Life Sciences in Space Research最新文献

{"title":"Imaging in spaceflight associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS): Current technology and future directions in modalities","authors":"Benjamin Soares ,&nbsp;Joshua Ong ,&nbsp;Ethan Waisberg ,&nbsp;Prithul Sarker ,&nbsp;Nasif Zaman ,&nbsp;Alireza Tavakkoli ,&nbsp;Andrew G. Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.lssr.2024.04.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lssr.2024.04.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>With plans for future long-duration crewed exploration, NASA has identified several high priority potential health risks to astronauts in space. One such risk is a collection of neurologic and ophthalmic findings termed spaceflight associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS). The findings of SANS include optic disc edema, globe flattening, retinal nerve fiber layer thickening, chorioretinal folds, hyperopic shifts, and cotton-wool spots. The cause of SANS was initially thought to be a cephalad fluid shift in microgravity leading to increased intracranial pressure, venous stasis and impaired CSF outflow, but the precise etiology of SANS remains ill defined.</p><p>Recent studies have explored multiple possible pathogenic mechanisms for SANS including genetic and hormonal factors; a cephalad shift of fluid into the orbit and brain in microgravity; and disruption to the brain glymphatic system. Orbital, ocular, and cranial imaging, both on Earth and in space has been critical in the diagnosis and monitoring of SANS (e.g., fundus photography, optical coherence tomography (OCT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and orbital/cranial ultrasound). In addition, we highlight near-infrared spectroscopy and diffusion tensor imaging, two newer modalities with potential use in future studies of SANS. In this manuscript we provide a review of these modalities, outline their current and potential use in space and on Earth, and review the reported major imaging findings in SANS.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":18029,"journal":{"name":"Life Sciences in Space Research","volume":"42 ","pages":"Pages 40-46"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140650161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Suppression of essential oil biosynthesis in sweet basil cotyledons under hypergravity conditions","authors":"Yu Watanabe ,&nbsp;Hana Yamamoto ,&nbsp;Ikumi Shimizu ,&nbsp;Hiroki Hongo ,&nbsp;Arisa Noguchi ,&nbsp;Nobuharu Fujii ,&nbsp;Takayuki Hoson ,&nbsp;Kazuyuki Wakabayashi ,&nbsp;Kouichi Soga","doi":"10.1016/j.lssr.2024.04.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lssr.2024.04.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The mechanism through which gravity influences the biosynthesis of essential oils in herbs is an important issue for plant and space biology. Sweet basil (<em>Ocimum basilicum</em> L.) seedlings were cultivated under centrifugal hypergravity conditions at 100 <em>g</em> in the light, and the growth of cotyledons, development of glandular hairs, and biosynthesis of essential oils were analyzed. The area and fresh weight of the cotyledons increased by similar amounts irrespective of the gravitational conditions. On the abaxial surface of the cotyledons, glandular hairs, where essential oils are synthesized and stored, developed from those with single-cell heads to those with four-cell heads; however, hypergravity did not affect this development. The main components, methyl eugenol and 1,8-cineole, in the essential oils of cotyledons were lower in cotyledons grown under hypergravity conditions. The gene expression of enzymes in the phenylpropanoid pathway involved in the synthesis of methyl eugenol, such as phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and eugenol <em>O</em>-methyltransferase (EOMT), was downregulated by hypergravity. Hypergravity also decreased the gene expression of enzymes in the 2C-methyl-d-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway involved in the synthesis of 1,8-cineole, such as 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS) and 1,8-cineole synthase (CINS). These results indicate that hypergravity without affecting the development of glandular hairs, decreases the expression of genes related to the biosynthesis of methyl eugenol and 1,8-cineole, which may cause a decrease in the amounts of both essential oils in sweet basil cotyledons.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":18029,"journal":{"name":"Life Sciences in Space Research","volume":"42 ","pages":"Pages 1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140618279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"rTMS Ameliorates time-varying depression and social behaviors in stimulated space complex environment associated with VEGF signaling","authors":"Qing Xu ,&nbsp;Rong Liang ,&nbsp;Jing Gao ,&nbsp;Yueyue Fan ,&nbsp;Jinrui Dong ,&nbsp;Ling Wang ,&nbsp;Chenguang Zheng ,&nbsp;Jiajia Yang ,&nbsp;Dong Ming","doi":"10.1016/j.lssr.2024.04.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lssr.2024.04.