Performance Evaluation of 100 kWp Grid Connected Solar Power Plant

Grid-connected solar photovoltaic (PV) systems have emerged as a feasible and scalable renewable energy source for rural and urban electrification. Performance analysis of such systems is crucial for refining the design, improving operational efficiency, and preparing maintenance strategies. In 2020, a 100 kWp ground-mounted solar PV power plant was installed at Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir (SKUAST-K), Shalimar (Jammu & Kashmir), a location characterized by an average daily solar radiation of 3.96 kWh m⁻² and an annual mean ambient temperature of approximately 5°C. The system was configured with fixed tilt angle of 30° and azimuth of 210°. This study evaluates the system design and annual operational performance of the installed solar power plant. Simulation using PVsyst software predicted yield of 3.23 kWh kWp⁻¹ day⁻¹ and annual energy generation of 117.4 MWh with performance ratio (PR) of 65.5%. However, SCADA-based monitoring revealed actual generation of only 37 MWh with a PR of 20%, indicating considerable under-performance. Detailed analysis identified poor site selection as a major constraint, with shading losses of 22.98% due to surrounding trees and structures. Electrical mismatch losses of approximately 3% were also observed, which could be mitigated through deployment of PV modules integrated with additional bypass diodes. Furthermore, the current azimuthal orientation (210°) was found to be suboptimal; aligning the modules due south (azimuth 180°) would improve solar incidence and energy capture. Other factors contributing to the performance gap included frequent grid outages, inadequate preventive maintenance, and significant soiling losses. To enhance performance, remedial measures such as automated cleaning systems, azimuth and tilt optimization, improved site selection, and incorporation of hybrid storage systems are suggested. The findings highlight the importance of comprehensive site assessment, optimal orientation, and appropriate component configuration for maximizing the efficiency of grid-connected solar PV systems in temperate agroclimatic zones of Jammu and Kashmir.