Life Sciences in Space Research最新文献

{"title":"The effect of Hydrogen-rich water on retinal degeneration in the outer nuclear layer of simulated weightlessness rats","authors":"Yuxue Mu ,&nbsp;Weihang Li ,&nbsp;Dongyu Wei ,&nbsp;Xinyi Zhang ,&nbsp;Lilingxuan Yao ,&nbsp;Xiaofeng Xu ,&nbsp;Xiaocheng Wang ,&nbsp;Zuoming Zhang ,&nbsp;Tao Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.lssr.2025.03.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lssr.2025.03.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Long-term spaceflight can lead to changes in eye structure and decreased visual function. At present, there are almost no effective methods to prevent and treat eye damage caused by microgravity environments. Oxidative stress has been identified as one of the contributing mechanisms of spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS), and hydrogen (H₂) has demonstrated significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The aim of this study was to determine whether hydrogen-rich water (HRW) has a protective effect against eye injury induced by tail-suspension simulated weightlessness in rats, and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. In this experiment, we utilized an 8-week tail-suspension model to simulate weightlessness, and employed histopathology, visual electrophysiology, and biochemical indices to evaluate retinal structure, function, and related molecular mechanisms leading to retinal damage. We also assessed the therapeutic efficacy of HRW treatment. Results demonstrated that tail-suspension simulated weightlessness induced thinning of the retinal outer nuclear layer, decreased visual function, and promoted retinal inflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction in rats. HRW treatment effectively alleviated the degenerative changes in the retinal outer nuclear layer, improved retinal function, and reduced retinal inflammation in treated rats. Our findings revealed that HRW reduced the retinal oxidative stress response and enhanced mitochondrial function through the PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 signaling pathway. Overall, HRW may be a promising candidate for the treatment of eye injuries in simulated microgravity environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18029,"journal":{"name":"Life Sciences in Space Research","volume":"45 ","pages":"Pages 158-169"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143697477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular and biomechanical changes of the cornea and lens in spaceflight","authors":"Nicholas Panzo ,&nbsp;Hamza Memon ,&nbsp;Joshua Ong ,&nbsp;Alex Suh ,&nbsp;Ritu Sampige ,&nbsp;Ryung Lee ,&nbsp;Ethan Waisberg ,&nbsp;Cihan M Kadipasaoglu ,&nbsp;John Berdahl ,&nbsp;Patricia Chévez-Barrios ,&nbsp;Andrew G. Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.lssr.2025.03.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lssr.2025.03.005","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18029,"journal":{"name":"Life Sciences in Space Research","volume":"45 ","pages":"Pages 151-157"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143686239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of neutron radiation on pharmaceuticals in deep space-like environments - general anesthesia in space","authors":"Machiko Hatsuda ,&nbsp;Masashi Hasegawa ,&nbsp;Kimiaki Nakamura ,&nbsp;Fumiyuki Yamakura ,&nbsp;Tomohiro Kobayashi ,&nbsp;Takaoki Takanashi ,&nbsp;Yasuo Wakabayashi ,&nbsp;Yoshie Otake ,&nbsp;Toshio Naito ,&nbsp;Hiroyuki Daida","doi":"10.1016/j.lssr.2025.03.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lssr.2025.03.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In deep space environments such as the Moon and Mars, secondary radiation generated by interactions between galactic cosmic rays and spacecraft walls or planetary surfaces presents a significant challenge. In particular, the effects of neutron radiation remain insufficiently understood. This study investigates the impact of neutron radiation on pharmaceuticals, specifically the general anesthetic propofol (2,6-Diisopropylphenol). Neutron irradiation experiments were conducted using the RIKEN Accelerator-driven compact Neutron Source (RANS), employing fast neutrons with energies of 1–5 MeV at doses up to 4 Gy. Analyses employing nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), colorimetric assessment, micelle particle size measurement via optical microscopy, and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) detected no discernible alterations in the molecular structure of propofol. Furthermore radiological activation analysis using Geiger-Müller (GM) counters and γ-ray spectral analysis with the germanium detector (Ge) indicated minimal radionuclide generation in the pharmaceutical itself, however significant activation was observed in glass vials. These findings highlight container activation as a critical risk factor in the storage and transportation of pharmaceuticals in space environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18029,"journal":{"name":"Life Sciences in Space Research","volume":"46 ","pages":"Pages 61-73"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143791092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genome-wide chromatin accessibility and transcriptome analysis reveal the up-regulation of immunosuppressive genes in macrophages under simulated microgravity","authors":"Sufang Wang ,&nbsp;Nu Zhang ,&nbsp;Guolin Shi ,&nbsp;Xiru Liu ,&nbsp;Yidan Zhou ,&nbsp;Hui Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.lssr.2025.03.