Life Sciences in Space Research最新文献

{"title":"Hybrid active-passive galactic cosmic ray simulator: Experimental implementation and microdosimetric characterization","authors":"E. Pierobon,&nbsp;L. Lunati,&nbsp;T. Wagner,&nbsp;M. Durante,&nbsp;C. Schuy","doi":"10.1016/j.lssr.2026.02.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lssr.2026.02.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Space radiation is one of the major obstacles to space exploration. If not mitigated, radiation can interact both with biological and electronic systems, inducing damage and posing significant risk to space missions. Countermeasures can only be studied effectively with ground-based accelerators that act as a proxy for space radiation. Following an in-silico design and optimization process, we have developed a galactic cosmic ray (GCR) simulator using a hybrid <em>active-passive</em> methodology. In this approach, the primary beam energy is <em>actively</em> switched and the beam interacts with specifically designed <em>passive</em> modulators. In this paper, we present the implementation of such a GCR simulator and its experimental microdosimetric characterization. Measuring the GCR field is of paramount importance, both before providing it to the user as a validated radiation field and for achieving the best possible radiation description. The issue is addressed in this paper by using a tissue equivalent proportional counter to measure radiation quality and by comparing experimental measurements with Monte Carlo simulations. In conclusion, we will demonstrate the GCR simulator’s capability to reproduce a GCR field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18029,"journal":{"name":"Life Sciences in Space Research","volume":"51 ","pages":"Pages 83-93"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148302380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-DSB clustered damage is much more frequent than DSBs in galactic cosmic ray exposures","authors":"Francis A. Cucinotta","doi":"10.1016/j.lssr.2026.02.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lssr.2026.02.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper for the first time the frequency of complex double strand breaks (DSB) and non-DSB clustered damage behind spacecraft and tissue shielding from exposure to galactic cosmic rays (GCR) and secondary radiation are predicted. Elementary DNA lesions produced by ionizing radiation include single strand breaks (SSB) and various forms of base damages (BD) (e.g. abasic or oxidative sites). Clustered DNA damage is defined by the occurence of 2 or more elementary lesions within 10 base-pairs (bp), and complex clustered damage as 3 or more elementary lesions within 10 bp. Clustered DNA damage is more difficult to repair compared to simple forms of DNA damage, while the relative contribution of clustered to simple DNA damage increases with ionization density or linear energy transfer (LET), and therefore imporant for space radiation exposures. The author has developed the multinominal model of clustered DNA damage that uses nanoscopic energy imparted spectra in DNA volumes and damage location probability operators to predict clustered DNA damage frequencies. In this paper, I combine the results of the multinomial model with GCR particle energy spectra to predict the probabilities of complex DSB, and tandem and bistranded non-DSB clustered damage. Predictions for the local interstellar (LIS), solar mininum, and solar maximum environments are discussed. Results show that the frequency of DSB and non-DSB clusters attenuates slowly with aluminum and tissue shielding, and that non-DSB clusters are &gt;4 times more frequent than prompt DSBs. This is an important finding which quantifies a prediction of the dominance of delayed formation of DSBs created in non-DSB clusters repair processes over prompt DSBs in the initial GCR DNA damage in tissues.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18029,"journal":{"name":"Life Sciences in Space Research","volume":"51 ","pages":"Pages 121-126"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148301746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The history and perspective on quality factors proposed by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP)","authors":"Tatsuhiko Sato","doi":"10.1016/j.lssr.2025.11.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lssr.2025.11.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Proper consideration of the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) is essential for evaluating potential health risks associated with exposure to cosmic radiations spanning a broad range of linear energy transfer (LET). The quality factor as a function of LET, <em>Q</em>(<em>L</em>), empirically proposed and refined by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), remains central to assessments of relatively low-dose cosmic radiation exposures, despite the primary use of radiation weighting factors (w<em>_R</em>) in terrestrial protection frameworks. This article reviews the historical development of the <em>Q</em>(<em>L</em>) function and examines the adequacy of its application to cancer risk analysis. To this end, we first confirm its numerical consistency with a more sophisticated quality factor algorithm adopted by NASA through a comprehensive literature review. We then evaluate the appropriateness of the maximum value of <em>Q</em>(<em>L</em>), using a meta-analysis of RBE data for mouse tumor induction by fission neutrons. Finally, we discuss future perspectives on <em>Q</em>(<em>L</em>), emphasizing its strong relevance to measurements not only in space dosimetry but also in medical physics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18029,"journal":{"name":"Life Sciences in Space Research","volume":"51 ","pages":"Pages 56-63"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148302041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Organ dose conversion factors for murine galactic cosmic ray irradiation","authors":"S. Hosseini,&nbsp;M. Sivertz,&nbsp;E.M. Alves,&nbsp;L.M. Carter,&nbsp;M.D. Story","doi":"10.1016/j.lssr.2026.02.