Makayla Ayres, Elizabeth Kosanke, Brandon Sellers, Aaron Grant, Samuel Hobbs
{"title":"Successful Surgical Management of Bilateral Tractional Retinal Detachments in a Neonate With a <i>KIF11</i> Mutation.","authors":"Makayla Ayres, Elizabeth Kosanke, Brandon Sellers, Aaron Grant, Samuel Hobbs","doi":"10.1177/24741264261484844","DOIUrl":"10.1177/24741264261484844","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To report a rare case of bilateral tractional retinal detachments (TRDs) in an infant with a pathogenic <i>KIF11</i> mutation, describe the surgical management, and evaluate the anatomic and neurodevelopmental outcomes over 2 years of follow-up.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A single case was reviewed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A female neonate with microcephaly and bilateral TRDs diagnosed on day 2 of life underwent bilateral pars plana vitrectomy and lensectomy at 3 weeks of age. This represents one of the earliest and most severe presentations of <i>KIF11</i>-related retinopathy documented to date and one of the earliest reported surgical interventions for this condition. The retinas remained attached at 2 years of follow-up, and the patient demonstrated favorable neurodevelopmental progress, including motor development.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Early surgical intervention resulted in a favorable anatomic outcome in this infant with severe <i>KIF11</i>-related retinopathy. Prompt restoration of visual input during a critical neurodevelopmental window may have contributed to favorable motor development. However, further studies are required to determine whether early visual rehabilitation influences neurodevelopmental outcomes in this condition.</p>","PeriodicalId":17919,"journal":{"name":"Journal of VitreoRetinal Diseases","volume":" ","pages":"24741264261484844"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13582649/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148990401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Baseline and 3-Year Follow-Up Changes in Retinal Neurovascular Structures Assessed by OCT and OCTA in Pediatric Type 1 Diabetes Without Retinopathy.","authors":"Semra Tiryaki Demir, Ahmet Uçar, Emine Betül Akbaş Özyürek, Ecrin Çakır, Tuğçe Dursun Yılmazşamlı, Fatih Kerem Dedeli, Sümeyra Keles Yesiltas, Gizem Kol, Aydilek Dağdeviren Çakır","doi":"10.1177/24741264261484021","DOIUrl":"10.1177/24741264261484021","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To investigate longitudinal changes in retinal neurovascular components over a 3-year period using optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography (OCTA) in pediatric and adolescent individuals diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) but without signs of diabetic retinopathy (DR).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Individuals with type 1 DM and no clinical signs of DR were evaluated between May and September 2022. Quantitative evaluation was performed on neurovascular components of the retina in both the macular and peripapillary regions. Data from the previous 3 years (Group 1) were compared with current data (Group 2). Relationships between pubertal stage, duration of diabetes, and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA<sub>1c</sub>) levels were examined.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study included 92 eyes from 46 participants diagnosed with type 1 DM. Group 2 had significantly lower vessel densities in the foveal and parafoveal superficial capillary plexus and deep capillary plexus than Group 1. However, central foveal thickness (CFT), inner retinal thickness, peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, and nasal inferior disc-vessel density were significantly higher in Group 2. A significant relationship was found between pubertal stage and vessel densities in both the superficial capillary plexus and optic disc regions. HbA<sub>1c</sub> levels and diabetes duration correlated with the foveal avascular zone area and superficial capillary plexus/deep capillary plexus-vessel densities.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Initially, the peripapillary microvascular structure is more affected than the macula in type 1 DM. However, after 3 years, microvascular macular decline becomes more prominent. Additionally, foveal retinal thickness and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness were significantly increased.</p>","PeriodicalId":17919,"journal":{"name":"Journal of VitreoRetinal Diseases","volume":" ","pages":"24741264261484021"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13582655/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148990073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ava Romerosa, Luke B Farson, Nimesh Patel, Jeffrey K Moore
{"title":"Endogenous <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> Endophthalmitis With Iris Abscess and Discordant Systemic and Ocular Culture Susceptibilities.","authors":"Ava Romerosa, Luke B Farson, Nimesh Patel, Jeffrey K Moore","doi":"10.1177/24741264261486754","DOIUrl":"10.1177/24741264261486754","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Purpose:</b> To report a rare case of <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> endogenous endophthalmitis complicated by iris abscess formation secondary to a septic urinary tract infection and liver abscess. <b>Methods:</b> A single case was reviewed. <b>Results:</b> A 57-year-old man with diabetes mellitus developed acute vision loss shortly after hospitalization for sepsis secondary to a <i>K. pneumoniae</i> urinary tract infection and liver abscess sensitive to cephalosporins. Ocular examination revealed hypopyon and severe intraocular inflammation. Initial treatment included intravitreal (IVT) vancomycin and ceftazidime with anterior chamber paracentesis. Intraocular cultures demonstrated newly acquired resistance to cephalosporins, prompting a switch to IVT moxifloxacin. Progressive inflammation necessitated pars plana vitrectomy and surgical debridement of an iris abscess. Postoperatively, weekly IVT moxifloxacin injections were administered for 3 weeks, resulting in resolution of infection. <b>Conclusions:</b> This case demonstrates rare iris abscess formation in <i>K. pneumoniae</i> endogenous