Life Sciences in Space Research最新文献

{"title":"Palmer Station, Antarctica: A ground-based spaceflight analog suitable for validation of biomedical countermeasures for deep space missions","authors":"Douglass M. Diak ,&nbsp;Stephanie Krieger ,&nbsp;Cody Gutierrez ,&nbsp;Satish Mehta ,&nbsp;Mayra Nelman-Gonzalez ,&nbsp;Adriana Babiak-Vazquez ,&nbsp;Millennia Young ,&nbsp;Thomas M. Oswald ,&nbsp;Alexander Choukér ,&nbsp;Jamee Johnson ,&nbsp;Hannah James ,&nbsp;Cindy Y. Chang ,&nbsp;Brian Crucian","doi":"10.1016/j.lssr.2023.08.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lssr.2023.08.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span>Astronauts are known to exhibit a variety of immunological alterations during spaceflight including changes in leukocyte distribution and plasma cytokine concentrations, a reduction in T-cell function, and subclinical reactivation of latent herpesviruses<span>. These alterations are most likely due to mission-associated stressors including circadian misalignment, microgravity, isolation, altered nutrition, and increased exposure to cosmic radiation. Some of these stressors may also occur in terrestrial situations. This study sought to determine if crewmembers performing winterover deployment at Palmer Station, Antarctica, displayed similar immune alterations. The larger goal was to validate a ground analog suitable for the evaluation of countermeasures designed to protect astronauts during future deep space missions. For this pilot study, plasma, saliva, hair, and health surveys were collected from Palmer Station, Antarctica, winterover participants at baseline, and at five winterover timepoints. Twenty-six subjects consented to participate over the course of two seasons. Initial sample processing was performed at Palmer, and eventually stabilized samples were returned to the Johnson Space Center for analysis. A </span></span>white blood cell differential<span> was performed (real time) using a fingerstick blood sample to determine alterations in basic leukocyte subsets throughout the winterover. Plasma and saliva samples were analyzed for 30 and 13 cytokines, respectively. Saliva was analyzed for cortisol concentration and three latent herpesviruses (DNA by qPCR), EBV<span>, HSV1, and </span></span></span>VZV<span>. Voluntary surveys related to general health and adverse clinical events were distributed to participants. It is noteworthy that due to logistical constraints caused by COVID-19, the baseline samples for each season were collected in Punta Arenas, Chile, after long international travel and during isolation. Therefore, the Palmer pre-mission samples may not reflect a true normal ‘baseline’. Minimal alterations were observed in leukocyte distribution during winterover. The mean percentage of monocyte concentration elevated at one timepoint. Plasma G-CSF, IL1RA, MCP-1, MIP-1β, TNFα, and VEGF were decreased during at least one winterover timepoint, whereas RANTES was significantly increased. No statistically significant changes were observed in mean saliva cytokine concentrations. Salivary cortisol was substantially elevated throughout the entire winterover compared to baseline. Compared to shedding levels observed in healthy controls (23%), the percentage of participants who shed EBV was higher throughout all winterover timepoints (52–60%). Five subjects shed HSV1 during at least one timepoint throughout the season compared to no subjects shedding during pre-deployment. Finally, VZV reactivation, common in astronauts but exceptionally rare in ground-based stress analogs, was observed in one subject during pre-deployme","PeriodicalId":18029,"journal":{"name":"Life Sciences in Space Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86570241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in planetary sustainability","authors":"André Galli ,&nbsp;Andreas Losch","doi":"10.1016/j.lssr.2023.05.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lssr.2023.05.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the 21st century, existing human societies and biodiversity on the Earth are under threat because human resource consumption is exceeding or projected to exceed some of the physical and chemical boundaries of our planet (Rockström et al., 2009). Space research and space exploration are an integral part of a sustainable development that mitigates these threats: Space science and exploration allow us to monitor environmental threats and they open up access to global communication and participation for all human societies. In addition, space exploration also promises to expand the existing limitations and planetary boundaries imposed on human development. On the other hand space exploration can also cause additional environmental problems. The best known example for the latter is the anthropogenic space debris orbiting Earth, but similar problems are likely to occur in other places, for instance on the Moon, due to scientific and commercial space exploration in the near future.