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lssr.2026.02.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Galactic cosmic rays (GCR) are a principal source of ionizing radiation exposure for astronauts during deep space missions. Given the ambition to expand manned space exploration to distant destinations like Mars, it is essential to accurately predict the radiation doses astronauts are likely to encounter and the consequent biological impacts. Accurate dose predictions are important for operational radiation safety, ensuring that risk assessments and protective measures are appropriately calibrated to the myriad of challenges of deep space travel.</div><div>The GCRsim facility at the NASA Space Radiation Laboratory enables small animal radiobiology studies of GCR exposure, offering a controlled setting to mimic the complex radiation conditions found in deep space. This manuscript introduces a series of Dose Conversion Factors (DCFs) which enable rigorous absorbed dose calculations for mice irradiated at the GCRsim.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A formalism was introduced for calculating organ-level and voxel-level radiation dose to a representative mouse phantom, based on DCFs quantifying radiation absorbed dose per unit fluence of different GCRsim beam components for different irradiation orientations. The PHITS Monte Carlo code was employed to compute the DCFs in units of Gy∙cm²∙ion⁻¹.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A library of murine DCFs were derived using the PHITS Monte Carlo code for six irradiation orientations: right-left, anterior-posterior, superior-inferior, and their opposed variations. Absorbed doses to the murine total body were calculated with the method and compared with ion chamber measurements, which agreed within 10 %.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>A library of dose conversion factors for mouse irradiation at GCRsim was developed and validated against physical measurements. These DCFs account for organ-specific variations in radiation dose from different GCRsim beam components, enabling improved assessments of potential radiogenic effects, toward improving astronaut safety measures for future deep space missions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18029,"journal":{"name":"Life Sciences in Space Research","volume":"51 ","pages":"Pages 112-120"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148302057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hybrid active–passive Galactic Cosmic Ray simulator: In-silico design and optimization","authors":"L. Lunati,&nbsp;E. Pierobon,&nbsp;U. Weber,&nbsp;T. Wagner,&nbsp;T. Pfuhl,&nbsp;M. Durante,&nbsp;C. Schuy","doi":"10.1016/j.lssr.2026.02.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lssr.2026.02.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High-energy heavy-ion particle accelerators have long served as proxies for the harsh space radiation environment, enabling both fundamental life-science research and applied testing of flight hardware. Traditionally, monoenergetic high-energy heavy-ion beams have been employed for practicality, providing valuable datasets that underpin radiation risk and predictive computational models. However, such beams cannot fully reproduce the mixed-field nature of space radiation, motivating the development of realistic analogs for improved risk assessment and countermeasure evaluation in preparation for future deep-space missions to Moon or Mars. Spearheaded by developments at the NASA Space Radiation Laboratory, the GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, supported by the European Space Agency (ESA), has established advanced space radiation simulation capabilities in Europe. Here, we present the design, optimization, and in-silico benchmarking of GSI’s hybrid active–passive Galactic Cosmic Ray (GCR) simulator, together with a computationally optimized phase-space particle source for Geant4, which is available to external users for their own simulation studies and experimental planning.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18029,"journal":{"name":"Life Sciences in Space Research","volume":"51 ","pages":"Pages 94-111"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148302348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dose and LET-dependence of gastric cancer risk in Apc1638N/+ mice exposed to space-relevant radiation types","authors":"Shubhankar Suman,&nbsp;Santosh Kumar,&nbsp;Jerry Angdisen,&nbsp;Bhaskar VS Kallakury,&nbsp;Kamal Datta,&nbsp;Albert J Fornace Jr.","doi":"10.1016/j.lssr.2026.01.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lssr.2026.01.