Legume Science最新文献

{"title":"Evaluation of Soaking Effects on Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Pinto and Black Beans","authors":"Mariam Yakubu,&nbsp;Elvis Baidoo,&nbsp;Manideep Busarapu,&nbsp;Nathaniel Ogunkunle,&nbsp;Judith Boateng","doi":"10.1002/leg3.70120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/leg3.70120","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Common beans (<i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i> <i>L</i>.) are nutritionally valuable legumes that provide essential nutrients and polyphenolic compounds with strong antioxidant properties. Dry beans are typically subjected to soaking as a conventional pre-cooking step to mitigate the hard-to-cook effect and reduce cooking time. Beans were soaked with or without added salts for 24 h and analyzed at 6 h intervals, addition of salts helps improve cooking efficiency. Total polyphenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant capacity assays were evaluated using standard methods. Bean hardness was assessed using the cut test, and color was quantified by CIELAB analysis. Results indicated that soaking reduced polyphenol and flavonoid levels. In pinto beans, TPC decreased by 12.7%–63.8%, whereas in black beans, reductions ranged between 15.9% and 56.9%. Corresponding TFC reductions were 0.8%–79.9% and 0.5%–77.6% for the pinto and black beans evaluated, respectively. Salt addition intensified these decreases, aligning with reductions in FRAP, %RSA, and IC₅₀ values, although TEAC remained largely unchanged. Hardness declined significantly in all treatments, with black beans showing greater percentage losses than pinto beans. Soaking in salt solutions improved color retention, whereas soaking in water resulted in greater loss in color. PCA and Correlation analysis indicated that bean hardness was significantly (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) associated with TFC (<i>r</i> = 0.74), and TFC was correlated significantly with FRAP (<i>r</i> = 0.68), TEAC (<i>r</i> = 0.58), and %RSA (<i>r</i> = 0.52). These findings demonstrate that soaking conditions influence the chemical and physical quality of beans, informing strategies to optimize nutrient retention and functional properties for industrial processing.</p>","PeriodicalId":17929,"journal":{"name":"Legume Science","volume":"8 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/leg3.70120","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148616336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Common Mycorrhizal Networks and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Ascochyta Blight in Chickpea","authors":"Melissa Robdrup,&nbsp;Michelle Hubbard,&nbsp;Monika A. Gorzelak","doi":"10.1002/leg3.70137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/leg3.70137","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Cicer arietinum</i> L. (chickpea) is susceptible to Ascochyta blight (AB). Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are symbiotic root colonizing fungi that exchange soil nutrients for photosynthetic carbon. AMF form common mycorrhizal networks (CMNs), connecting plant roots and transferring nutrients. CMNs are also hypothesized to transfer defense signals. Mycorrhizal induced resistance (MIR) can reduce plant disease severity. Intercropping chickpea with flax can reduce AB severity by incompletely understood mechanisms, potentially including CMN connection and defense signaling. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to test the hypotheses that: (a) chickpea permitted to form a CMN with a flax plant will have reduced AB severity relative to plant pairs where CMN formation was prevented, or where chickpea was paired with another chickpea plant; (b) a donor chickpea (inoculated with <i>A. rabiei</i> first) will reduce AB severity in a receiver chickpea (inoculated with <i>A. rabiei</i> second) due to connectivity with the CMN; and (c) AMF-inoculated chickpea will have reduced AB severity due to MIR, relative to non-AMF inoculated chickpea. Chickpea allowed to connect to another plant via a CMN had less severe AB, whether connected to another chickpea or to a flax plant. AB-inoculation of a donor chickpea did not significantly decrease disease in the receiver plant. MIR significantly reduced AB severity in chickpea in one of three experiments. Therefore, connectivity to the CMN can lower AB severity in chickpea, by mechanism(s) other than defense priming, but is unlikely to contribute to chickpea–flax intercropping-associated AB reductions.