Life Sciences in Space Research最新文献

{"title":"Microbial resilience in space: Biofilms, risks and strategies for space exploration","authors":"Vinothkannan Ravichandran ,&nbsp;Bhavini Krishnan ,&nbsp;Munira Tinwala ,&nbsp;AW Santhosh Kumar ,&nbsp;Renitta Jobby","doi":"10.1016/j.lssr.2025.05.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lssr.2025.05.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biofilms are a community of microorganisms that can form on any surface, posing several challenges and significant medical issues. Their formation is not just limited to Earth but has also been observed in space stations and are termed as space biofilms. This is a major concern as certain biofilms can lead to high-risk compromising crew’s health, while others have the capacity to corrode spacecraft and equipment, leading to instrument malfunction, which can jeopardize the mission. Additionally, the way biofilms form and behave in space is different from how they do on Earth due to microgravity. Microgravity and other space conditions intensify microbial biofilm formation, pathogenicity, and antibiotic resistance on spacecraft surfaces. This review examines spacecraft biofilms and their effects on equipment, crew health, and spacecraft. The review also discusses several key microbial species that are known to form biofilms on spacecraft. It highlights how antimicrobial coatings, biofilm disruptors, and multiple detection methods could protect space shuttle integrity and crew health during long missions. It also highlights the disruption and control strategies to mitigate and eradicate biofilms in spaceflight missions. However, significant research is still required to overcome existing challenges of studying space biofilms due to limited data, high cost and replicating space microgravity on earth. Innovative strategies are required for effective biofilm management in space, especially to address biofilm formation under microgravity, investigate antimicrobial efficacy, and to assess its health impacts on astronauts for sustainable long-term missions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18029,"journal":{"name":"Life Sciences in Space Research","volume":"47 ","pages":"Pages 1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144125035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The ocular surface during spaceflight: Post-mission symptom report, extraterrestrial risks, and in-flight therapeutics","authors":"Joshua Ong ,&nbsp;Thomas Mader ,&nbsp;Charles Robert Gibson ,&nbsp;Alex Suh ,&nbsp;Nicholas Panzo ,&nbsp;Hamza Memon ,&nbsp;Ryung Lee ,&nbsp;Benjamin Soares ,&nbsp;Ethan Waisberg ,&nbsp;Ritu Sampige ,&nbsp;Tuan Nguyen ,&nbsp;Cihan Kadipasaoglu ,&nbsp;Yannie Guo ,&nbsp;Kelsey Vineyard ,&nbsp;Mouayad Masalkhi ,&nbsp;Daniela Osteicoechea ,&nbsp;Gianmarco Vizzeri ,&nbsp;Patricia Chévez-Barrios ,&nbsp;John Berdahl ,&nbsp;Donald C. Barker ,&nbsp;Andrew G. Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.lssr.2025.05.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lssr.2025.05.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ocular health is critical for overall astronaut health requirements given its essential role for mission performance and safety. The ocular surface is a vital structure to the visual system and is essential for ocular protection and the refraction of light for focused vision. Data from the 2024 NASA Lifetime Surveillance of Astronaut Health identified that Space Shuttle and International Space Station (ISS) astronauts (<em>N</em> = 257) queried during post-flight eye exams reported symptoms of eye irritation (34 %), dry eyes (14 %), and foreign body sensation (21 %). Given these findings, it is critical to understand the risks that the ocular surface faces in the spaceflight environment. This manuscript explores the impact of lunar dust, space radiation, lunar gravity, and microgravity on the astronaut ocular surface. Furthermore, we outline ongoing efforts to minimize associated health risks given our insights into the vision standards, testing procedures, corrective measures, and mitigations designed for the lunar surface and microgravity environments. We further discuss the ophthalmic medications available on space missions to address threats to the ocular surface. We also report personal insights from Dr. Harrison Schmitt, NASA astronaut and Apollo 17 moonwalker, on his experience in space and lunar dust human physiological interactions. Additionally, given the known physiologic changes in microgravity and expectations for partial gravity environments, our review prompted characterization of accelerated aging and gut microbiome on the development of dry eye. We also discuss the potential expansion of ophthalmic imaging capabilities during spaceflight missions and its utility. Addressing these factors is critical to uphold astronauts' ocular health and to ensure the safety of future space missions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18029,"journal":{"name":"Life Sciences in Space Research","volume":"46 ","pages":"Pages 169-186"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144072072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long duration space missions: Challenges and prospects in sustaining humans in space","authors":"Palak Kapoor ,&nbsp;Renu Bala Yadav ,&nbsp;Neha Agrawal ,&nbsp;Savita Gaur ,&nbsp;Rajesh Arora","doi":"10.1016/j.lssr.2025.05.