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lssr.2025.03.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Long-term space missions are of growing research interest because of the space exploration. However, plenty of works focused on the impaired immune response, less attention has been paid to the activation of immunosuppressive or anti-inflammatory function. The molecular mechanism of immune disorder induced by microgravity still needs investigation. Here, we used a random positioning machine to generate a simulated microgravity environment and evaluated its effects on mouse RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line. We used ATAC-seq and RNA-seq for revealing the mechanism at chromatin level and gene level. From ATAC-seq, we obtained an average of 75,700,675 paired-end clean reads for each library and the mapping rates averaged at 96.8 %. The number of differential accessible regions were 510 for increased peaks, 638 for decreased peaks. From RNA-seq, we obtained 278 differentially expressed genes, of which 104 were down-regulated and 174 were up-regulated genes. Through ATAC-seq and RNA-seq multi-omics analysis, we identified a group of 17 genes. Then we chose 6 up-regulated genes (CD83, CEBPD, CXCR5, DUSP6, SEMA4B, TNFRSF22) that related to immunosuppressive function for further confirmation. The qRT-PCR results were consistent with sequencing results, which indicated that simulated microgravity leads to the up-regulated expression of immunosuppressive genes of macrophages. Taken together, our results offered novel insights for understanding the brief principles and mechanisms of simulated microgravity induced immune dysfunction to macrophage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18029,"journal":{"name":"Life Sciences in Space Research","volume":"45 ","pages":"Pages 143-150"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143685704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Parabolic flight as a research platform to investigate ophthalmic changes in microgravity","authors":"Tuan Nguyen ,&nbsp;Joshua Ong ,&nbsp;Sarah Aman ,&nbsp;Alex Weaver ,&nbsp;Ana Garcia ,&nbsp;Amy Song ,&nbsp;Fatma Shakarchi ,&nbsp;Ethan Waisberg ,&nbsp;Andrew G. Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.lssr.2025.03.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lssr.2025.03.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Parabolic flight serves as an important terrestrial analog to study acute physiological changes in microgravity without the need for space travel. During a parabolic flight, alternating hypergravity and microgravity phases, lasting up to 40 seconds, enable research into ophthalmic changes. In this review, we discuss the application of parabolic flight as a platform to study microgravity-related changes that might impact ophthalmology including intraocular pressure, intracranial pressure, choroidal blood flow, and modified eye movement patterns. We further highlight how these insights could aid our understanding of vestibulo-ocular reflexes and conditions such as Spaceflight Associated Neuro-ocular Syndrome (SANS). While the brief duration of microgravity exposure limits some applications, parabolic flight continues to provide a controlled environment for examining acute gravitational effects on eye health and evaluating many space medicine interventions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18029,"journal":{"name":"Life Sciences in Space Research","volume":"46 ","pages":"Pages 100-105"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143816389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Radiation environment on TGO Mars orbit during solar particle events in January–October 2024. Corresponding solar eruptions and GOES proton fluxes data","authors":"Jordanka Semkova ,&nbsp;Rositza Koleva ,&nbsp;Victor Benghin ,&nbsp;Nat Gopalswamy ,&nbsp;Yuri Matviichuk ,&nbsp;Borislav Tomov ,&nbsp;Krasimir Krastev ,&nbsp;Stephan Maltchev ,&nbsp;Tsvetan Dachev ,&nbsp;Nikolay Bankov ,&nbsp;Vyacheslav Shurshakov ,&nbsp;Sergey Drobyshev ,&nbsp;Igor Mitrofanov ,&nbsp;Dmitry Golovin ,&nbsp;Maxim Litvak ,&nbsp;Anton Sanin ,&nbsp;Maxim Mokrousov ,&nbsp;Nikita Lukyanov ,&nbsp;Artem Anikin","doi":"10.1016/j.lssr.2025.02.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lssr.2025.02.010","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The dosimeter Liulin-MO for measuring the radiation environment on board the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) is a module in the Fine Resolution Epithermal Neutron Detector (FREND).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;A number of solar energetic particle (SEP) events were observed in Mars orbit from July 2021 to 2024 during the increasing phase and close to the maximum of the 25th solar cycle activity. The results from the SEPs measurements obtained in 2021–2023 by Liulin-MO have been previously reported. Here we present the Liulin-MO results from the observation of the radiation parameters of the SEP events during January- October 2024. The most powerful SEP event registered up to now in TGO orbit started on 20 May 2024&lt;strong&gt;.