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Exposure to high-linear energy transfer (LET) heavy ions (<em>Z</em> &gt; 2) present in galactic cosmic radiation (GCR) is predicted to pose a significant but uncertain risk of gastric (stomach) cancer among astronauts. Uncertainties in current risk estimate models are primarily attributed to the lack of <em>in vivo</em> radiobiological data on dose- and LET-responses of high-LET heavy-ions. To address this gap, we investigated dose- and LET-dependent gastric tumorigenesis in male <em>Apc</em>^1638N/+ mice following exposure to γ rays and ²⁸Si ions (69 keV/μm) at doses of 5, 10, and 50 cGy. Additionally, a separate cohort of mice were exposed to 10 cGy of ⁴He (1.6 keV/μm), ⁵⁶Fe (148 keV/μm), and 50 cGy of sequentially delivered 4-ions (60 % ¹H, 20 % ⁴He, 10 % ¹⁶O, and 10 % ²⁸Si ions) GCR simulation (GCRsim). Animals were euthanized at 5 months post-exposure and formalin-fixed hematoxylin and eosin-stained gastric tissues sections were used for tumor counting as well as for carcinoma identification. Both γ and ²⁸Si induced a dose-dependent increase in tumor burden, with ²⁸Si producing a more pronounced tumorigenic and carcinogenic response. Additionally, the relative risk of carcinoma in the 50 cGy GCRsim group was 12.25, that far exceed the relative risk of 3.5 noted after 50 cGy γ radiation. Further we demonstrate exposure to 69 keV/μm ²⁸Si-ion radiation as a more potent driver of gastric tumorigenesis exceeding those of both γ (∼0.2 keV/μm) and 148 keV/μm ⁵⁶Fe-ion radiation, suggesting a non-linear response. These findings underscore the potentially disproportionate biological impact of intermediate high-LET ions, such as ²⁸Si, within the complex GCR environment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18029,"journal":{"name":"Life Sciences in Space Research","volume":"51 ","pages":"Pages 64-70"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148302353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A multilevel probabilistic dose response model for radiation-induced Harderian gland tumor prevalence–single beam and mixed field effects","authors":"Xiaojing Xu,&nbsp;Steve Blattnig,&nbsp;Tony Slaba","doi":"10.1016/j.lssr.2025.09.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lssr.2025.09.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Space radiation exposure is one of the main risks faced by crewmembers during exploration missions. Currently, the greatest uncertainty in radiation-induced cancer risk estimation for spaceflight missions is in the calculation of the quality factor (QF) largely due to limited ground-based experimental data for the vast range of radiation types found in space. Such data are needed to guide and validate dose-response models and subsequent calculations of relative biological effectiveness (RBE) used for QF assignment. In this work, a dose-response model is developed on the basis of probabilistic arguments and considers processes occurring at the cellular and tissue levels that ultimately result in radiation induced tumorigenesis. Probabilistic methods are extensively relied upon within the model development, so that the dose dependence is ultimately guided by the probability laws rather than any a priori assumption, such as linearity. Model components account for tumor occurrence due to targeted effects (TE), including cell sterilizations, and non-targeted effects (NTE). The model is developed for both single mono-energetic ion beam exposures and mixed field exposures (i.e., involving more than one particle type and energy). The model is calibrated with global fittings to the Harderian gland tumor incidence observations for acute irradiation from single beams reported in Alpen et al. (1993, 1994) and Chang et al. (2016). Both the TE-only model (with NTE opted out) and TE-NTE model fit the observations well, with the latter slightly better for the experiments with high linear energy transfer radiations. Importantly, the model parameters calibrated using single-ion data are then used to make tumorigenesis predictions for mixed field experimental data, as measured by Huang et al. (2020). It is found that the model can predict mixed field irradiations given sufficient single-ion data to allow robust parameter calibration. Mixed-field RBE calculations are performed with the validated model and compared to results obtained with linear dose-response and simple additivity models.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18029,"journal":{"name":"Life Sciences in Space Research","volume":"51 ","pages":"Pages 11-24"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148302336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analytical calculation of the dose to a spherical target by an ion at almost all impact parameters, and calculation of the energy deposition spectra","authors":"Ianik Plante,&nbsp;Floriane Poignant,&nbsp;Tony C. Slaba","doi":"10.1016/j.lssr.2025.10.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lssr.2025.10.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microdosimetry can be used to estimate or evaluate quality factors for risk assessment in radiation protection and to quantify relative biological effectiveness for treatment planning of hadron radiation therapy. Radiation physics has shown that energetic ions deposit energy at the sub-cellular level in a complex manner: the track structure. Amorphous track models such as the Local Effect Model (LEM) and the Kiefer-Chatterjee Model are often used as an approximation of the complex ion track structure. We have previously calculated an analytical expression for the dose to a spherical target fully located in the penumbra of an ion track using the LEM. In this work, the analytical calculation has been extended to include almost all impact parameters. Furthermore, using the dose as a function of the impact parameter, it was possible to obtain the theoretical energy deposition spectra to a sphere irradiated uniformly. The analytical calculations were compared with simulations performed using the radiation track structure code RITRACKS (Relativistic Ion Tracks) using six ions of interest (¹H⁺, 1,000 MeV; ⁴He²⁺, 250 MeV/n; ¹²C⁶⁺, 290 MeV/n; ¹⁶O⁸⁺, 325 MeV/n; ²⁸Si¹⁴⁺, 300 MeV/n; ⁵⁶Fe²⁶⁺, 1,000 MeV/n). The results show an excellent agreement of the dose as a function of impact parameter. The dose deposition spectra show better agreement with RITRACKS at high Linear Energy Transfer (LET) than at low LET. This model could be useful in situations where microdosimetry calculations are needed without requiring the use of Monte-Carlo track structure codes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18029,"journal":{"name":"Life Sciences in Space Research","volume":"51 ","pages":"Pages 33-44"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148302328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incorporation of dose-rate effects into the BIANCA biophysical model and application for space radiation risk assessment","authors":"E.I. Canay,&nbsp;M. Carante,&nbsp;A. Casali,&nbsp;E. Bernardini,&nbsp;D. Dondi,&nbsp;Dhanalakshmi Vadivel,&nbsp;L. Cansolino,&nbsp;E. Delgrosso,&nbsp;C. Ferrari,&nbsp;M. Pullia,&nbsp;F. Bonforte,&nbsp;J. Riback,&nbsp;S. Gonzalez,&nbsp;V. Vercesi,&nbsp;F. Ballarini,&nbsp;R. Ramos","doi":"10.1016/j.lssr.2025.09.