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lssr.2025.05.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The space environment presents extreme conditions for the human body. Exposure to such challenging conditions may lead to both short- and long-term health problems. Microgravity and ionizing radiation levels are two major stressors influencing humans in space. Non-terrestrial gravity imposes deleterious effects on human physiology, thereby creating obstacles for long-term space missions. This review explores how microgravity and space radiation influence the physiological well-being of space travelers. Molecular and systemic effects of these stressors on gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, neuro-ocular, and musculoskeletal systems have been discussed. Moreover, the countermeasures in vogue such as exercise, nutrition, and pharmacological interventions, which are critical for maintaining astronaut health have been documented. Additionally, this review highlights the role of cutting-edge health technologies in space sciences research, offering a visionary approach for monitoring, prevention, and treatment of spaceflight-induced disorders. Finally, the review presents a vision, emphasizing the relevance of the current state-of-art from a futuristic perspective, where extreme conditions necessitate enhanced physiological resilience and human performance optimization. Tapping such strategies can help in improving the health, adaptability, and endurance of humans during long-term space missions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18029,"journal":{"name":"Life Sciences in Space Research","volume":"47 ","pages":"Pages 14-31"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144115816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of fluorescence in situ hybridization detection threshold on chromosome aberration counting: a simulation study","authors":"Floriane Poignant ,&nbsp;Janice L. Huff ,&nbsp;Stephen R. Kunkel ,&nbsp;Ianik Plante ,&nbsp;Tony C. Slaba","doi":"10.1016/j.lssr.2025.04.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lssr.2025.04.009","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Purpose&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;Radiation-induced carcinogenesis remains one of the main hurdles for long duration missions in deep space. The space radiation environment is diverse and includes high linear energy transfer (LET) ions that are particularly effective at inducing adverse health outcomes including cancer. Quantifying the health effects of these high-LET ions is difficult, and large uncertainties remain in cancer risk projections. Chromosome aberrations are a biomarker of radiation-induced cancer used to assess radiation quality effects. Fluorescence &lt;em&gt;in situ&lt;/em&gt; hybridization (FISH) measurements of simple and complex exchanges have inherent detection limitations that might underestimate the overall number of chromosomal rearrangements, possibly affecting estimates of the relative biological effectiveness of high-LET ions.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Material and methods&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;In this work, we introduced a new chromosome aberration classification approach in the simulation code RITCARD (Radiation induced tracks, chromosome aberrations, repair, and damage), that accounts for FISH detection threshold and the use of different chromosome painting probes. We also modified our 3D nuclear architecture model using Hi-C data to generate the DNA distribution within cell nuclei with the tool G-NOME. This new approach allowed the discrimination of true simple and complex exchanges from apparently simple exchanges (complex exchanges detected as simple), as well as undetected exchanges.