Journal of Agricultural Engineering (India)最新文献

{"title":"Performance Evaluation of Tractor Operated Rotary Assisted Broad Bed Former-cum-seeder for Wheat Sowing","authors":"K. P. Saha, Dushyant Singh, Dilip Jat, K. P. Singh","doi":"10.52151/jae2018553.1656","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52151/jae2018553.1656","url":null,"abstract":"Tillage practices influence the soil physical parameters, which consequently affect the yield of a crop and provide solution against environmental hazards. A study was undertaken to comprehend the effects of broad bed former-cum-seeder on crop parameters, grain and biomass yield, cost-economics and energetics of operation. Simultaneous operation of tractor operated rotary-assisted broad bed former-cumseeder, developed at ICAR-Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, was compared with sequential operation of conventional seed drill on broad beds and rotary tilling on flatbed in black cotton soil for wheat cultivation. Though higher germination of seeds (183 per m2 ) was observed with simultaneous operation of bed making and seeding by rotary-assisted broad bed former-cum-seeder, but the differences in yield among treatments were insignificant. The input energy requirement in first crop year (17,710 MJ.ha-1) was marginally higher than that in conventional method (17,445 MJ.ha-1). It decreased by 378 MJ.ha-1 compared to conventional system in the second crop year. The lowest average cost of operation (2607 ` ha-1) in simultaneous operation of bed forming and seeding in the first year, followed by maintaining permanent beds in subsequent years led to an additional income of 13,980 ` ha-1 over farmers’ practice. Rotary-assisted broad bed formercum-seeder thus has the potential to boost the income of the farmers and better energy management.","PeriodicalId":180812,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Engineering (India)","volume":"54 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140739509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Electro-spark Coating on Wear Loss of Rotavator Blades","authors":"Ch. Ramulu, A.K. Dave, I. Srinivas, Ashish S. Dhimate","doi":"10.52151/jae2018553.1657","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52151/jae2018553.1657","url":null,"abstract":"Rotavator has been increasingly used in agricultural fields. Under abrasive conditions for ground engaging tools, rotavator blades require frequent replacement resulting to increasing machine downtime and maintenance cost. Electric spark coating (ESC) technique was evaluated on two different commercially available blades with tungsten carbide, Stellite-21 and chromium carbide coating materials to improve their life. Coating materials were applied with three different thicknesses on the blades.Wear loss of the second blade with tungsten carbide 4th mode treatment was about 0.80 % per hour less than the other treatments for both blades. Hardness (58.33 HRA) of the second blade with chromium carbide 4th mode treatment was highest among all treatments and blades. The build-up height with chromium carbide 6th mode treatment was 160.8 µm.","PeriodicalId":180812,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Engineering (India)","volume":"23 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140740223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of Linear Programming to Maximize Net Return by Allocating Land under Different Crops in Bhagwanpur Distributary","authors":"A. Upadhyaya, L. B. Roy","doi":"10.52151/jae2018553.1660","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52151/jae2018553.1660","url":null,"abstract":"Agriculture in India is gradually tending to be less interesting and lucrative profession due to high risks and less reliability. In order to increase net return from agriculture, proper planning and consideration of prevailing constraints is essential. Bhagwanpur distributary command area-based problem, consisting of maximization of net return with available land, water, labour, energy and other affinity constraints was formulated and solved employing modified Simplex method of linear programming. The area allocated under different crops, land productivity and water productivity for various combinations of canal water and ground water use were computed. When more area was allocated under remunerative crops like maize and potato with 100 % tube well water and canal water use by the crops, maximum net return of `2.31× 108 could be obtained. Maximum land productivity for the command area, was 63826 `.ha-1 when 85 % canal water and 100 % ground water were used by the crops in total area of 3426.9 ha; while maximum water productivity of 25.66 `.m-3 was obtained when 100 % canal water and ground water were used. The results may be useful in suggesting farmers on allocation of their agricultural land under profitable interventions to maximize net return, water productivity and land productivity.","PeriodicalId":180812,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Engineering (India)","volume":"24 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140739919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Concepts and Spatial Scales on Irrigation Efficiency for Sustainable Water Resources Management: A Review","authors":"Narendra K. Tyagi","doi":"10.52151/jae2024611.1827","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52151/jae2024611.1827","url":null,"abstract":"This paper provides a review of different ‘irrigation efficiency’ concepts evolved over the time since the term was originally conceived, from an engineering perspective; the impact of scale, i.e., from field to basin, on savings in water demands through hightech irrigation—the efficiency paradox; the role of rice cultivation—water guzzler or recharge basin; and policies for transforming high-tech irrigation into water-conserving interventions. As these issues are interlinked, their synergetic resolution is necessary for establishing sustainable irrigated-agriculture at basin scale. There is a consensus on the utility of classical irrigation for designing the capacity of different components of an irrigation system; and also appreciation of the fact that it does not represent the true picture of water savings/losses at the basin scale. Consumed fraction-based water accounting makes a better representation of irrigation performance from field to basin scales. In literature, studies from different countries revealed the positive impact of hightech irrigation in improving land productivity and income