Journal of Agricultural Engineering (India)最新文献

{"title":"Performance Evaluation of 100 kWp Grid Connected Solar Power Plant","authors":"Mudasir Ali, Kalay Khan, Bilal Ahmad Shera, Mohammad Omer Ullah Shah, Obaid A Bhat, Hilaas Ahmad Peerzada, Samreen Khan, Rishi Richa","doi":"10.52151/jae2025623.1944","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52151/jae2025623.1944","url":null,"abstract":"Grid-connected solar photovoltaic (PV) systems have emerged as a feasible and scalable renewable energy source for rural and urban electrification. Performance analysis of such systems is crucial for refining the design, improving operational efficiency, and preparing maintenance strategies. In 2020, a 100 kWp ground-mounted solar PV power plant was installed at Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir (SKUAST-K), Shalimar (Jammu & Kashmir), a location characterized by an average daily solar radiation of 3.96 kWh m⁻² and an annual mean ambient temperature of approximately 5°C. The system was configured with fixed tilt angle of 30° and azimuth of 210°. This study evaluates the system design and annual operational performance of the installed solar power plant. Simulation using PVsyst software predicted yield of 3.23 kWh kWp⁻¹ day⁻¹ and annual energy generation of 117.4 MWh with performance ratio (PR) of 65.5%. However, SCADA-based monitoring revealed actual generation of only 37 MWh with a PR of 20%, indicating considerable under-performance. Detailed analysis identified poor site selection as a major constraint, with shading losses of 22.98% due to surrounding trees and structures. Electrical mismatch losses of approximately 3% were also observed, which could be mitigated through deployment of PV modules integrated with additional bypass diodes. Furthermore, the current azimuthal orientation (210°) was found to be suboptimal; aligning the modules due south (azimuth 180°) would improve solar incidence and energy capture. Other factors contributing to the performance gap included frequent grid outages, inadequate preventive maintenance, and significant soiling losses. To enhance performance, remedial measures such as automated cleaning systems, azimuth and tilt optimization, improved site selection, and incorporation of hybrid storage systems are suggested. The findings highlight the importance of comprehensive site assessment, optimal orientation, and appropriate component configuration for maximizing the efficiency of grid-connected solar PV systems in temperate agroclimatic zones of Jammu and Kashmir.","PeriodicalId":180812,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Engineering (India)","volume":"62 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147916640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimal Allocation of Land Resources and Impacts of Water-Saving Techniques on Farmers’ Income: A Case Study","authors":"Smaranika Mahapatra, Madan Kr Jha","doi":"10.52151/jae2024613.1855","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52151/jae2024613.1855","url":null,"abstract":"Water scarcity has become a major issue globally due to climate change and the reckless use of water resources. As the agriculture sector is the dominant water user, water scarcity poses a high risk for global food and water security. Therefore, it is crucial to effectively manage and judiciously allocate the resources in the agricultural sector to achieve sustainable food and water security. To this, the present study was conducted with the overall goal of demonstrating the impacts of two water-saving irrigation methods in paddy and non-paddy crops in a river basin of Eastern India. An optimization model was developed for achieving the maximum economic profit in the agricultural sector and then solved for four different irrigation scenarios to analyze the impacts on the economic benefits. Scenario 1 represents the current irrigation method of the area, while Scenario 2 and Scenario 3 correspond to the application of Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD) to paddy, and sprinkler irrigation to green gram crops, respectively. Scenario 4 was the combination of AWD and sprinkler irrigation in paddy and green gram crops, respectively. The optimization problem was solved using the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. The results indicated that the net annual profit for the present irrigation condition is Rs. 9164.52 million. The net annual profit increases by 9, 16, 12, and 18% under Scenarios 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively as compared to the present non-optimized allocated resources. It is concluded from the study that implementing multiple interventions is more effective for achieving higher crop area while getting higher economic profit as compared to individual interventions. Overall, the framework demonstrated in this study can assist the policymakers in enhancing farmers’ socio-economic condition while ensuring judicious land and water utilization and reducing the fallow lands under spatio-temporally varying water availability conditions.","PeriodicalId":180812,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Engineering (India)","volume":"11 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141928544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of Priority-based Variable Deficit Irrigation Strategies for Grain Sorghum Production in the Texas High Plains under Increasing Climate Variability","authors":"Sayantan Samanta, S. Ale, S. K. Himanshu, Bhupinder