&lt;/strong&gt; The maximum dose rate during this SEP event has been 2800 ± 280 µGy h&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; and the maximum particle flux – 383 ± 19 cm&lt;sup&gt;-2&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;. The total event lasted for about 64 hours up to 24 May with a long tail of increased dose rates and fluxes. The total dose from SEPs for the 64 hours of the main phase of the SEP event was 24.7 ± 2.5 mGy. The total dose from SEPs during this event is equal to the dose from the galactic cosmic rays (GCR) received for about 200 days at this phase of solar cycle 25. The total dose from all SEPs during January – September 2024 is 36.6 mGy (in Si), which is approximately equal to the dose received from GCR for the same period.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The observations of SEPs in Mars orbit are compared to the observations during the same periods of proton fluxes measured by the GOES satellite in Earth orbit. The results show that some of the SEPs observed in Mars orbit, excluding the biggest SEP events of 20-24 May and 05-07 September, are also seen in the GOES proton fluxes data. SEP events recorded both in Mars and Earth orbits are related to coronal mass ejections (CMEs) observed by the SOHO and STEREO A coronagraphs. The paper shows that responsible for most of the SEP events registered both in the Liulin-MO data and in the GOES proton fluxes data are halo CMEs. The paper also shows that the sources of the three most powerful SEP events in Mars orbit – those of 20 May, 23 July and 05 September – are halo CMEs from the far side of the Sun. Some of these CMEs are associated with major X class far-side flares.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Long-term investigations of the GCRs radiation parameters in Mars orbit show that in August 2024 (the last month of our data with no recorded SEP events) the dose rate was 6.5 ± 0.65 µGy h&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; and the particle flux – 1.4 ± 0.07 cm&lt;sup&gt;-2&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;. These values are about 40 % of the corresponding maximal values measured by Liulin-MO during the solar cycle 24 minimum in March 2020.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The above results show the importance of long-term measurements (at least during a full solar cycle) of the radiation conditions in Mars vicinity. Such measurements will make it possible to obtain the data necessary for the planning of future manned and robotic missions, a","PeriodicalId":18029,"journal":{"name":"Life Sciences in Space Research","volume":"45 ","pages":"Pages 117-134"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143562216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Lunar Dust Induces Minimal Pulmonary Toxicity Compared to Earth Dust” [Life Sciences in Space Research, Volume 45, May 2025, Pages 72-80]","authors":"Michaela B. Smith ,&nbsp;Joshua Chou ,&nbsp;Dikaia Xenaki ,&nbsp;Samaneh Toukhanbeigli ,&nbsp;Xu Bai ,&nbsp;Hui Chen ,&nbsp;Brian G.G. Oliver","doi":"10.1016/j.lssr.2025.02.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lssr.2025.02.009","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18029,"journal":{"name":"Life Sciences in Space Research","volume":"45 ","pages":"Page 135"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143593159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microgravity as a contributing factor to venous thromboembolism development: Risks and prevention strategies","authors":"Nilanjana Ghosh,&nbsp;Iti Garg,&nbsp;Swati Srivastava","doi":"10.1016/j.lssr.2025.02.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lssr.2025.02.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Venous Thromboembolism (VTE) being the third most occurring cardiovascular disease in the world after Myocardial Infarction and Stroke is very fatal. Being a multi-factorial disease, several risk factors in the terrestrial condition plays crucial part in the disease topography. Once exposed to microgravity, the weightlessness influences several thrombotic parameters, thus making astronauts in-flight to develop higher blood viscosity and increased risk of VTE. An astronaut travelling to the International Space Station developed a blood clot in the left internal Jugular vein, according to a recent case report. A proven way of treating clot development in microgravity does not exist. The information for the current investigation was gathered from reports that were readily available on microgravity and venous thrombosis. Reports on the impact of ground-based analogue and microgravity on the coagulation system demonstrate significant variation in study approaches, goals, and results. Based on the information that is currently available, it has been determined that little is known about the risk factors, pathological regulation, repercussions, and clinical manifestations related to coagulation systems in spaceflight (microgravity). Data, however, indicates that astronauts may be subjected to an elevated coagulation state in the cerebral venous systems when in spaceflight because of an increase in venous pressure and a decrease or reversal of blood flow. High fibrinogen levels, endothelial injury, and to some extent hypercoagulation were also noted. The study recognizes the critical need for additional research to assess the pathogenic processes in the blood that take place during actual spaceflight. This vital knowledge will advise risk estimation, diagnostic possibilities, and countermeasures for thrombosis mitigation in a microgravity setting during future space travel.