</p>","PeriodicalId":17929,"journal":{"name":"Legume Science","volume":"8 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/leg3.70137","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148615745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Phosphate Fertilization and Cutting Date Improves Nutritional Status and Productive Parameters of a Tropical Forage Legume","authors":"Daniele de Jesus Ferreira,&nbsp;Higo Gustavo da Silva Rocha,&nbsp;Aline Lima dos Anjos,&nbsp;Henrique Nunes Parente,&nbsp;Michelle de Oliveira Maia Parente,&nbsp;Rosane Cláudia Rodrigues,&nbsp;Ricardo Martins Araújo Pinho,&nbsp;Edson Mauro Santos,&nbsp;Anny Graycy Vasconcelos de Oliveira Lima,&nbsp;Thiago Vinícus Costa Nascimento,&nbsp;Francisca Claudia da Silva de Sousa,&nbsp;Fleming Sena Campos,&nbsp;Francisco Naysson de Sousa Santos,&nbsp;Hactus Souto Cavalcanti,&nbsp;Dilier Olivera-Viciedo,&nbsp;Anderson de Moura Zanine","doi":"10.1002/leg3.70110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/leg3.70110","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The use of chemical fertilizers is economically and environmentally costly to produce and apply. Therefore, optimized fertilizer use is critical to increase or maintain crop yields. We evaluated the productive and nutritional characteristics of the <i>Stylosanthes cv</i> “Campo Grande” submitted to different cutting date and phosphate fertilization. This experiment was conducted in a 4 × 3 factorial arrangement, with four levels of P₂O₅ (0, 100, 200, and 300 kg ha⁻¹) applying simple superphosphate as source, and three cutting date (40, 60, and 120 days), using a completely randomized design, with four replications. A significant interaction (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) between cutting date and phosphorus dose was observed only at 120 days. The highest total aboveground dry matter production (8093 kg ha⁻¹) was estimated at a dose of 136 kg ha⁻¹ of P₂O₅.There was effect (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) of fertilization on the contents of crude leaf protein and total crude protein of the plant, with maximum levels of 20.4% and 16.4%, respectively, and with minimum fertilization at 190 kg ha⁻¹ of P₂O₅. This study indicates that <i>Stylosanthes</i> must be managed under the 40-day cutting interval, with phosphate fertilizer level of up to 100 kg ha⁻¹ of P₂O₅.</p>","PeriodicalId":17929,"journal":{"name":"Legume Science","volume":"8 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/leg3.70110","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148615509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultrasonication as a Green Processing Technology for Modulating the Physico-Chemical, Rheological and Proximate Properties of Pearl Millet and Bambara Groundnut Flours","authors":"Adeyemi Ayotunde Adeyanju,&nbsp;Temaswati Nkosi,&nbsp;Oluwafemi Ayodeji Adebo","doi":"10.1002/leg3.70139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/leg3.70139","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Ultrasonication has emerged as an environmentally friendly processing technology for modifying the functional characteristics of food materials; however, its effects on underutilized cereal–legume systems remain insufficiently understood. This study investigated the influence of ultrasonication amplitude (25%–75%) and treatment duration (30–60 min) on the physico-chemical, techno-functional, rheological and proximate properties of pearl millet and Bambara groundnut flours. Ultrasonication significantly altered the composition and functionality of both flour systems. Moisture content decreased from 11.09% to 3.67% in pearl millet and from 10.37% to 4.48% in Bambara groundnut flour following treatment, whereas fat content decreased from 7.07% to 3.33% and from 8.53% to 4.78%, respectively. Colour characteristics were also modified, with pearl millet exhibiting increased lightness (L* from 66.04 to 70.68), whereas Bambara groundnut showed reduced lightness (L* from 80.75 to 76.83) at higher ultrasonication intensities. Functional properties improved markedly, with water absorption index increasing from 4.28 to 4.68 g/g in pearl millet and from 2.97 to 4.47 g/g in Bambara groundnut flour. Swelling power increased from 3.57 to 5.03 g/g in Bambara groundnut flour, indicating enhanced hydration capacity. Moderate ultrasonication treatments strengthened the starch-rich pearl millet system, increasing peak viscosity from 748 to 983 cP and final viscosity from 580 to 846 cP. In contrast, higher ultrasonication intensities were required to maximize the rheological performance of the protein-rich Bambara groundnut flour, where peak viscosity increased from 484 to 762 cP and final viscosity from 664 to 912 cP. Principal component analysis revealed clear separation of samples according to ultrasonication conditions, reflecting distinct compositional and structural modifications in the cereal and legume matrices. These findings demonstrate that controlled ultrasonication is an effective green processing strategy for tailoring the functional and rheological properties of pearl millet and Bambara groundnut flours, thereby expanding their potential applications in food product development.