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Results&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;We compared the results of this new classification method in the RITCARD tool with experimental FISH data obtained for the staining of 3 pairs of chromosomes (referred to as 3-FISH), and found an overall good agreement of the total exchanges for fibroblasts (hTERT 82-6) and lymphocytes (whole blood) for high LET ions, a slight underestimation in the low LET range (&lt; ∼ 20 keV/µm), and a slight imbalance between simple and complex exchanges for lymphocytes. The model reproduced well the higher yield of aberrations for lymphocytes, compared to fibroblasts. Remarkably, in our model, this higher yield was solely due to differences in nuclear geometries and repair time between the two cell types, both derived from experimental data. For both cell types, we observed an increased number of complex exchanges detected as simple, and an increased number of undetected simple exchanges for high LET ions when we increased the detection threshold. For lymphocytes, this resulted in an overall increased number of simple exchanges, while, for fibroblasts, simple exchanges remained largely unchanged. Overall, the number of total exchanges decreased with increased detection threshold for both cell types. We also found that, for high LET ions, the majority of detected simple exchanges were true complex exchanges, due to many intra-chromosomal rearrangements that are undetected with traditional FISH technique.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Perspectives&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;Our","PeriodicalId":18029,"journal":{"name":"Life Sciences in Space Research","volume":"46 ","pages":"Pages 154-168"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143927588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Leveraging lower body negative pressure for enhanced outcomes in orthopedic arthroplasty—Insights from NASA’s bone health research","authors":"Phani Paladugu ,&nbsp;Rahul Kumar ,&nbsp;Tamer Hage ,&nbsp;Swapna Vaja ,&nbsp;Tejas Sekhar ,&nbsp;Samuel Weisberg ,&nbsp;Kyle Sporn ,&nbsp;Ethan Waisberg ,&nbsp;Joshua Ong ,&nbsp;AmarS. Vadhera ,&nbsp;Mouayad Masalkhi ,&nbsp;Ryung Lee ,&nbsp;Chirag Gowda ,&nbsp;Ram Jagadeesan ,&nbsp;Nasif Zaman ,&nbsp;Alireza Tavakkoli","doi":"10.1016/j.lssr.2025.04.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lssr.2025.04.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Exposure to microgravity causes rapid bone loss and muscle atrophy, posing serious challenges for long-duration spaceflight. In response, NASA developed countermeasures such as Lower Body Negative Pressure (LBNP) to simulate gravitational loading on astronauts’ lower extremities. LBNP, often combined with exercise, has proven effective in mitigating musculoskeletal degradation during bed rest analogs. This opinion paper argues that LBNP’s success in preserving bone mass and muscle function in microgravity can be translated to improve recovery after orthopedic arthroplasty on Earth. We draw physiological parallels between microgravity-induced musculoskeletal disuse and the postoperative period following total joint replacement, during which reduced weight-bearing leads to bone density loss around the implant (periprosthetic osteopenia) and muscle weakness. We propose that applying LBNP as a therapeutic adjunct, for example, in daily sessions soon after surgery – could enhance limb perfusion, promote bone remodeling and implant osseointegration, and accelerate functional rehabilitation. We review NASA’s evidence supporting LBNP’s osteogenic and anti-atrophy effects, outline potential mechanisms in the surgical context (including improved circulation, mechanical loading, and edema reduction), and present a vision for clinical implementation. While acknowledging technical and logistical challenges, we take a polemical stance that leveraging this spaceflight-derived innovation could transform postoperative care in orthopedics. Clinical studies are now warranted to validate LBNP in arthroplasty patients, bridging aerospace medicine and terrestrial healthcare for improved outcomes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18029,"journal":{"name":"Life Sciences in Space Research","volume":"46 ","pages":"Pages 187-190"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144089310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Food technologies for space missions","authors":"Janifer Raj Xavier,&nbsp;Om Prakash Chauhan,&nbsp;Sahana Hevlin Shashikumar,&nbsp;Roopa Nagaraj,&nbsp;Anil Dutt Semwal","doi":"10.1016/j.lssr.2025.04.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lssr.2025.04.