</sub></small>) and tetrahedrite (Cu<small><sub>12</sub></small>Sb<small><sub>4</sub></small>S<small><sub>13</sub></small>), prepared from metal xanthate precursors. We used temperature-dependent grazing incidence X-ray scattering to analyze their thermal conversion process and crystal growth in detail. Furthermore, we evaluated their photocatalytic performance, revealing a good specific catalytic activity of 52 μmol g<small><sup>−1</sup></small> h<small><sup>−1</sup></small> for chalcostibite in methylene blue degradation. Additionally, tetrahedrite demonstrated high co-catalytic performance for hydrogen evolution in combination with mesoporous titania, achieving a specific activity exceeding 2.5 mmol g<small><sup>−1</sup></small> h<small><sup>−1</sup></small>. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the controlled synthesis of copper antimony sulfides and highlight their potential in solar-driven catalytic applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":18242,"journal":{"name":"Materials Advances","volume":" 12","pages":" 3985-3997"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ma/d5ma00212e?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144291827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sabya Sachi Das, Janne Ruokolainen and Kavindra Kumar Kesari
{"title":"Nanoengineered biomaterials for anticancer and antimicrobial drug targeting","authors":"Sabya Sachi Das, Janne Ruokolainen and Kavindra Kumar Kesari","doi":"10.1039/D5MA90032H","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5MA90032H","url":null,"abstract":"<p >A graphical abstract is available for this content</p>","PeriodicalId":18242,"journal":{"name":"Materials Advances","volume":" 12","pages":" 3756-3759"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ma/d5ma90032h?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144291839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pooneh Hemmatpour, Alireza Nezamzadeh-Ejhieh and Ali Ershadi
{"title":"A photodegradation study of the deposition fabricated CdS–BiVO4 binary catalyst: a brief comparison with other fabrication procedures†","authors":"Pooneh Hemmatpour, Alireza Nezamzadeh-Ejhieh and Ali Ershadi","doi":"10.1039/D5MA00240K","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5MA00240K","url":null,"abstract":"<p >In the present study, Eriochrome black T (EBT) degradation in an aqueous environment was carried out by CdS–BiVO<small><sub>4</sub></small> integrated catalysts prepared using several integrated methods. The catalyst prepared <em>via</em> the deposition method showed the highest activity. The catalysts were identified using XRD, FTIR, SEM, UV-Vis DRS, and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The crystallite size of the binary catalyst was obtained at about 25.3 nm and 45 nm by the Scherrer and Williamson–Hall methods. Since the response surface methodology (RSM) is one of the efficient modeling methods, it was used to investigate the simultaneous effects of the effective parameters (catalyst amount, pollutant concentration, pH, and irradiation time) on the photocatalytic degradation. <em>R</em><small><sup>2</sup></small> showed good agreement between the experimental results and the data predicted by the software. Also, the predicted square model was very satisfactory with high correlation coefficients <em>R</em><small><sup>2</sup></small> (0.9839) and adj <em>R</em><small><sup>2</sup></small> (0.9688). The optimal-run conditions were <em>C</em><small><sub>EBT</sub></small>: 15 ppm, catalyst dose: 0.9 g L<small><sup>−1</sup></small>, pH: 7.3, and illumination time: 20 min. The effect of some inhibitory agents was evaluated, and it was found that the role of superoxide radicals and the holes in the degradation of EBT is more critical than that of hydroxyl radicals and photoinduced electrons, based on the direct Z-scheme mechanism proposed for charge carriers’ transfer. The process obeyed a pseudo-first-order kinetic with the apparent rate constant of 0.0614 min<small><sup>−1</sup></small>.</p>","PeriodicalId":18242,"journal":{"name":"Materials Advances","volume":" 12","pages":" 3969-3984"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/ma/d5ma00240k?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144291760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}