at the field scale but without any significant water conservation for further use to other sectors/locations. Many studies also indicate that introduction of high-tech irrigation in water-scarce but abundant irrigable land regions led to increased water use, which resulted in further decline of water table and/or deterioration of groundwater quality. The increase in water demand on improving irrigation efficiency is known as the efficiency paradox or rebound effect. In water-scarce areas, high-tech irrigation should be promoted with caps on water withdrawals even if the water transfer to downstream areas or other uses is not required. High-tech irrigation is helpful in reducing transaction costs for achieving water conservation, but gold plating of irrigation infrastructure alone would not be sufficient. This study emphasizes on enactment and enforcement of policies for regulating total water withdrawal, limiting irrigated area, and adopting ecologically-compliant cropping patterns for establishing sustainable irrigated-agriculture without the rebound effect.","PeriodicalId":180812,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Engineering (India)","volume":"414 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140759768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Legume Fortified Instant Noodles: Optimization of Product Formulation and Processing Parameters using Response Surface Methodology","authors":"Swati Sethi, Mridula D, Pankaj Kumar","doi":"10.52151/jae2024611.1828","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52151/jae2024611.1828","url":null,"abstract":"Cereal-pulses-based fortification has been attempted to improve the protein and dietary fibre content of instant noodles without altering the overall acceptability. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the process parameters and level of ingredients for manufacturing instant noodles. The effect of maize flour and split yellow pea flour fortification (6-18% each), the addition of vital wheat gluten (0.4-2.0%), and steaming time (1.5-7.5 min) on cooking loss, water uptake, volume expansion, cooking time, overall acceptability, L*, a* and b* values were investigated using the central composite rotatable design (CCRD). Results showed that maize flour and split yellow pea flour significantly (p≤0.05) affected cooking loss, water uptake, volume expansion, cooking time, overall acceptability, L*, a*, and b* values at linear levels. Vital wheat gluten had a significant effect on cooking loss, overall acceptability, L*, and a* value. Steaming time had a significant interactive effect with split yellow pea flour and vital wheat gluten on the responses. Incorporation of 18.0% maize flour, 11.25% split yellow pea flour, and 0.4% vital wheat gluten in formulation with 5.87 minutes of steaming time resulted in optimum quality instant noodles. A 20% increase in protein and a 50% increase in fiber content was observed in optimized instant noodles.","PeriodicalId":180812,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Engineering (India)","volume":"320 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140781074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kinetics of Thin Layer Drying of Safed Musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum) Roots","authors":"Pankaj Kumar, Manju Bala, Mridula D, Swati Sethi","doi":"10.52151/jae2024611.1835","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52151/jae2024611.1835","url":null,"abstract":"The present research focused on the medicinal plant Safed Musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum), which is commonly used in traditional Indian medicine. The powdered roots of this plant are frequently incorporated into pharmaceutical formulations. The primary objective of this study was to analyse the drying behaviour of Safed Musli roots using empirical modelling. Specifically, the roots were dried at three distinct temperatures (45, 50, and 55 °C) until they attained equilibrium moisture content. The initial root moisture content was 313.21% (d.b.). Six empirical models for drying were tested using the moisture ratios derived from the moisture loss data. The models were assessed based on the coefficient of determination (R2 ) and root mean square error (RMSE). The Page model emerged as the best-fitting model, with R2 values ranging from 0.9913 to 0.9961 at all three drying temperatures. The effective diffusivity of Safed Musli roots varied from 2.234×10-9 to 5.214×10-9 m2 .s-1, with higher values observed at higher drying temperatures. This study offers valuable insights for engineers who design drying equipment and processes for Safed Musli roots, thereby enhancing the efficiency and quality of the drying process.","PeriodicalId":180812,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Engineering (India)","volume":"86 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140756093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inclined Tubes Clarifier for Effective Removal of Suspended Solids from Canal Water Prior to Groundwater Recharge","authors":"Shruti Mhetre, Samanpreet Baweja, Amina Raheja, Mukesh Siag","doi":"10.52151/jae2024611.1831","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52151/jae2024611.1831","url":null,"abstract":"Groundwater recharge, through surplus supplies of canal water, may prove to be an important strategy for replenishing the rapidly depleting groundwater in Punjab and managing sustainably the groundwater resources. However, presence of suspended silt load in the canal water results in clogging of recharge wells and subsequent reduction in recharge rates and capacity of filters. In present study, an inclined tubes clarifier having filtration capacity of 1.8 L s-1 was designed and fabricated to filter the silt-loaded canal water. In the clarifier, tubes of poly vinyl chloride (PVC) media of 1-m length were attached one over the other to form an inclined honeycomb like structure through which canal water enters as inflow from the bottom and the clarified water exits as outflow from the top of the clarifier. Efficacy of the designed clarifier was tested at different total suspended solids ranging from 500 to 3000 mg L-1 in the canal water and at pumping rates varying from 0.3 to 2.1 L s-1. The results revealed more than 85% sediment-removal efficiency of the clarifier at flow rates above 0.8 L s-1. The results further indicated that efficiency of removing total suspended solids (TSS) reduced drastically at inflow rates more than 1.2 L s-1. Also, at all the