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18029,"journal":{"name":"Life Sciences in Space Research","volume":"46 ","pages":"Pages 53-60"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143760553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reduced set-shifting processing speed in male rats following low dose (10 cGy) proton exposure","authors":"Hui Ho Vanessa Chang ,&nbsp;Gyutae Kim ,&nbsp;Kyu-Sung Kim ,&nbsp;Richard A. Britten","doi":"10.1016/j.lssr.2025.02.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lssr.2025.02.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Space radiation (SR) exposure poses significant biomedical risks, including effects on the central nervous system (CNS). These risks are particularly relevant to cognitive function during long-duration space missions. One critical cognitive skill is decision-making, which requires attentional set-shifting (ATSET)—the ability to quickly assess problems, evaluate options, and select the best actions. Previous studies have shown that exposure to &lt;10 cGy of SR ions impairs ATSET performance in animal models. However, the impact of low LET (&lt; 1 keV/μm) protons, which significantly contribute to the total radiation flux astronauts encounter within spacecraft, on ATSET performance is unknown.</div><div>To address this gap, we evaluated the effects of cranial irradiation with 10 cGy of 100 MeV/n protons (LET = 0.732 keV/μm) on ATSET performance in male Sprague-Dawley rats. We also investigated whether concurrent exposure to variable gravity (hypergravity step-up, step down, purported to have the same effect as exposure to microgravity (another major spaceflight stressor) exacerbated SR-induced cognitive deficits. Our findings indicate that proton exposure alone significantly impaired ATSET performance, as evidenced by decreased processing speed while performing compound discrimination reversal and extra-dimensional shifting. Notably, no additive or synergistic effects were observed when hypergravity was combined with proton exposure.</div><div>The impact that low-dose proton exposure has on CNS functionality, particularly in reducing processing speed during complex tasks, warrant further investigation. If similar cognitive deficits were to occur in astronauts exposed to galactic cosmic rays, mission success and safety could be significantly compromised.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18029,"journal":{"name":"Life Sciences in Space Research","volume":"45 ","pages":"Pages 137-142"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143609310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Solid rocket motor insulation adhesives with sporicidal activity promote planetary protection for deep space missions","authors":"Natalie R. Williams ,&nbsp;Morgan R. Sisk ,&nbsp;Thomas P. Lampton ,&nbsp;Yo-Ann Velez Justiniano ,&nbsp;Samuel W. Harris ,&nbsp;Courtney M. Higgins ,&nbsp;Zahra A. Hooda ,&nbsp;Gianni Z. Parello ,&nbsp;Ashley E. DeSilva ,&nbsp;Chelsi D. Cassilly ,&nbsp;Mark H. Bray ,&nbsp;Mark R. Liles","doi":"10.1016/j.lssr.2025.02.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lssr.2025.02.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To prevent microbial contamination of extraterrestrial biospheres, NASA has established planetary protection requirements for spacecraft bioburden reduction. For missions to land on the icy moons of the outer planets, solid rocket motors (SRM) commonly used as de-orbit and braking stages are of particular concern for planetary protection since microbial contamination may occur during spacecraft manufacturing and assembly and debris from the SRM can spread over large portions of the planetary surface after impact. In concept spacecraft designs for deep space missions, certain SRM regions are not expected to reach temperatures sufficient for sterilization prior to landing on Europa's icy and potentially viable surface. This study evaluated the antimicrobial properties of candidate primers, adhesives, and insulations commonly used in SRM designs. We observed significant reductions in the number of viable spores of <em>Bacillus atrophaeus</em> (75.0%), <em>Bacillus pumilus</em> (88.9%) or <em>Bacillus subtilis</em> (87.6%) by application of the Chemlok® 205 + 6450 adhesive, compared to no-adhesive controls, when applied onto a polybenzimidazole (PBI) insulation substrate. More consistent reductions in viable spores were observed after adhesives were applied to PBI insulation compared to other insulation types tested. An aqueous extract of Chemlok® 205 primer was observed to have sporicidal activity, and LC-MS analysis indicated the presence of multiple water-soluble compounds predicted to have antibacterial activity. The reduction in recovery of viable spores observed in this study was due to sporicidal compounds present in adhesives, the spore-binding capacity of insulation types, and physical damage to spores due to cryogrinding. Compounds within rocket motor primers, adhesives, and insulations can contribute to planetary protection efforts, particularly in missions to land on the icy moons of the outer planets. The combination of insulation and adhesive may be optimized for the purpose of bioburden reduction, and ultimately planetary protection risk mitigation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18029,"journal":{"name":"Life Sciences in Space Research","volume":"45 ","pages":"Pages 81-90"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143421897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}