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Studies have indicated that medium- to long-duration spaceflight may adversely affect astronauts' emotional and social functioning. Emotion modulation can significantly impact astronauts' well-being, performance, mission safety and success. However, with the increase in flight time, the potential alterations in emotional and social performance during spaceflight and their underlying mechanisms remain to be investigated, and targeted therapeutic and preventive interventions have yet to be identified. We evaluated the changes of emotional and social functions in mice with the extension of the time in simulated space complex environment (SSCE), and simultaneously monitored changes in brain tissue of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and inflammation-related factors. Furthermore, we assessed the regulatory role of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in mood and socialization with the extension of the time in SSCE, as well as examining alterations of VEGF signaling in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Our findings revealed that mice exposed to SSCE for 7 days exhibited depressive-like behaviors, with these changes persisting throughout SSCE period. In addition, 14 days of rTMS treatment significantly ameliorated SSCE-induced emotional and social dysfunction, potentially through modulation of the level of VEGF signaling in mPFC. These results indicates that emotional and social disorders increase with the extension of SSCE time, and rTMS can improve the performance, which may be related to VEGF signaling. This study offers insights into potential pattern of change over time for mental health issues in astronauts. Further analysis revealed that rTMS modulates emotional and social dysfunction during SSCE exposure, with its mechanism potentially being associated with VEGF signaling.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":18029,"journal":{"name":"Life Sciences in Space Research","volume":"42 ","pages":"Pages 17-26"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140618280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lower body negative pressure as a research tool and countermeasure for the physiological effects of spaceflight: A comprehensive review","authors":"Phani Paladugu ,&nbsp;Rahul Kumar ,&nbsp;Joshua Ong ,&nbsp;Ethan Waisberg ,&nbsp;Nasif Zaman ,&nbsp;Sharif Amit Kamran ,&nbsp;Alireza Tavakkoli ,&nbsp;Maria Chiara Rivolta ,&nbsp;Nicolas Nelson ,&nbsp;Taehwan Yoo ,&nbsp;Vivian Paraskevi Douglas ,&nbsp;Konstantinos Douglas ,&nbsp;Amy Song ,&nbsp;Hanna Tso ,&nbsp;Andrew G. Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.lssr.2024.03.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lssr.2024.03.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Lower Body Negative Pressure (LBNP) redistributes blood from the upper body to the lower body. LBNP may prove to be a countermeasure for the multifaceted physiological changes endured by astronauts during spaceflight related to cephalad fluid shift. Over more than five decades, beginning with the era of Skylab, advancements in LBNP technology have expanded our understanding of neurological, ophthalmological, cardiovascular, and musculoskeletal adaptations in space, with particular emphasis on mitigating issues such as bone loss. To date however, no comprehensive review has been conducted that chronicles the evolution of this technology or elucidates the broad-spectrum potential of LBNP in managing the diverse physiological challenges encountered in the microgravity environment. Our study takes a chronological perspective, systematically reviewing the historical development and application of LBNP technology in relation to the various pathophysiological impacts of spaceflight. The primary objective is to illustrate how this technology, as it has evolved, offers an increasingly sophisticated lens through which to interpret the systemic effects of space travel on human physiology. We contend that the insights gained from LBNP studies can significantly aid in formulating targeted and effective countermeasures to ensure the health and safety of astronauts. Ultimately, this paper aspires to promote a more cohesive understanding of the broad applicability of LBNP as a countermeasure against multiple bodily effects of space travel, thereby contributing to a safer and more scientifically informed approach to human space exploration.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":18029,"journal":{"name":"Life Sciences in Space Research","volume":"42 ","pages":"Pages 8-16"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140618299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Challenges and innovations in food and water availability for a sustainable Mars colonization","authors":"Tanushree Maity ,&nbsp;Alok Saxena","doi":"10.1016/j.lssr.2024.03.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lssr.2024.03.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In recent years, extensive research has been dedicated to Mars exploration and the potential for sustainable interplanetary human colonization. One of the significant challenges in ensuring the survival of life on Mars lies in the production of food as the Martian environment is highly inhospitable to agriculture, rendering it impractical to transport food from Earth. To improve the well-being and quality of life for future space travelers on Mars, it is crucial to develop innovative horticultural techniques and food processing technologies. The unique challenges posed by the Martian environment, such as the lack of oxygen, nutrient-deficient soil, thin atmosphere, low gravity, and cold, dry climate, necessitate the development of advanced farming strategies. This study explores existing knowledge and various technological innovations that can help overcome the constraints associated with food production and water extraction on Mars. The key lies in utilizing resources available on Mars through in-situ resource utilization. Water can be extracted from beneath the ice and from the Martian soil. Furthermore, hydroponics in controlled environment chambers, equipped with nutrient delivery systems and waste recovery mechanisms, have been investigated as a means of cultivating crops on Mars. The inefficiency of livestock production, which requires substantial amounts of water and land, highlights the need for alternative protein sources such as microbial protein, insects, and in-vitro meat. Moreover, the fields of synthetic biology and 3-D food printing hold immense potential in revolutionizing food production and making significant contributions to the sustainability of human life on Mars.