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Provision of safe and nutritious food for space missions is very critical; failure to provide the appropriate food along with suitable delivery and disposal systems may cause risk and hamper the mission success or crew performance. The major requirements of space-specific foods include lightweight, compact size, quick preparation, ease of consumption, low fragmentation, high acceptability, wholesomeness, stability, variety, gastrointestinal compatibility, and safe food in a convenient form with longer shelf life. Significant developments have taken place in food technologies in the last few decades to attain more appealing and nutritious food. The technologies have gone beyond the normal cooking of foods to modern food processing and packaging technologies which enabled the food materials to remain safe for longer durations without affecting their nutritional and organoleptic attributes. Modern space food technologies have transformed the space food and delivery systems for low orbit crews to those stationed at the International Space Station. Research on the cultivation of fresh vegetables in space under microgravity conditions is also gaining momentum. In general, thermo-stabilized, irradiated, rehydratable, natural and fresh foods are preferred for space missions. These include ready-to-eat foods, beverages, juice powders, high-energy bars, instant mixes, fresh fruits and vegetables, etc. These products need to be in strict compliance with the space standards in terms of nutritional and microbiological quality. Certain food delivery systems such as food rehydration stations, water/beverage dispensing assembly, provision of heating/cooling/serving of foods, etc. are also needed in space missions for optimal delivery of food materials. All these technologies are very critical under microgravity conditions for the consumption of food materials by space crews. This review provides an overview of space food history, design criteria, packaging methods, and emerging technologies supporting space mission advancements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18029,"journal":{"name":"Life Sciences in Space Research","volume":"46 ","pages":"Pages 145-153"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143898474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sleep deprivation and glymphatic dysfunction: Perspectives on the risk of Spaceflight Associated Neuro-ocular Syndrome (SANS)","authors":"Peter Wostyn ,&nbsp;Maiken Nedergaard","doi":"10.1016/j.lssr.2025.04.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lssr.2025.04.006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18029,"journal":{"name":"Life Sciences in Space Research","volume":"46 ","pages":"Pages 137-138"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143869670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regulatory measures for mitigating physical and mental health impacts in aerospace environment: A systematic review","authors":"Rong Liang ,&nbsp;Jing Gao ,&nbsp;Xiaohui Liu ,&nbsp;Xinyao Li ,&nbsp;Haonan Chang ,&nbsp;Rongdian Yang ,&nbsp;Jiajia Yang ,&nbsp;Dong Ming","doi":"10.1016/j.lssr.2025.04.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lssr.2025.04.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Long-term spaceflight poses significant challenges to astronauts' physical and mental health, resulting in physiological issues such as osteoporosis, muscle atrophy, and cardiovascular dysfunction, as well as psychological problems like depression, anxiety, social withdrawal, and cognitive decline. As the duration of space missions continues to increase, the above challenges cannot be ignored. Therefore, identifying effective regulatory measures is essential. This article provides a concise review of the latest domestic and international research on strategies to mitigate physiological and psychological risks in aerospace environment. Including coping strategies for musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, and psychological problems, such as exercise, physical stimulation, psychotherapy, and medication, especially traditional Chinese medicine, which need to be further explored and applied. Its ultimate goal is to offer insights for ensuring the safe execution of space missions by astronauts and advancing the field of space medicine.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18029,"journal":{"name":"Life Sciences in Space Research","volume":"46 ","pages":"Pages 106-114"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143828774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tryptophan metabolites are altered when Caco-2 cells are exposed to simulated microgravity","authors":"Giulia Tolle ,&nbsp;Amalia Di Petrillo ,&nbsp;Massimo Claudio Fantini ,&nbsp;Gabriele Serreli ,&nbsp;Monica Deiana ,&nbsp;Giacomo Fais ,&nbsp;Nicola Lai ,&nbsp;Pierluigi Caboni","doi":"10.1016/j.lssr.2025.04.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lssr.2025.04.