</p>","PeriodicalId":17929,"journal":{"name":"Legume Science","volume":"8 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/leg3.70139","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148467357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Perspective of Soy Isoflavones on Analytical, Biological, and Chemical Attributes","authors":"Sristy Suman,&nbsp;Joydeep Chatterjee,&nbsp;Gaurav Joshi,&nbsp;Raj Kumar,&nbsp;Muhammad Wahajuddin","doi":"10.1002/leg3.70138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/leg3.70138","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This review covers key aspects of soybean (<i>Glycine max</i>), with a particular focus on its isoflavone content and biological properties. Soybeans maintain their position as both a nutraceutical and a pharmaceutical crop, with a broad range of dietary items used worldwide, including soy milk, fermented soy products, and various dietary supplements. This review primarily focuses on diverse extraction and isolation techniques for isoflavones used to obtain bioactive compounds from soybean seeds, thereby providing a comprehensive overview for advanced research. Soybeans are an excellent dietary source of protein, fibre, and various secondary metabolites, among which the most important are isoflavones. Isoflavones from soybean have been a privileged class of secondary metabolites, and genistein has been extensively studied for its anticancer potential. Here, we compile key articles reporting the derivatization of genistein to demonstrate its therapeutic potential. In addition, we have also included the biosynthesis of various soy isoflavones, the metabolism of key isoflavones, and the total synthesis of genistein, daidzein, and glycitein. Overall, this article will serve as a summary of the key research findings to date, help identify the research gap, and provide inspiration for future advanced research.</p>","PeriodicalId":17929,"journal":{"name":"Legume Science","volume":"8 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/leg3.70138","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148467250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phenotyping Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Tolerance to Fomesafen and Imazamox Using Visible RGB Imaging Integrated With Multivariate Analysis","authors":"Carlos Zacarias Joaquim Jr.,&nbsp;Luan Tiago dos Santos Carbonari,&nbsp;Carina Lopes Djadjo,&nbsp;Charlene Barboza Bussolaro,&nbsp;Mauro Bitencourt de Souza,&nbsp;Vagner Muniz de Oliveira,&nbsp;Maria Fernanda Campos Rodrigues,&nbsp;Fernanda Cristina Schutz Gislon,&nbsp;Samara Campos do Nascimento,&nbsp;Aires da Costa,&nbsp;Jorge Luis Tejada,&nbsp;Paulo Henrique Cerutti,&nbsp;Altamir Frederico Guidolin,&nbsp;Jefferson Luís Meirelles Coimbra","doi":"10.1002/leg3.70098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/leg3.70098","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The common bean is vital for food security, but its productivity is often limited by competition with weeds, requiring the use of herbicides. The response of genotypes to herbicides such as fomesafen and imazamox is variable, and the traditional evaluation of phytotoxicity through visual methods is subjective. Therefore, the present study aimed to: (i) propose a methodology based on image analysis for phenotyping herbicide-induced phytotoxicity in common bean genotypes, aiming to reduce the subjectivity of traditional visual assessments; (ii) characterize common bean genotypes under the effects of different herbicides and their doses in progenies and parental lines, based on morphophysiological traits and indices derived from visible RGB (red, green, and blue) digital images. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design under a 3 × 3 × 6 factorial scheme (herbicide × dose × genotype) with three replications, evaluating fomesafen and imazamox at doses of 0%, 100%, and 200% of the recommended rates. Data were collected on visual phytotoxicity, plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, and image indices (Green Index, Excess Green Index, Excess Red Index, and Color Index of Vegetation Extraction). Results indicated that the triple interaction was significant, revealing the complexity of plant responses to herbicides. Canonical discriminant analysis explained 78.66% of the total variation, with the first canonical discriminant function (29.42%) contrasting structural development and vitality with stress, the second canonical discriminant function (27.59%) reflecting overall plant vigor, and the third canonical discriminant function (21.65%) capturing stress and phytotoxicity negatively affecting growth. The analysis demonstrated that image-based indices combined with multivariate techniques are effective for quantifying phytotoxicity and distinguishing genotypes (tolerant and sensitive to herbicide effects), overcoming the limitations of visual evaluations, and should be used as a complementary tool to traditional techniques. Therefore, the parental genotype IPR Campos Gerais and the progeny F1A were tolerant to herbicides at different doses, while the parental genotype BAF36 and the progeny F2B were sensitive. Hence, the proposed methodology is effective for identifying herbicide-tolerant and sensitive genotypes.