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":18029,"journal":{"name":"Life Sciences in Space Research","volume":"42 ","pages":"Pages 27-36"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140620661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A method to predict space radiation biological effectiveness for non-cancer effects following intense Solar Particle Events","authors":"R.L. Ramos ,&nbsp;M.P. Carante ,&nbsp;E. Bernardini ,&nbsp;A. Ferrari ,&nbsp;P. Sala ,&nbsp;V. Vercesi ,&nbsp;F. Ballarini","doi":"10.1016/j.lssr.2024.03.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lssr.2024.03.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In addition to the continuous exposure to cosmic rays, astronauts in space are occasionally exposed to Solar Particle Events (SPE), which involve less energetic particles but can deliver much higher doses. The latter can exceed several Gy in a few hours for the most intense SPEs, for which non-stochastic effects are thus a major concern. To identify adequate shielding conditions that would allow respecting the dose limits established by the various space agencies, the absorbed dose in the considered organ/tissue must be multiplied by the corresponding Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE), which is a complex quantity depending on several factors including particle type and energy, considered biological effect, level of effect (and thus absorbed dose), etc.</p><p>While in several studies only the particle-type dependence of RBE is taken into account, in this work we developed and applied a new approach where, thanks to an interface between the FLUKA Monte Carlo transport code and the BIANCA biophysical model, the RBE dependence on particle energy and absorbed dose was also considered. Furthermore, we included in the considered SPE spectra primary particles heavier than protons, which in many studies are neglected. This approach was then applied to the October 2003 SPE (the most intense SPE of solar cycle 23, also known as “Halloween event”) and the January 2005 event, which was characterized by a lower fluence but a harder spectrum, i.e., with higher-energy particles. The calculation outcomes were then discussed and compared with the current dose limits established for skin and blood forming organs in case of 30-days missions.</p><p>This work showed that the BIANCA model, if interfaced to a radiation transport code, can be used to calculate the RBE values associated to Solar Particle Events. More generally, this work emphasizes the importance of taking into account the RBE dependence on particle energy and dose when calculating equivalent doses.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":18029,"journal":{"name":"Life Sciences in Space Research","volume":"41 ","pages":"Pages 210-217"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214552424000336/pdfft?md5=86d2b32f88f8fc46c6cc5c852ac7a092&pid=1-s2.0-S2214552424000336-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140536670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combined effects of radiation and simulated microgravity on intestinal tumorigenesis in C3B6F1 ApcMin/+ mice","authors":"Kenshi Suzuki ,&nbsp;Chizuru Tsuruoka ,&nbsp;Takamitsu Morioka ,&nbsp;Hitomi Seo ,&nbsp;Mari Ogawa ,&nbsp;Ryosuke Kambe ,&nbsp;Tatsuhiko Imaoka ,&nbsp;Shizuko Kakinuma ,&nbsp;Akihisa Takahashi","doi":"10.1016/j.lssr.2024.03.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lssr.2024.03.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Explorations of the Moon and Mars are planned as future manned space missions, during which humans will be exposed to both radiation and microgravity. We do not, however, know the health effects for such combined exposures. In a ground-based experiment, we evaluated the combined effects of radiation and simulated microgravity on tumorigenesis by performing X-irradiation and tail suspension in C3B6F1 <em>Apc^Min</em>^/+ mice, a well-established model for intestinal tumorigenesis. Mice were irradiated at 2 weeks of age and underwent tail suspension for 3 or 11 weeks using a special device that avoids damage to the tail. The tail suspension treatment significantly reduced the thymus weight after 3 weeks but not 11 weeks, suggesting a transient stress response. The combination of irradiation and tail suspension significantly increased the number of small intestinal tumors less than 2 mm in diameter as compared with either treatment alone. The combined treatment also increased the fraction of malignant tumors among all small intestinal tumors as compared with the radiation-only treatment. Thus, the C3B6F1 <em>Apc^Min</em>^/+ mouse is a useful model for assessing cancer risk in a simulated space environment, in which simulated microgravity accelerates tumor progression when combined with radiation exposure.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":18029,"journal":{"name":"Life Sciences in Space Research","volume":"41 ","pages":"Pages 202-209"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140348247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"UV photo-degradation of the secondary lichen substance parietin: A multi-spectroscopic analysis in astrobiology perspective","authors":"Christian Lorenz ,&nbsp;Elisabetta Bianchi ,&nbsp;Andrew Alberini ,&nbsp;Giovanni Poggiali ,&nbsp;Renato Benesperi ,&nbsp;Alessio Papini ,&nbsp;John Robert Brucato","doi":"10.1016/j.lssr.2024.03.