flow rates, the efficiency was 6% higher for water samples having TSS more than 2000 mg L-1 in comparison to samples having TSS less than 1000 mg L-1. The clarifier makes no significant difference to the values of total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, total solids and pH of the canal water.","PeriodicalId":180812,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Engineering (India)","volume":"150 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140756349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Response Surface Optimization of Refractance Window Drying of Bitter Gourd Slices","authors":"Shabahat Ali, Insha Rashid Narwari, Shahzad Faisal","doi":"10.52151/jae2024611.1829","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52151/jae2024611.1829","url":null,"abstract":"This study was conducted to investigate the drying behavior of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) slices in a refractance window dryer. Various drying parameters such as water temperature (70, 80 and 90 °C), sample thickness (1, 2 and 3 mm) and blanching time (2, 3 and 4 min) were investigated for their effects on drying time, dehydration ratio and color change. Out of the 18 experimental runs determined by the Box Behnken design, six central experiments, often referred to as center points, were specifically chosen to assess the reliability of results. Four different empirical models viz. Exponential, Henderson and Pabis, Page's, and Power law model were selected based on their established applicability in similar studies, and fitted to the kinetics data of refractance window drying of bitter gourd. Adequacy of fit was assessed using the coefficient of determination (R2 ) and standard error of estimate (SEE). Page’s model demonstrated an excellent fit to the experimental drying data with a higher R2 value of 0.996 and correspondingly lower SEE of 0.0217 compared to the other three models. Furthermore, the drying process parameters were optimized for the responses using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The best values (within the chosen range) of water temperature, sample thickness and blanching time were found to be 90 °C, 1 mm and 4 min, respectively at desirability value of 0.889. At above condition of water temperature (90 °C), sample thickness (1 mm) and blanching time (4 min), the predicted values for the drying time, dehydration ratio and color change were found to be 52.2 min, 9.7 and 55.25, respectively. The findings of this study will be useful for refractance window drying of bitter gourd in particular and for high moisture foods in general.","PeriodicalId":180812,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Engineering (India)","volume":"283 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140771978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanics of Paddy Plant for Direct Ear-head Threshing and Optimization of Grain Loss","authors":"S. Sahu, Alpna Dubey, E. V. Thomas","doi":"10.52151/jae2024611.1834","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52151/jae2024611.1834","url":null,"abstract":"In developed direct ear-head thresher, grain bearing portion of standing plants is placed over the threshing cylinder. On this portion, upward tensile force is exerted by the threshing elements of rotating cylinder. Consequently, grains and panicles detach from the plant. The breakage of straw or uprooting of entire plants may also occur when the force is transmitted to them. The action is dependent on the strength of the plant straw and root grip. The panicle breaking, straw breaking and plant uprooting forces were determined. The average of these forces was 68.4, 134 and 509 N, respectively. The plant should remain erected and its panicle base should be above the height of cylinder axis to get efficient threshing. The average height of panicle base was 62 cm and accordingly, the cylinder axis was fixed at 60 cm to minimize the grain losses. The shattering, broken and un-threshed grain loss were 3.61, 0.11 and 1.07%, respectively, at optimized speeds of cylinder and plant feeding of 18.94 m.s-1 and 0.8 km.h-1. There was a significant effect of VP and VF on the grain loss. The threshing of only ear-heads minimizes the power requirements. It was found to vary from 0.1 to 0.35 kW.","PeriodicalId":180812,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Engineering (India)","volume":"79 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140767057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Draft Prediction of Commonly Used Tillage Implements for Sandy Clay Loam Soil in India","authors":"Ajay K. Roul, Hifjur Raheman","doi":"10.52151/jae2017544.1634","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52151/jae2017544.1634","url":null,"abstract":"Draft requirements for prototypes of mouldboard plough, cultivator and offset disc harrow with different widths of cut or number of tools were measured at four levels of depth and four levels of forward speed in three soil compaction levels in a soil bin with sandy clay loam soil at an average soil moisture content of 9.58% (d.b.). Effect of depth was more significant on draft of mouldboard plough and offset disc harrow, whereas number of tynes was the most significant factor for cultivator. Rate of increase of draft with respect to depth was higher as compared to forward speed, cone index and width of cut for all implements tested. Draft values predicted by ASABE model were compared with those obtained from soil bin tests at three compaction levels. Quite often, the measured draft values were found to be about 2.9, 1.7 and 1.65 times more than the ASABE predicted values for mouldboard plough, cultivator and offset disk harrow, respectively. An equation similar to the ASABE model incorporating cone index was developed using stepwise regression analyses to model the draft of tillage implements for the range of soil and operating condition tested. Field tests with commercial models of these implements were conducted to acquire data for draft by developing appropriate instrumentation to validate the developed draft equation. The average absolute variations between the predicted and measured values of draft were within 5.5 % and 11.6% for all the implements tested, and thus validated the developed draft prediction equation.","PeriodicalId":180812,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Engineering (India)","volume":"182 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140447548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}