{"title":"Static and Dynamic Imbalance in Patients with Breast Cancer-Related Lymphedema.","authors":"Ozlem Karasimav, Pinar Borman, Meltem Dalyan, Elif Yalcin, Zahide Betul Eliuz, Saadet Selin Koc, Seren Turhan","doi":"10.1089/lrb.2023.0012","DOIUrl":"10.1089/lrb.2023.0012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Background:</i></b> Breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL) was associated with postural imbalance, but the immature knowledge introduced debate about which component of the balance was affected by BCRL in the literature. The aim of this study was to determine the static and dynamic balance of patients with BCRL in comparison with healthy subjects. <b><i>Methods and Results:</i></b> This case-control designed study recruited 30 BCRL patients and 30 healthy individuals. The demographic and clinical variables of the subjects were recorded. The static balance stability parameters on four conditions (eyes opened-stable ground, eyes closed-stable ground, eyes opened-unstable ground, eyes closed-unstable ground) and dynamic stability of all participants were evaluated. The values of both stable ground conditions were similar between the groups (<i>p</i> < 0.05). However, values of both eyes opened-unstable ground (<i>p</i> = 0.032) and eyes closed-unstable ground (<i>p</i> = 0.034) conditions were significantly impaired in BCRL in comparison with controls. Besides, comparison of sway area of the opened versus closed eyes conditions on unstable ground (<i>p</i> = 0.036), and movement speed while correcting the center of pressure on unstable ground (with opened and closed eyes, <i>p</i> = 0.014 and <i>p</i> = 0.004 respectively) revealed increased values in the BCRL group. Likewise, the dynamic stability was significantly disrupted in the BCRL group (<i>p</i> = 0.043). <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Closing eyes did not affect the postural balance in patients with BCRL, whereas the deterioration of ground altered the balance significantly in the BCRL group compared with healthy subjects. We suggest the inclusion of balance exercises and guidance for selection of correct shoes and insoles in routine lymphedema rehabilitation program.</p>","PeriodicalId":18168,"journal":{"name":"Lymphatic research and biology","volume":" ","pages":"601-607"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9833393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Epigenetics of Lymphedema.","authors":"Stanley G Rockson","doi":"10.1089/lrb.2023.29155.editorial","DOIUrl":"10.1089/lrb.2023.29155.editorial","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18168,"journal":{"name":"Lymphatic research and biology","volume":"21 6","pages":"535"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139040227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Lipedema: Usefulness of 3D Ultrasound Diagnostics.","authors":"Marina Cestari","doi":"10.1089/lrb.2022.0082","DOIUrl":"10.1089/lrb.2022.0082","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Background:</i></b> To define the usefulness of three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound diagnostics for lipedema. <b><i>Methods and Results:</i></b> In this study, starting in May 2021, it was decided to apply 3D ultrasound diagnostics in the evaluation of the tissue in 40 patients affected with lipedema (stage I-II-III) who arrived at the Pianeta Linfedema Study Centre. Furthermore, subjects with lipohypertrophy were also included in this study to evaluate the structural features of the adipo-fascia and eventual structural similarity with lipedema. With an adequate instrument (SonoScape 20-3D ultrasound) and probe (17 MHz) on bilateral symmetric marker points, the epidermis-dermis complex and subcutaneous tissue were evaluated. In all patients with lipedema, a normal ultrasound representation of the epidermis-dermis complex, the thickness of subcutaneous tissue, due to hypertrophy of the adipose lobules and of interlobular connective septa, the thickness of the fibers that connect the derma to superficial fascia, and the thickness of the superficial fascia itself as well as of the deep fascia have been highlighted; moreover, fibrotic connective areas in the connective septa that correspond to the palpable nodules has been highlighted. The structural feature, present in all the clinical stages, unexpectedly, was the presence along the superficial fascia of anechogenicity due to the presence of fluid. In lipohypertrophy, structural characteristics similar to those in the initial stage of lipedema have been highlighted. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> 3D ultrasound diagnostics have led to the discovery of important features of adipo-fascia in lipedema not previously highlighted by two-dimensional ultrasound diagnostic studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":18168,"journal":{"name":"Lymphatic research and biology","volume":" ","pages":"485-487"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9246997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Intracellular and Extracellular Water Balance in Patients with Lipedema.","authors":"Murat Esmer, Franz Josef Schingale","doi":"10.1089/lrb.2023.0007","DOIUrl":"10.1089/lrb.2023.0007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Background:</i></b> The presence of edema in patients with lipedema has been investigated in many studies. However, no study has been found that examines the amount of intracellular (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF) in these patients together. The aim of this study is to examine the amount of ICF and ECF in patients with stage 2 lipedema. <b><i>Methods and Results:</i></b> Twenty-four patients diagnosed with stage 2 lipedema were included in the study. Bioimpedance spectroscopy was applied to measure extracellular and intracellular water levels. The mean age of the participants was 44.58 ± 2.95 years. The mean body mass index (BMI) of the participants was 33.9 ± 1.84 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. It was observed that the amount of ECF in the patients was above the normal values (<i>p</i> < 0.001), whereas the amount of ICF was within the normal range (<i>p</i> = 0.801). In addition, it was observed that there was a moderate relationship between BMI and the amount of ECF. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Although the amount of ICF is within the normal range in patients with lipedema, an increase in ECF is observed. The reason why edema is not observed in these patients despite the increase in ECF may be the increase in glycosaminoglycan and proteoglycan synthesis. In addition, the attention of these patients to weight control may contribute to slowing the course of the disease by preventing the increase in the amount of ECF. For a better diagnosis of lipedema, it is considered important to evaluate the amount of ECF in addition to routine evaluations.</p>","PeriodicalId":18168,"journal":{"name":"Lymphatic research and biology","volume":" ","pages":"501-503"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9917722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Naomi D Dolgoy, Mona M Al Onazi, Joanna F Parkinson, Haukur Gudmundsson, Lori L Radke, Liz Dennett, Kristin L Campbell, Susan R Harris, David Keast, Margaret L McNeely
{"title":"The Appraisal of Clinical Practice Guidelines for Breast Cancer-Related Lymphedema.","authors":"Naomi D Dolgoy, Mona M Al Onazi, Joanna F Parkinson, Haukur Gudmundsson, Lori L Radke, Liz Dennett, Kristin L Campbell, Susan R Harris, David Keast, Margaret L McNeely","doi":"10.1089/lrb.2022.0090","DOIUrl":"10.1089/lrb.2022.0090","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Background:</i></b> Approaches to screening, assessment, and treatment of breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL) vary widely. We evaluated overall quality of clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) for managing BCRL using the Appraisal of Guidelines for REsearch and Evaluation II (AGREE II) tool, and relevance of consensus recommendations for the Canadian health context. <b><i>Methods and Results:</i></b> We searched electronic databases, gray literature, national lymphedema frameworks, and expert opinions, to identify lymphedema CPGs, printed/published from January 2013 to October 2021. Using AGREE II, six health care professionals reviewed CPGs for consensus. Domain-specific AGREE II quality consensus scores were required (≥70% for Rigor of Development; ≥ 60% for Stakeholder Involvement and Editorial Independence; and ≥50% for Clarity of Presentation, Applicability, Scope, and Purpose). Results and overall recommendations from the CPGs were summarized and synthesized. Nine CPGs met inclusion criteria for review. Wide variability of evidence-based recommendations, and limited clinical considerations were found. Scope and Purpose, and Clarity of Presentation were adequate in six of nine CPGs; Stakeholder Involvement in seven of nine CPGs; and Editorial Independence in three of nine CPGs. Across all CPGs, Applicability was minimally reported. Only the Queensland Health CPG met quality consensus scores for Rigor and Development; however, the focus was limited to compression therapy. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> No CPG reviewed could be adopted for the Canadian health context. The proposed Canadian BCRL CPG will focus on stakeholder engagement, methodology, and implementation/evaluation. Using AGREE II allowed for assessment of quality of methods used to develop identified CPGs from other countries before consideration of adoption in a Canadian Context.</p>","PeriodicalId":18168,"journal":{"name":"Lymphatic research and biology","volume":" ","pages":"469-478"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9327599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Update October 2023.","authors":"Francine Blei","doi":"10.1089/lrb.2023.29150.fb","DOIUrl":"10.1089/lrb.2023.29150.fb","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18168,"journal":{"name":"Lymphatic research and biology","volume":"21 5","pages":"504-533"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49691322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Effect of Manual Lymph Drainage and Compression Bandaging for Stage 2 Breast Cancer-Related Lymphedema: A Randomized Controlled Trial.","authors":"Ying Liu, Xiaoyi Zhao, Jian Song, Wowa Zhao, Ying Ge, Jinghong Guan","doi":"10.1089/lrb.2022.0074","DOIUrl":"10.1089/lrb.2022.0074","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Aim:</i></b> To explore the effect of manual lymph drainage (MLD), compression bandaging (CB), or combined decongestive therapy (CDT), including MLD and CB, on stage 2 breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL). <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Sixty women with stage 2 BCRL were enrolled. They were randomly divided into the MLD group, the CB group or the CDT group. Each group, respectively, received MLD alone, CB alone, or CDT composed of MLD and CB, for 2 weeks. The volume and the local tissue water (LTW) of affected arms were measured before and after treatment. Arm circumferences were measured at 4 cm interval starting from the wrist to the shoulder with a tape measure. LTW was detected using the (tissue dielectric constant, TDC) method and was expressed as TDC value in two sites on the ventral midpoint of upper arm and forearm. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The volume of affected arms in each group after 2-weeks' treatment was lower than their baseline and the difference was statistically significant (<i>p</i> < 0.05). But there was no significant difference in volume change among three groups. The TDC value of the upper arm and forearm in the group CB and the group CDT decreased distinctly compared with baseline (<i>p</i> < 0.05). But the TDC value of the upper arm and forearm after MLD did not change (<i>p</i> > 0.05). Compared with the group MLD and the group CDT, the reduction of the TDC value in the group CB was more significant (<i>p</i> < 0.05). <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> MLD or CB alone could effectively reduce the volume of affected arms for patients with stage 2 BCRL, and CB also could reduce the LTW more significantly. CDT did not seem to show an extra advantage. Therefore, CB may be the first choice for stage 2 BCRL. But for patients who are unwilling or intolerant to CB, MLD can be selected.</p>","PeriodicalId":18168,"journal":{"name":"Lymphatic research and biology","volume":" ","pages":"479-484"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9406830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Harvey N Mayrovitz, Elham Shams, Andrea Astudillo, Aakangsha Jain
{"title":"Tissue Dielectric Constant and Skin Stiffness Relationships in Lower Extremity Lymphedema.","authors":"Harvey N Mayrovitz, Elham Shams, Andrea Astudillo, Aakangsha Jain","doi":"10.1089/lrb.2022.0101","DOIUrl":"10.1089/lrb.2022.0101","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Background:</i></b> Lower extremity lymphedema or edema (LELE) may progressively transition from a state of excess tissue fluid to increased fat accumulation and collagen deposition, with tissue fibrosis and hardening. Such changes may lead to altered tissue water holding and thereby impact tissue dielectric constant (TDC). This study seeks to evaluate the relationship between TDC and tissue indentation force (TIF) in patients with LELE and assess the utility of the leg/arm TDC ratio (LAR) as an indicator of LELE. <b><i>Methods and Results:</i></b> Thirty females (49-91 years) with previously diagnosed LELE were evaluated during a scheduled session. TDC and TIF were measured 8 cm proximal to the medial malleolus on the medial and lateral aspects of both legs and on one forearm 8 cm distal to the antecubital fossa. The TDC-TIC relationship and the LAR were subsequently determined. Main results showed an absence of a significant correlation between TDC and TIF on medial or lateral leg sites but a positive correlation on the normal forearm site. Further, LAR values exceeded the published proposed threshold of 1.35 for 29/30 patients when using medial-side TDC values and 28/30 patients when using lateral-side TDC values. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Findings suggest that for patients with LELE, TDC values are significantly elevated on medial and lateral standardized sites. The LAR determined using either medial or lateral sites that are similar to each other and have values consistent with a lymphedema threshold of 1.35. In edematous legs of the type evaluated herein, there is no apparent relationship between TDC values and indentation force.</p>","PeriodicalId":18168,"journal":{"name":"Lymphatic research and biology","volume":" ","pages":"439-446"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9803809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Three-Dimensional Ultrasonography for Lipedema Diagnosis.","authors":"Stanley G Rockson","doi":"10.1089/lrb.2023.29151.editorial","DOIUrl":"10.1089/lrb.2023.29151.editorial","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18168,"journal":{"name":"Lymphatic research and biology","volume":"21 5","pages":"431"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49691321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Screening for Breast Cancer-Related Lymphedema Development Using Extracellular Water Ratio.","authors":"Yoshichika Yasunaga, Yuto Kinjo, Saeko Kondoh, Daisuke Yanagisawa, Shunsuke Yuzuriha, Shoji Kondoh","doi":"10.1089/lrb.2022.0060","DOIUrl":"10.1089/lrb.2022.0060","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Background:</i></b> This case-control retrospective study examined whether the extracellular water ratio (%ECW) of the upper extremity, as measured through bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), could be an indicator of the development and severity of breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL). <b><i>Methods and Results:</i></b> BIA was used to evaluate the changes in %ECW due to BCRL development, with the %ECW measured in female patients with unilateral BCRL and healthy controls. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed to assess the diagnostic ability of %ECW to distinguish BCRL patients from controls. Twenty female patients, who were eligible for inclusion, and 20 healthy control volunteers were included. The %ECW of the affected arm correlated with the water volume difference between the affected and unaffected arms (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.7183). ROC analysis showed that %ECW had a high diagnostic ability as a screening tool for BCRL development (area under the ROC curve = 0.982). A cutoff %ECW value of 38.5% could predict the presence of BCRL with a sensitivity of 91.7% and specificity of 97.9%. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> This study confirmed that %ECW could assess the presence and severity of BCRL in a single measurement noninvasively in a shorter amount of time. The %ECW value strongly correlated with excess arm body water volume, an indicator of the severity of unilateral arm lymphedema. The cutoff %ECW value could predict the presence of BCRL with high accuracy.</p>","PeriodicalId":18168,"journal":{"name":"Lymphatic research and biology","volume":" ","pages":"447-455"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9576678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}