</p><p>Planetary sustainability is a helpful concept to address the promises and challenges posed by space exploration with respect to sustainability. This concept can be understood as a sustainable development that considers the Earth as a planet in its space environment and considers the space environment as an integral part of sustainable development, with scientific, ethical, economic, and legal ramifications.</p><p>In this article we review the recent advancements in planetary sustainability. This includes the proposal that the space environment of Earth should be added as an independent goal to the existing 17 Sustainable Development Goals defined by the United Nations, considerations of the planned return of humans to the Moon in 2024, and the implications of the increase of commercial satellite networks in low Earth orbit.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":18029,"journal":{"name":"Life Sciences in Space Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9906954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Importance of Time-Resolved Personal Dosimetry in Space: The ISS Crew Active Dosimeter","authors":"R. Gaza, A. Johnson, B. Hayes, T. Campbell-Ricketts, Jani Rakkola, Mena F. Abdelmelek, C. Zeitlin, S. George, N. Stoffle, A. Castro, Clif Amberboy, E. Semones","doi":"10.1016/j.lssr.2023.08.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lssr.2023.08.004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18029,"journal":{"name":"Life Sciences in Space Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73657752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a NASA roadmap for planetary protection to prepare for the first human missions to Mars✰","authors":"Bette Siegel ,&nbsp;J.Andy Spry ,&nbsp;James Broyan ,&nbsp;Sarah L. Castro-Wallace ,&nbsp;Kevin Sato ,&nbsp;Erin Mahoney ,&nbsp;Julie Robinson","doi":"10.1016/j.lssr.2023.03.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lssr.2023.03.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>As part of planning for future space exploration, COSPAR (The Committee on Space Research) together with participating space agencies, organized and held interdisciplinary meetings to consider next steps in addressing knowledge gaps for planetary protection for future human missions to Mars. Beginning with the results of these meetings and earlier work by NASA, ESA, and COSPAR (e.g., Criswell et al., 2005; Hogan et al., 2006; Rummel et al., 2008) as a base the authors of this paper carried out a follow-on NASA planning activity to identify the necessary steps to be accomplished to close knowledge gaps. We identified significant overlap between the planetary protection needs and other sets of Mars preparation roadmaps (1) microbial monitoring requirements for crew health and medical systems, (2) studies of the microbiome of the built environment, (3) environmental control and life support systems (ECLSS), (4) waste management, and (5) planetary surface operations. In many cases, efforts to mature exploration class systems for Mars that are occurring in other domains can be leveraged with minor changes to address planetary protection gaps as well. In other cases, work planned for testing on the International Space Station (ISS) as an analog for crew Mars transit, or on the lunar surface as an analog for Mars surface operations can be used to close planetary protection technology and knowledge gaps. An overall strategic framework that combines these domains has the advantage of being more comprehensive, efficient, and timely for closing gaps.</p><p>This approach has led to the development of a NASA roadmap for addressing planetary protection integrated with other related roadmaps. NASA's development and execution of the planetary protection is now viewed in an integrated way with related technology development and testing. Key features of the integrated capabilities roadmap include:</p><ul><li><span>•</span><span><p>A focus on microbial monitoring needs for crewed systems overall, and the additional work needed to develop and demonstrate baseline vs. abnormal changes in microbial communities over time.</p></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><p>Integrated consideration of planetary protection and crew health requirements relevant to crew quarantine and science sample transportation.</p></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><p>Specific and targeted studies of microbial growth and biofilms in microgravity and lunar surface ECLSS systems.</p></span></li><li><span>•</span><span><p>Development of sterilization, cleaning, and waste handling technologies that meet habitation needs as well as planetary protection needs.