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lssr.2024.03.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The cortical anthraquinone yellow-orange pigment parietin is a secondary lichen substance providing UV-shielding properties that is produced by several lichen species. In our work, the secondary metabolite has been extracted from air-dried thalli of <em>Xanthoria parietina</em>. The aims of this study were to characterize parietin absorbance through UV–VIS spectrophotometry and with IR spectroscopy and to evaluate its photodegradability under UV radiation through <em>in situ</em> reflectance IR spectroscopy to understand to what extent the substance may have a photoprotective role. This allows us to relate parietin photo-degradability to the lichen UV tolerance in its natural terrestrial habitat and in extreme environments relevant for astrobiology such as Mars. Extracted crystals were UV irradiated for 5.59 h under N₂ flux. After the UV irradiation, we assessed relevant degradations in the 1614, 1227, 1202, 1160 and 755 cm⁻¹ bands. However, in light of <em>Xanthoria parietina</em> survivability in extreme conditions such as space- and Mars-simulated ones, we highlight parietin UV photo-resistance and its relevance for astrobiology as photo-protective substance and possible bio-hint.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":18029,"journal":{"name":"Life Sciences in Space Research","volume":"41 ","pages":"Pages 191-201"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140279005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gut permeability among Astronauts during Space missions","authors":"Oluwamayowa S. Akinsuyi,&nbsp;Jessica Xhumari,&nbsp;Amanda Ojeda,&nbsp;Luiz F.W. Roesch","doi":"10.1016/j.lssr.2024.03.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lssr.2024.03.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The space environment poses substantial challenges to human physiology, including potential disruptions in gastrointestinal health. Gut permeability has only recently become widely acknowledged for its potential to cause adverse effects on a systemic level, rendering it a critical factor to investigate in the context of spaceflight. Here, we propose that astronauts experience the onset of leaky gut during space missions supported by transcriptomic and metagenomic analysis of human and murine samples. A genetic map contributing to intestinal permeability was constructed from a systematic review of current literature. This was referenced against our re-analysis of three independent transcriptomic datasets which revealed significant changes in gene expression patterns associated with the gut barrier. Specifically, in astronauts during flight, we observed a substantial reduction in the expression genes that are crucial for intestinal barrier function, goblet cell development, gut microbiota modulation, and immune responses. Among rodent spaceflight studies, differential expression of cytokines, chemokines, and genes which regulate mucin production and post-translational modifications suggest a similar dysfunction of intestinal permeability. Metagenomic analysis of feces from two murine studies revealed a notable reduction probiotic, short chain fatty acid-producing bacteria and an increase in the Gram-negative pathogens, including <em>Citrobacter rodentium, Enterobacter cloacea, Klebsiella aerogenes</em>, and <em>Proteus hauseri</em> which promote LPS circulation, a recipe for barrier disruption and systemic inflammatory activation. These findings emphasize the critical need to understand the underlying mechanisms and develop interventions to maintain gastrointestinal health in space.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":18029,"journal":{"name":"Life Sciences in Space Research","volume":"41 ","pages":"Pages 171-180"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214552424000300/pdfft?md5=7484bb4a314ed71dba873f8d841cd2a4&pid=1-s2.0-S2214552424000300-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140163193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A no-fault risk compensation approach for radiation risks incurred in space travel","authors":"Francis A. Cucinotta ,&nbsp;Walter Schimmerling","doi":"10.1016/j.lssr.2024.03.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lssr.2024.03.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this paper we recommend an appropriate compensation approach should be established for fatality and disabilities that may occur due to space radiation exposures of government or industry workers. A brief review of compensation approaches for nuclear energy and nuclear weapons development workers in the United States and other countries is described. We then summarize issues in the application of probability of causation calculation and provide examples of probability of causation (PC) calculations for missions to the International Space Station and Earth's moon or for Mars exploration. The main focus of this paper follows with a recommendation of a no-fault approach to compensation with the creation of appropriate insurance policies funded by employers to cover all disabilities or fatality, without requiring proof of causation or restriction to conditions that imply causation. Importantly we propose that the compensation described should be managed by recourse to private insurers.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":18029,"journal":{"name":"Life Sciences in Space Research","volume":"41 ","pages":"Pages 166-170"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140141911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}