Singh, K. Kothari","doi":"10.52151/jae2024613.1850","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52151/jae2024613.1850","url":null,"abstract":"Agriculture accounts for 70% of global freshwater usage, majority of which is used for irrigation. Irrigated agriculture in the Texas High Plains (THP) region of the United States highly depends on groundwater availability in the Ogallala Aquifer. Rapidly declining groundwater levels, recurring droughts and increasing climate variability are primary concerns for crop production in the THP, and they necessitate the adoption of efficient irrigation strategies. The objective of this study is to identify efficient growth-stage-based variable deficit irrigation (GS-VDI) strategies for grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) production using a prioritization scheme that assigns different priority weights for yield, crop water productivity (CWP), and irrigation under different climate variability classes. The Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer Cropping System Model (DSSAT CSM) CERES-Sorghum model was used to simulate a total of 257 GS-VDI strategies, including a control scenario with 100% evapotranspiration (ET)-replacement and 256 combinations of scenarios developed by implementing four levels of ET-replacement (30%, 50%, 70%, and 90%) in four growth stages of sorghum: (i) emergence to panicle initiation, (ii) panicle initiation to boot, (iii) boot to early grain filling, and (iv) early to late grain filling. A prioritization index was developed to analyse the outcomes of these strategies under three prioritization scenarios: (i) equal priority on yield, CWP, and irrigation (PS-1), (ii) higher priority on yield and CWP (PS-2), and (iii) higher priority on CWP and irrigation (PS-3). All three prioritization schemes identified S-61 (30-90-90-30% ET replacement levels during growth stages one through four) and S-29 (30-50-90-30) strategies as the ideal GS-VDI strategies during dry and wet years, respectively. During the normal years, S-62 (30-90-90-50) was identified as the ideal strategy under PS-1 and PS-2 schemes, whereas S-61 strategy was identified as ideal in the PS-3 scheme. These ideal strategies could save 26% to 42% of irrigation water at the expense of 10% to 20% loss in yield in different years. Results from this study would be useful for producers, farm managers, and natural resource conservationists in their efforts to adopt or promote GS-VDI to maximize cropland productivity and reduce irrigation water usage from the Ogallala Aquifer.","PeriodicalId":180812,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Engineering (India)","volume":"20 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141927591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tillage and Liquid Swine Manure Application Effects on Subsurface Drain Flow and NO3-N and PO4-P Leaching Losses under Corn-Soybean Cropping System","authors":"C. K. Hoang, C. H. Pederson, Sangeeta Lenka, R. S. Kanwar, J. L. Baker, M. Helmers","doi":"10.52151/jae2024613.1851","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52151/jae2024613.1851","url":null,"abstract":"Agricultural production systems in the Midwestern states of the United States of America are considered to be contributing significantly to Hypoxia related problems in the Gulf of Mexico. Therefore, a field study was conducted at the Iowa State University’s Northeast Research Center, near Nashua, Iowa to evaluate the effects of tillage and liquid swine manure application on NO3-N and PO4-P leaching losses to subsurface drain system under corn and soybean production system. Liquid swine manure was applied in the fall after crop harvest, followed by a pass of chisel plow to incorporate manure into the surface soil within 48 hours of manure application. Six-year (2001-2006) data were collected and analyzed in a randomized complete block design to determine the effects of tillage and manure application on subsurface drain flow, NO3-N and PO4-P leaching losses with subsurface drain water and crop yields. Results of this study indicated that treatment effects on subsurface drainage volume were significant at p=0.05 showing spatial and temporal variability of NO3-N concentrations in subsurface drainage water (p<0.01). The NO3-N concentrations in subsurface drain water were found to be higher in all treatments but were two-folds greater in the plots receiving manure every year. No significant effects of treatments were observed on total PO4-P leaching losses and PO4-P concentrations in subsurface drain water as well as on corn and soybean grain yields. Corn grain yields showed an increase of 1.8% in manure applied corn plots.  No significant difference, however, was found between soybean plots receiving manure every year and soybean plots with no manure application.","PeriodicalId":180812,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Engineering (India)","volume":"23 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141926210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reliability of Artificial Intelligence-based Models Compared to Numerical Model for Predicting Groundwater Level under Changing Climate","authors":"Viveka Nand, Bhaskar Narjary, Vijay Kumar Singh, Neeraj Kumar, Adlul Islam, Satyendra Kumar","doi":"10.52151/jae2024613.1852","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52151/jae2024613.1852","url":null,"abstract":"Groundwater modeling is a crucial tool for simulating groundwater level behavior under future climate change