</p></span></li></ul></div>","PeriodicalId":18029,"journal":{"name":"Life Sciences in Space Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9912166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative analysis of the molecular response characteristics in Platycodon grandiflorus irradiated with heavy ion beams and X-rays","authors":"Xiao Liu ,&nbsp;Yan Du ,&nbsp;Chaoli Xu ,&nbsp;Fusheng Wang ,&nbsp;Xuehu Li ,&nbsp;Luxiang Liu ,&nbsp;Xiaohui Ma ,&nbsp;Yuanmeng Wang ,&nbsp;Linghui Ge ,&nbsp;Weibin Ren ,&nbsp;Ling Jin ,&nbsp;Libin Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.lssr.2023.07.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lssr.2023.07.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>The response of plants to radiation is an essential topic in both space plant cultivation and mutation breeding by radiation. In this study, heavy ion beams (HIB) generated by the ground accelerator and X-rays (XR) were used as models of high linear energy transfer (LET) and low LET radiation to study the molecular response mechanism of </span><em>Platycodon grandiflorus</em> (<em>P. grandiflorus</em>) seedlings after irradiation. The gene and protein expression profiles of <em>P. grandiflorus</em><span> after 15 Gy HIB and 20 Gy XR radiation were analyzed by transcriptome<span> and proteome<span><span>. The results showed that the number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) induced by HIB radiation was less than that of XR group, but HIB radiation induced more differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). Both HIB and XR radiation activated genes of RNA silencing, double-strand break repair and cell catabolic process. DNA replication and cell cycle related genes were down-regulated. The genes of cell wall and external encapsulating structure were up-regulated after HIB radiation. The gene expression of protein folding and glucan </span>biosynthesis<span><span> increased after XR radiation. Protein enrichment analysis indicated that HIB radiation resulted in differential protein enriched in photosynthesis<span> and secondary metabolite biosynthesis pathways, while XR radiation induced differential protein of glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism and </span></span>carbon metabolism<span>. After HIB and XR radiation, the genes of antioxidant system and terpenoid and polyketide<span> metabolic pathways presented different expression patterns. HIB radiation led to the enrichment of non-homologous end-joining pathway. The results will contribute to understanding the biological effects of plants under space radiation.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":18029,"journal":{"name":"Life Sciences in Space Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9912168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extended reality quantification of pupil reactivity as a non-invasive assessment for the pathogenesis of spaceflight associated neuro-ocular syndrome: A technology validation study for astronaut health","authors":"Prithul Sarker ,&nbsp;Joshua Ong ,&nbsp;Nasif Zaman ,&nbsp;Sharif Amit Kamran ,&nbsp;Ethan Waisberg ,&nbsp;Phani Paladugu ,&nbsp;Andrew G. Lee ,&nbsp;Alireza Tavakkoli","doi":"10.1016/j.lssr.2023.06.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lssr.2023.06.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has rigorously documented a group of neuro-ophthalmic findings in astronauts during and after long-duration spaceflight known as spaceflight associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS). For astronaut safety and mission effectiveness, understanding SANS and countermeasure development are of utmost importance. Although the pathogenesis of SANS is not well defined, a leading hypothesis is that SANS might relate to a sub-clinical increased intracranial pressure<span><span> (ICP) from cephalad fluid shifts in microgravity. However, no direct ICP measurements are available during spaceflight. To further understand the role of ICP in SANS, pupillometry can serve as a promising non-invasive biomarker for spaceflight environment as ICP is correlated with the pupil variables under illumination. Extended reality (XR) can help to address certain limitations in current methods for efficient pupil testing during spaceflight. We designed a protocol to quantify parameters of pupil reactivity in XR with an equivalent time duration of illumination on each eye compared to pre-existing, non-XR methods. Throughout the assessment, the pupil diameter data was collected using HTC Vive Pro-VR headset, thanks to its eye-tracking capabilities. Finally, the data was used to compute several pupil variables. We applied our methods to 36 control subjects. Pupil variables such as maximum and minimum pupil size, constriction amplitude, average constriction amplitude, maximum constriction velocity, latency and dilation velocity were computed for each control data. We compared our methods of calculation of pupil variables with the non-XR methods existing in the literature. Distributions of the pupil variables such as latency, constriction amplitude, and velocity of 36 control data displayed near-identical results from the non-XR literature for normal subjects. We propose a new method to evaluate pupil reactivity with XR </span>technology to further understand ICP's role in SANS and provide further insight into SANS countermeasure development for future spaceflight.