</p>","PeriodicalId":17929,"journal":{"name":"Legume Science","volume":"8 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/leg3.70098","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148467516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Agronomic and Grain Quality Traits of Different Chickpea Cultivars Grown in Southern Germany","authors":"Dennis Gekeler,&nbsp;Meylin Terrel Gutierrez,&nbsp;Jens Hartung,&nbsp;Simone Graeff-Hönninger","doi":"10.1002/leg3.70141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/leg3.70141","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In Germany, chickpea (<i>Cicer arietinum</i> L.) is so far considered as a “new” crop. Introducing “new” crops in new growing regions can face many challenges. One of the major challenges is selecting appropriate cultivars. This study aimed to provide clear, region-specific recommendations for suitable chickpea cultivars to support future agronomic optimization and broader adoption in the German climate. In total, 19 chickpea cultivars were evaluated over 3 years and at two locations for grain weight and thousand-grain weight (TGW). Of these 19 cultivars, 10 were used in all years and at all locations. Phenological development revealed a significant cultivar effect for all observed growth stages, except for the first flowering date. The desi-type cultivars Elmo and Noir de Sicile, and the kabuli-type cultivars APSC4 and Flamenco exhibited a high yield potential of &gt; 1.600 kg DM ha⁻¹. Blanco Lechoso (kabuli type) achieved the highest TGW (511 g), whereas Noir de Sicile (desi type) exhibited the lowest TGW (239 g). The average harvest index was 0.38, which was not significantly affected by cultivar; instead, it was explained by the year × cultivar interaction, which was associated with indeterminate growth under well-watered conditions, particularly during summers with substantial rainfall. Overall, the average protein content was 19.67%, with the cultivar effect not significant, whereas the amino acid composition was partly affected by the cultivar for the amino acids: Tyrosine, Cysteine, and Leucine. The results provide a useful reference for farmers in selecting chickpea cultivars that meet consumer demand for regionally produced, high-value products.</p>","PeriodicalId":17929,"journal":{"name":"Legume Science","volume":"8 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/leg3.70141","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148466911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of Aspergillus flavus Infection and Aflatoxin Accumulation in Pulses During Growth and Development","authors":"Emily Branstad-Spates,&nbsp;Kanniah Rajasekaran,&nbsp;Elizabeth Wyman,&nbsp;Christine Sickler,&nbsp;Carol Carter-Wientjes,&nbsp;Matthew Lebar","doi":"10.1002/leg3.70140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/leg3.70140","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Aflatoxins (AFL) are mycotoxins produced by <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> that pose major risks to food safety. This study evaluated fungal growth and AFL production in planta across the following five pulse species: chickpeas (<i>Cicer arietinum L</i>.), lentils (<i>Lens culinaris Medik</i>.), peas (<i>Pisum sativum L</i>.), soybeans (<i>Glycine max L</i>.), and with corn (<i>Zea mays L</i>.) as a susceptible reference host. Plants were grown in a greenhouse and arranged in a 5 × 2 factorial completely randomized design (CRD) with crop species and inoculation treatment as factors. Each crop had 10 mock-inoculated plants and 10 plants inoculated with <i>A. flavus</i> strain AF-70 expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP). Fungal colonization was monitored using GFP imaging, and toxin levels (AFB₁, AFB₂, cyclopiazonic acid [CPA], α-aflatrem, aflavarin, and ditryptophenaline [DTP]) were quantified at 7 days after inoculation and at physiological maturity. Corn accumulated the highest AFL (20,639 ng/g AFB_1; 6146/g AFB₂), representing a ~7-fold and ~6-fold higher concentration than chickpeas (2548 ng/g AFB₁; 900 ng/g AFB₂) (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.0001). Soybeans showed intermediate contamination (1807 ng/g AFB₁; 584 ng/g AFB₂), while lentils and peas accumulated minimal AFL (&lt; 63 ng/g AFB₁ and AFB₂). GFP imaging of lentils and chickpeas showed early fungal colonization, yet corn exhibited the strongest fluorescence at maturity. Secondary metabolite profiles showed high α-aflatrem, CPA, and DTP in corn, elevated aflavarin in chickpeas, and limited production in lentils and peas. These findings demonstrate fungal colonization and mycotoxin contamination are not consistently coupled across hosts and highlight key food safety implications, as well as validating earlier studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":17929,"journal":{"name":"Legume Science","volume":"8 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/leg3.70140","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148466627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination of Static and Dynamic Coefficients of Friction on Various Surfaces for Selected Haricot Bean Varieties","authors":"Biniam Zewdie","doi":"10.1002/leg3.70136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/leg3.70136","url":null,"abstract":"<p>When analyzing and designing equipment for postharvest handling, food processing, and storage, it is crucial to understand the coefficient of friction of legume crops on different structural surfaces. The article examines the effects of various treatments on the static friction coefficient and dynamic friction coefficient of <i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i> L. Statistical analytic techniques were used to determine the significance of the single effect, dual interaction effect, and triple interaction effect of treatments (moisture content, contact surface, and sliding velocity) on static and dynamic friction coefficients, respectively. The static and dynamic friction coefficients on various contact surfaces were predicted using multiple linear regression modeling. Mean relative deviation modulus, root mean square error, and coefficient of determination (<i>R</i>²) were three statistical measures used to assess the predictive power of constructed multiple linear regression models. The significant increases in moisture content and contact surface single effect were slightly smaller than the significant increases in dual interaction effect of treatments on static friction coefficient, which were found to be 3.2 and 3 times the former, respectively. With regard to the dynamic, the treatments' significant increases in the triple interaction effect were 8.8, 3.7, and 8.9 times larger than the corresponding single effects for sliding velocity, moisture content, and contact surface. The single effect of the contact surface on the dynamic was similarly found to be 2.4 times greater than that of sliding velocity or moisture content, whereas the single effect of the contact surface on the static was found to be 1.1 times greater than that of moisture content. Static and dynamic could be precisely predicted by proposed multiple linear regression models, which were <i>R</i>² = 0.941, RMSE = 0.02281, and MRDM = 3.151% for static friction coefficients and <i>R</i>² = 0.968, RMSE = 0.01295, and MRDM = 2.153% for dynamic friction coefficients. Using the models for direct prediction of static and dynamic friction coefficients, corresponding to each contact surface, based on sliding velocity and moisture content is suggested in practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":17929,"journal":{"name":"Legume Science","volume":"8 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/leg3.70136","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148466598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing Thermotolerance in Beans: Integrating Physiology, Genomics, and Breeding for Climate Adaptation","authors":"Aastha Sharda,&nbsp;Shikha Chaudhary,&nbsp;Bhawna Kumari,&nbsp;Uday C. Jha,&nbsp;Mohar Singh,&nbsp;Inderjit Singh,&nbsp;Kamal Dev Sharma,&nbsp;Kadambot H. M. Siddique,&nbsp;P. V. Vara Prasad,&nbsp;Harsh Nayyar","doi":"10.1002/leg3.70134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/leg3.70134","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Rising global temperatures increasingly threaten bean production and the food security of millions of people who depend on these protein-rich legumes. Heat stress during the reproductive stages induces pollen sterility, flower abscission, and disruptions in source–sink relationships, resulting in yield losses of 30%–40% or more when critical temperature thresholds are surpassed. At the molecular level, thermotolerance involves coordinated responses mediated by heat shock proteins, transcription factors, antioxidant systems, and osmotic adjustment mechanisms, with substantial genetic variation both within and among species. Bean species within the genera <i>Phaseolus</i>, <i>Vigna</i>, and <i>Macrotyloma</i> exhibit remarkable interspecific differences in thermotolerance, ranging from the heat-sensitive common bean (<i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i>) to the moderately tolerant adzuki bean (<i>V. angularis</i>), mungbean (<i>Vigna radiata</i>), urdbean (<i>Vigna mungo</i>), cowpea (<i>V. unguiculata</i>), and highly thermotolerant species such as horse gram (<i>M. uniflorum</i>), moth bean (<i>V. aconitifolia</i>), and tepary bean (<i>P. acutifolius</i>). Recent genomic advances have enabled the identification of quantitative trait loci and candidate genes underlying heat tolerance, with complete genome sequences now available for most of these crops. Breeding strategies increasingly exploit interspecific hybridization, with germplasm from tepary bean, moth bean, and horse gram providing valuable thermotolerance alleles for incorporation through pre-breeding programs. Characterized genes, such as horse gram <i>MuHSP70</i>, represent promising targets for marker-assisted selection and genome editing. Symbiotic nitrogen fixation is particularly vulnerable to heat stress, although stress-adapted legumes can maintain nodulation under adverse conditions. This review synthesizes current knowledge of the physiological mechanisms, genomic resources, breeding strategies, and agronomic management approaches for improving thermotolerance in beans, with particular emphasis on harnessing genetic diversity from underutilized and opportunistic thermotolerant species.</p>","PeriodicalId":17929,"journal":{"name":"Legume Science","volume":"8 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2026-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/leg3.70134","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148466735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}