scenarios, and for studying the effects of water management strategies on sustainability of groundwater resources. In this study, two types of models, namely, a physical-based numerical model called MODFLOW, and a data-driven model called Genetic Algorithm-based Multilayer Perceptron (MLP-GA), were evaluated for the reliable predictions of groundwater levels in the semi-arid region of the Karnal district, Haryana. Seven hybrid MLP-GA models were developed with different combinations of input variables such as rainfall, crop evapotranspiration, deep percolation, and irrigation water requirement. The numerical model and hybrid MLP-GA models were calibrated and validated using groundwater-level data from the pre-monsoon period. Among the hybrid models, the model M-1 with four input variables (crop evapotranspiration, rainfall, deep percolation, and applied irrigation water) and 4-29-1 (four input nodes, 29 neurons in the hidden layer, and one output node) model architecture performed the best, but the numerical model showed superiority over the MLP-GA models. The numerical model and M-1 model were used to predict future groundwater levels under projected climate change scenario. According to the numerical model, under the RCP4.5 scenario, groundwater levels in the study area were projected to decline by 7.7 meters by the year 2039 compared to the reference year of 2015. The M-1 model predicted decline of 5.0 meter by the year 2039. The study concluded that all input variables are essential for accurately simulating groundwater levels using MLP-GA models, and that the numerical model is more reliable for assessing the impact of climate change on groundwater behavior during future periods.  ","PeriodicalId":180812,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Engineering (India)","volume":"24 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141926174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trend Identification in Groundwater Levels and Exploring Linkages with Rainfall and Irrigated Areas in Arid Region of Rajasthan, India","authors":"D. Machiwal, H. M. Meena, D. V. Singh, Santra, P., Kumar, S.","doi":"10.52151/jae2024613.1853","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52151/jae2024613.1853","url":null,"abstract":"Aquifers underlying the arid lands of Rajasthan are under stress due to expansion in groundwater-irrigated areas. This study investigated trends in the long-term groundwater level and explored linkages of groundwater with rainfall and irrigated area in 12 districts of the arid region of Rajasthan, India using 64-year (1957-2020) rainfall data of 62 stations and 36-year (1984-2019) groundwater-level data of 4042 sites for pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Box-whisker plots of the district-wise average annual rainfalls were drawn. Trends in groundwater levels were identified by employing Mann-Kendall test and their magnitudes were quantified using Sen’s slope estimator test. Furthermore, linkages of groundwater levels with rainfall and groundwater-irrigated areas were evaluated through correlation and linear regression analysis. Results indicated that annual rainfall increased at a rate of 18 mm year-1 over the last 2 decades. Also, annual rainfall crossed an amount of 400 mm in 7 of recent 10 years. The declining trends (p<0.05) of groundwater levels were identified at more than 50% sites mainly located in Jalor, Jhunjhunu, Pali, Sikar, Nagaur and Jodhpur districts. In contrast, rising trends in Sriganganagar, Hanumangarh and Bikaner districts were attributed to excessive canal-irrigation and poor-quality groundwater. Declining groundwater levels were more prominent in Jalor, Jhunjhunu, Nagaur and Sikar districts in post-monsoon (>0.60 m year-1) as compared to pre-monsoon (0.40-0.50 m year-1) season. Groundwater levels revealed poor response to rainfall as evidenced from weak linear relationship with low correlation coefficients (r) values. On the contrary, groundwater-level revealed moderate to strong linkages with irrigated areas based on r ranging from 0.58 to 0.94 and 0.68 to 0.96 during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon season, respectively. Findings of this study suggest need for adopting good strategies like harvesting surplus rain/runoff water and utilizing the harvested water judiciously for irrigation or groundwater recharge. However, this will require developing incentive-based policies to encourage farmers and other stakeholders to adopt water harvesting and help curtail excessive groundwater extraction for irrigation. In addition, reducing subsidies on electricity and promoting less water-requiring crops and adoption of water-saving technologies can be part of the policy framework.","PeriodicalId":180812,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Engineering (India)","volume":"105 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141926710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate Linked Variations in Blue and Green Water Footprints of Major Vegetable Crops Cultivated in Eastern Gangetic Plains of India","authors":"S. Mali, Abhishek Paul, Dheerendra Singh, Arjamadutta Sarangi, Sushanta Naik, DK Das","doi":"10.52151/jae2024613.1854","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52151/jae2024613.1854","url":null,"abstract":"Increased climatic variability is impacting agriculture in different ways, including water demands and availability. Present study analyses the impact of changing future climatic conditions on Water Footprints (WF) of major vegetable crops (cabbage, tomato and potato) grown in Eastern Gangetic Plains (EGP), covering the states of West Bengal, Bihar and Jharkhand, of India. A daily soil water balance model was developed to assess the blue and green water use of three major vegetable crops in EGP. The model was employed to assess the average blue and green water use at daily time step for periods pertaining to baseline (2008-2018), early (2030-31), mid (2050-51) and late (2080-81) 21st century, under different future climate scenarios of RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0 and RCP8.5. The study also considered yield variations of these crops under future scenarios considering the monotonic trend models. It was observed that, under baseline scenario, the WF of cabbage, potato and tomato in the study area were 481.2, 2689.2 and 434.9 Mm3 yr-1, respectively. It was predicted that, across all the climate change scenarios and time scales, the green and blue WF of cabbage would increase by 2.75% to 6.88%, whereas in case of potato, the increase was in the range of 9.64% to 15.37%. Across all the climate scenarios and time scales, the variations in WF of tomato were projected to be comparatively lower (-3.95% to 1.37%). Looking at blue and green components, the green WF of cabbage production is likely to decrease in the range of 2.5% to 14.22% under different time scales and climate change scenarios. The green WFs of potato and tomato were projected to increase by 56.49% to 221.62% and 31.31% to 110.14%, respectively. The blue WF of cabbage would increase by 13.34% to 25.87%, while that of tomato was projected to decrease by 9.41% to 26.13%. The blue WF of potato was projected to vary in the range of -4.91% to 7.1% in future. The study clearly highlights increase in blue WF of vegetable crops underlining increased irrigation water demands under future climatic scenarios. This also calls for improving infrastructure to achieve efficient water use and better management of available water resources.","PeriodicalId":180812,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Engineering (India)","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141927134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of number of blades per flange of a rotary puddler","authors":"A. Shrivastava, R. K. Datta","doi":"10.52151/jae2000373.0930","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52151/jae2000373.0930","url":null,"abstract":"The experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance of different set of number of blades per flange of a rotary puddler under the controlled soil bin conditions. It was found that by using six number of blades (B2) per flange of rotary puddler, 84.43 per cent puddling index (PI), 110.90 Newton horizontal force (Fh), 35.60 Newton vertical force (Fv), 9.90 MJ/m x 10.03 specific energy (Es) and 8.49 percent performance index (PEl) were achieved under controlled soil bin. This was better than the four number (Bl)and Eight number (B3) of blades per flange of rotary puddler.","PeriodicalId":180812,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Engineering (India)","volume":"65 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141277455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shelling characteristics of green pea pods","authors":"D. Singh","doi":"10.52151/jae2000373.0933","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52151/jae2000373.0933","url":null,"abstract":"Investigations were carried out to know the effect of moisture content and pod size on shelling efficiency of the power operated green pea pod shelling machine developed at Jabalpur centre of PHTS. Moisture levels of68.5 to 75.7% (wb) and 20.8-24.5 mm pod size was found most suitable for each variety of green pea pods. Shelling efficiency of Arkel variety was found best at all the levels of moisture content and pod size. Shelling efficiency decreased with increase in moisture content and decrease in size of pods in all the varieties of pea under study.","PeriodicalId":180812,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Engineering (India)","volume":"36 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141277377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of comparative hardness of sugarcane varieties at nodes and internodes","authors":"S. Anwar, R. Banerji, S. Chaudhary, B. Baboo, R. Kumar, V. K. Madan","doi":"10.52151/jae2000373.0931","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52151/jae2000373.0931","url":null,"abstract":"Assessment of comparative hardness of sugarcane was done using compression testing machine with tension compression proving ring. Hardness of nodes and internodes of three early and four mid late cane varieties was assessed. Nodes were observed to be harder than internodes. Data on node and internode hardness showed that amongst early and mid late varieties, hardness of both node and internode of Colk 8102 was maximum (0.82 and 0.67 kN force was required for breaking node and internode respectively) indicating it to be the hardest amongst the cane varieties tested. Data on hardness of each node and internode from top to bottom at IO & 12 month crop age revealed that nodes and internodes at 12 months were harder than the nodes and internodes at 10 month crop age.","PeriodicalId":180812,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Engineering (India)","volume":"1 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141275008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}