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":18029,"journal":{"name":"Life Sciences in Space Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9912169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combined effect of simulated microgravity and low-dose ionizing radiation on structure and antibiotic resistance of a synthetic community model of bacteria isolated from spacecraft assembly room","authors":"Yueying Lu ,&nbsp;Yifan Fu ,&nbsp;Letian Chen ,&nbsp;Jingjing Cui ,&nbsp;Min Huang ,&nbsp;Yuming Fu ,&nbsp;Hong Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.lssr.2023.04.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lssr.2023.04.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Understanding the structural and antibiotic resistance changes of microbial communities in space environments is critical for identifying potential pathogens that may pose health risks to astronauts and for preventing and controlling microbial contamination. The research to date on microbes under simulated space factors has primarily been carried out on single bacterial species under the individual effects of microgravity or low-dose radiation. However, microgravity (MG) and low-dose ionizing radiation (LDIR) coexist in the actual spacecraft environment, and microorganisms coexist as communities in the spacecraft environment. Thus, the microbial response to the real changes present during space habitation has not been adequately explored. To address this knowledge gap, we compared the dynamics of community composition and antibiotic resistance of synthetic bacterial communities under simulated microgravit, low-dose ionizing radiation, and the conditions combined, as it occurs in spacecraft. To ensure representative bacteria were selected, we co-cultured of 12 bacterial strains isolated from spacecraft cleanrooms. We found that the weakened competition between communities increased the possibility of species coexistence, community diversity, and homogeneity. The number of <em>Bacilli</em> increased significantly, while different species under the combined conditions showed various changes in abundance compared to those under the individual conditions. The resistance of the synthetic community to penicillins increased significantly under low doses of ionizing radiation but did not change significantly under simulated microgravity or the combined conditions. The results of functional predictions revealed that antibiotic biosynthesis and resistance increased dramatically in the community under space environmental stress, which confirmed the results of the drug sensitivity assays. Our results show that combined space environmental factors exert different effects on the microbial community structure and antibiotic resistance, which provides new insights into our understanding of the mechanisms of evolution of microorganisms in spacecraft, and is relevant to effective microbial pollution prevention and control strategies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":18029,"journal":{"name":"Life Sciences in Space Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10215756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Accumulation of high-energy phosphates blocks the expression of mitochondrial biogenesis markers and slow-type myosin in soleus muscle under 24 hours of rat hindlimb suspension","authors":"I.D. Lvova ,&nbsp;K.A. Sharlo ,&nbsp;N.A. Vilchinskaya ,&nbsp;D.A. Sidorenko ,&nbsp;D.T. Sharlo ,&nbsp;B.S. Shenkman","doi":"10.1016/j.lssr.2023.04.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lssr.2023.04.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Under the initial stage of muscle mechanical unloading, the skeletal muscle undergo accumulation of high-energy phosphates followed by AMP-dependent proteinkinase (AMPK) inactivation. Since AMPK is known to activate mitochondrial biogenesis<span><span>, it cannot be excluded that AMPK inactivation results in oxidative potential decrease at the later stages of muscle unloading. We decided to test the role of the accumulation of high-energy phosphates in skeletal muscle fibers in the inactivation of mitochondrial biogenesis regulators at an early stage of muscle unloading. To reduce the ATP/ADP ratio, we used beta-guanidine </span>propionic acid<span><span>, and the obtained data indicating that already during the first day of simulated microgravity, the accumulation of high-energy phosphates can reduce the expression level of mRNA of the key regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis PGC-1α, the </span>transcription factor TFAM<span>, as well as the mitochondrial fusion regulator - mitofusin-1. A number of other parameters of mitochondrial signaling were not subject to changes at this time-point. Thus, we demonstrated the role of the ATP/ADP ratio in the inactivation of several regulators of mitochondrial biogenesis in the postural soleus muscle at an early stage of functional unloading.