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lssr.2025.09.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Exposure to space radiation represents a critical issue for astronauts’ health, since it can lead to different types of effects including cancer, cataract, skin damage, damage to blood forming organs, cardiovascular diseases, CNS damage etc. Space radiation exposure is characterized by relatively low dose rates over long periods due to Galactic Cosmic Rays, plus short, higher-dose exposures in case of intense Solar Particle Events (SPE). In this framework the BIANCA biophysical model, which until now has been applied to predict cell death and chromosomal aberrations following acute exposure, was extended by integrating the Lea-Catcheside approach, which takes into account the effects of dose fractionation and dose rate; the good agreement between model predictions and proton cell survival data on fractionated irradiation (either obtained in this work, or taken from the literature) allowed validating the model for the considered scenarios. Afterwards, exploiting an interface with the FLUKA radiation transport code, BIANCA was applied to analyze the impact of dose rate for the August 1972 SPE, by calculating RBE-weighted organ doses in a human voxel phantom under different shielding conditions and for different irradiation durations. The results showed differences up to 50 % in the RBE-weighted dose between acute and protracted irradiation; such difference tends to decrease with increasing shielding. Following this work, BIANCA can now predict RBE values for cell survival taking into account not only the RBE dependence on particle type, energy and dose, but also the dependence on dose-rate. This allowed improving the accuracy in the prediction of astronauts’ Gy-equivalent doses in case of a SPE exposure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18029,"journal":{"name":"Life Sciences in Space Research","volume":"51 ","pages":"Pages 3-10"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148302317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An ensemble dose-response model for monoenergetic ions and doses relevant for space radiation carcinogenesis","authors":"T.C. Slaba,&nbsp;F. Poignant","doi":"10.1016/j.lssr.2026.02.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lssr.2026.02.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>For future missions to the moon or Mars, exposure to space radiation is a significant hazard requiring accurate risk assessment tools to guide and evaluate mitigation strategies. NASA has developed a cancer risk assessment model to perform such projections, but uncertainties associated with radiation quality and dose-rate effects are substantial. Quality factors (QFs) are used to describe the enhanced effectiveness of radiation types found in space for inducing a health effect (carcinogenesis, in this case) compared to terrestrial radiation. Space radiation QFs are developed on the basis of dose-response models used to describe ground-based experimental data for ion and gamma exposures over a range of doses. Two challenges arise when attempting to develop such models. First, data has been collected for only a sparse subset of the particle types and energies comprising the highly energetic mixed-field space environment. Second, ground-based animal carcinogenesis studies are limited in number, necessitating the use of surrogate biological endpoints. Robust methods are needed to describe available data and make predictions where no data exist. In this work, an ensemble dose-response model is presented as a first step towards a new foundation for improving QFs used in space radiation risk assessment. The ensemble is based on a generalized dose-response model framework including terms representing targeted effects, non-targeted effects, and cell-killing/sterilization. Available options for each of these key dose-response components are collected to yield 378 ensemble members. The members are weighted according to a performance-based statistical metric, determined by comparing each member to experimental data. Three relevant global experimental datasets (i.e., each covering a range of particle types and doses) are considered and used to demonstrate results. The ensemble dose-response model is then used to calculate radiation quality metrics such as relative biological effectiveness (RBE) and relative effects ratio (RER). Experimental statistical uncertainties are propagated through RBE/RER calculations. It is shown that the ensemble dose-response model provides an objective and robust foundation upon which space radiation QFs and associated uncertainties can be constructed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18029,"journal":{"name":"Life Sciences in Space Research","volume":"51 ","pages":"Pages 71-82"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148302358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}