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microgravity, as experienced during spaceflights, can disrupt cellular function and metabolism, including critical pathways such as tryptophan metabolism. This study investigates how simulated microgravity influences the tryptophan pathway and serotonin production in intestinal Caco-2 cells under different experimental conditions. Cells were exposed to dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), known pro-inflammatory agents, and co-cultured with human fecal samples to evaluate the impact of microbiota-derived factors. Using targeted liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), significant alterations in tryptophan metabolites were observed under simulated microgravity. A significant increase in serotonin and quinolinic acid levels was observed when Caco-2 cells were exposed to simulated microgravity compared to those maintained under terrestrial conditions. Treating Caco-2 cells with DSS we observed an increase in serotonin, kynurenic acid and quinolinic acid levels in samples exposed to simulated microgravity compared to controls. Furthermore, exposure to simulated microgravity in conjunction with LPS treatment led to a significant increase in quinolinic acid levels. Additionally, in microgravity conditions, when Caco-2 cells were co-cultured with stool samples, an increase of serotonin and tryptophan levels was observed. All together, these findings suggest that microgravity, in combination with specific inflammation stimuli, can modulate serotonin synthesis in intestinal cells, potentially contributing to the alteration of gastrointestinal regulation during long term space missions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18029,"journal":{"name":"Life Sciences in Space Research","volume":"46 ","pages":"Pages 139-144"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143882756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Goldfish regenerated scale culture at low temperatures improves osteoblast and osteoclast survival in scales without loss of the osteoblast and osteoclast response to changes in gravity","authors":"Nobuo Suzuki ,&nbsp;Kouhei Kuroda ,&nbsp;Mika Ikegame ,&nbsp;Harumi Takino ,&nbsp;Keito Tsunoda ,&nbsp;Riku Izumi ,&nbsp;Yoshiaki Tabuchi ,&nbsp;Yukihiro Furusawa ,&nbsp;Koji Yachiguchi ,&nbsp;Masato Endo ,&nbsp;Hajime Matsubara ,&nbsp;Sachiko Yano ,&nbsp;Toru Shimazu ,&nbsp;Masato Honda ,&nbsp;Yusuke Maruyama ,&nbsp;Kazuki Watanabe ,&nbsp;Akihisa Takahashi ,&nbsp;Jun Hirayama ,&nbsp;Atsuhiko Hattori","doi":"10.1016/j.lssr.2025.04.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lssr.2025.04.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biological samples that can be stored for long periods are desirable for experiments in space because of the potential for postponement of space vehicle launches. In this study, we determined whether culturing goldfish scales at lower temperatures increased survival of osteoblasts and osteoclasts in the scales without affecting their biological activities. After one-week storage of regenerated goldfish scales at 4 °C, both alkaline phosphatase (ALP)-positive osteoblasts and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinucleated osteoclasts (active type of osteoclasts) were detectable. Importantly, the multinucleated osteoclasts formed actin rings and expressed cathepsin K, indicating that the osteoclasts had resorptive activity. Additionally, a one-week storage of goldfish scales at 4 °C showed little effect on osteoblastic and osteoclastic activities in the scales. Therefore, after one-week storage at 4 °C, the regenerated scales were treated with vibrational acceleration due to gravity (3 G) for 10 min and then incubated at 15 °C for 6 h. ALP and TRAP activities in the regenerated scales sensitively responded to 3 G hypergravity: compared to unexposed scales, ALP activity significantly increased and TRAP activity significantly decreased in the regenerated scales. Next, the regenerated scales were stored at 4 °C and launched on the space shuttle Atlantis STS-132 (ULF4) to study the effects of vibration (maximum 6.8 G, 2 min) and subsequent hypergravity (maximum 3 G, 8 min 30 s) induced by the launch process. The results showed the vibration and subsequent hypergravity increased significantly ALP activity in the regenerated scales at 4 °C. In addition, our experiment with the Cell Biology Experiment Facility in outer space revealed that osteoblast activity in the regenerated scales decreased in response to microgravity after 6 days-storage of the scale at 4 °C. These findings show that goldfish scales can be stored at 4 °C for around one week, while maintaining the responsiveness of the osteoblast and osteoclast in the scales to changes in gravity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18029,"journal":{"name":"Life Sciences in Space Research","volume":"46 ","pages":"Pages 128-136"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143843373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}