</span></span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":18029,"journal":{"name":"Life Sciences in Space Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9906957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of simulated microgravity and vibration on osteoblast and osteoclast activity in cultured zebrafish scales","authors":"Juan D. Carvajal-Agudelo,&nbsp;Alisha McNeil,&nbsp;Tamara A. Franz-Odendaal","doi":"10.1016/j.lssr.2023.05.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lssr.2023.05.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Zebrafish cultured scales have been used effectively to study cellular and molecular responses of bone cells. In order to expose zebrafish scales to simulated microgravity (SMG) and/or vibration, we first determined via apoptosis staining whether cells of the scale survive in culture for two days and hence, we restricted our analyses to two-day durations. Next, we measured the effects of SMG and vibration on cell death, osteoclast<span> tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, and osteoblast alkaline phosphatase activity and on the number of Runx2a positive cells. We found that during the SMG treatment, osteoclast tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity increased on average, while the number of Runx2a positive cells decreased significantly. In contrast, SMG exposure caused a decrease in osteoblast activity. The vibration treatment showed an increase, on average, in the osteoblast alkaline phosphatase activity. This study demonstrates the effect of SMG and vibration on zebrafish scales and the effects of SMG on bone cells. We also show that zebrafish scales can be used to examine the effects of SMG on bone maintenance.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":18029,"journal":{"name":"Life Sciences in Space Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9912167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hybrid methods of radiation shielding against deep-space radiation","authors":"Rajarshi Pal Chowdhury ,&nbsp;Luke A. Stegeman ,&nbsp;Matthew L. Lund ,&nbsp;Dan Fry ,&nbsp;Stojan Madzunkov ,&nbsp;Amir A. Bahadori","doi":"10.1016/j.lssr.2023.04.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lssr.2023.04.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the last decade, NASA and other space exploration organizations have focused on making crewed missions to different locations in our solar system a priority. To ensure the crew members’ safety in a harsh radiation environment outside the protection of the geomagnetic field and atmosphere, a robust radiation protection system needs to be in place. Passive shielding methods, which use mass shielding, are insufficient as a standalone means of radiation protection for long-term deep-space missions. Active shielding methods, which use electromagnetic fields to deflect charged particles, have the potential to be a solution that can be used along with passive shielding to make deep-space travel safer and more feasible. Past active shielding studies have demonstrated that substantial technological advances are required for active shielding to be a reality. However, active shielding has shown potential for near-future implementation when used to protect against solar energetic particles, which are less penetrating than galactic cosmic rays (GCRs). This study uses a novel approach to investigate the impacts of passive and active shielding for protection against extreme solar particle events (SPEs) and free-space GCR spectra under solar minimum and solar maximum conditions. Hybrid shielding configuration performance is assessed in terms of effective dose and radiobiological effectiveness (RBE)-weighted dose reduction. A novel electrostatic shielding configuration consisting of multiple charged planes and charged rods was chosen as the base active shielding configuration. After a rigorous optimization process, two hybrid shielding configurations were chosen based on their ability to reduce RBE-weighted dose and effective dose. For protection against the extreme SPE, a hybrid active-passive shielding configuration was chosen, where active shielding was placed outside of passive shielding. In the case of GCRs, to gain additional reduction compared to passive shielding, the passive shielding configuration was placed before the active shielding to intentionally fragment HZE ions to improve shielding performance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":18029,"journal":{"name":"Life Sciences in Space Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10240010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}