endophthalmitis and underscores the importance of intraocular cultures in guiding targeted antimicrobial therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":17919,"journal":{"name":"Journal of VitreoRetinal Diseases","volume":" ","pages":"24741264261486754"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13569716/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148956137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Living With Loss.","authors":"Timothy G Murray","doi":"10.1177/24741264261479803","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/24741264261479803","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17919,"journal":{"name":"Journal of VitreoRetinal Diseases","volume":"10 5","pages":"825-831"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13697110/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149269567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Michael Zhu, Anushka Dasgupta, Disha Jotsinghani, John Hsu, Rachel D'Cunha, Alex Choi, Alice Haystead, Sandra S Stinnett, Kim G Johnson, Dilraj S Grewal, Sharon Fekrat
{"title":"Retinal and Choroidal Structure and Microvasculature in Dementia With Lewy Bodies and Alzheimer Disease.","authors":"Michael Zhu, Anushka Dasgupta, Disha Jotsinghani, John Hsu, Rachel D'Cunha, Alex Choi, Alice Haystead, Sandra S Stinnett, Kim G Johnson, Dilraj S Grewal, Sharon Fekrat","doi":"10.1177/24741264261479309","DOIUrl":"10.1177/24741264261479309","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To compare retinal and choroidal structural and microvascular imaging parameters between patients with dementia with Lewy bodies and those with Alzheimer disease using optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography (OCTA).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this cross-sectional study, patients with dementia with Lewy bodies and those with Alzheimer disease underwent imaging with the Cirrus HD-5000 AngioPlex system (Carl Zeiss Meditec). OCT metrics included central subfield thickness, ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer thickness, retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, and choroidal vascularity index. Macular OCTA metrics included perfusion density, vessel density, and foveal avascular zone area. Peripapillary OCTA metrics included capillary perfusion density and capillary flux index. Generalized estimating equations adjusted for years of education were used to account for intereye correlation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 36 eyes from 20 patients with dementia with Lewy bodies and 42 eyes from 21 patients with Alzheimer disease were included. Compared with eyes from patients with Alzheimer disease, eyes from patients with dementia with Lewy bodies demonstrated significantly lower perfusion density and vessel density within the 3 × 3 mm Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study circle and ring (<i>P</i> = .03-.04). Structural OCT and peripapillary OCTA metrics did not differ significantly between the groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Compared with Alzheimer disease, dementia with Lewy bodies was associated with reduced macular perfusion density and vessel density on OCTA. These findings suggest disease-specific differences in the retinal microvasculature between dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":17919,"journal":{"name":"Journal of VitreoRetinal Diseases","volume":" ","pages":"24741264261479309"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13558477/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148930594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Visualization Techniques for Port Delivery System Refill-Exchange.","authors":"Mitchell T Allphin, Carl C Awh","doi":"10.1177/24741264261484861","DOIUrl":"10.1177/24741264261484861","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To describe methods for improving visualization of the port delivery system (PDS) with ranibizumab (Susvimo) during the refill-exchange procedure when visualization of the implant septum is compromised.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Multiple methods of PDS visualization using external illumination were evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Transpupillary and transscleral illumination of the PDS reservoir body using various light sources improved visualization of the implant septum during the refill-exchange procedure.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Indirect internal illumination of the PDS implant can facilitate visualization of the implant septum during the refill-exchange procedure, particularly when visualization is compromised by conjunctival edema, thickened Tenon capsule, or fibrous capsule formation.</p>","PeriodicalId":17919,"journal":{"name":"Journal of VitreoRetinal Diseases","volume":" ","pages":"24741264261484861"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13550242/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148912711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Victor Bellanda, Suraj Bala, Gabriel Castilho S Barbosa, Nitesh Mohan, Matthew J Schulgit, Amy S Babiuch, Alex Yuan, Ananth Sastry, Katherine E Talcott, Diana McOwen, Frances Igrec, Sunil K Srivastava, Sumit Sharma, Andrew P Schachat, Danny A Mammo
{"title":"Initial Impact of Loss of Copay Assistance From a National Nonprofit Fund on Outcomes of Retinal Disease.","authors":"Victor Bellanda, Suraj Bala, Gabriel Castilho S Barbosa, Nitesh Mohan, Matthew J Schulgit, Amy S Babiuch, Alex Yuan, Ananth Sastry, Katherine E Talcott, Diana McOwen, Frances Igrec, Sunil K Srivastava, Sumit Sharma, Andrew P Schachat, Danny A Mammo","doi":"10.1177/24741264261477369","DOIUrl":"10.1177/24741264261477369","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Many patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD), diabetic macular edema (DME), or retinal vein occlusion who have lost copay assistance from the DBA Good Days national charity fund have been forced to switch treatment from branded intravitreal antivascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy to bevacizumab. This study sought to characterize the short-term impact of these changes on clinical outcomes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective study included 89 eyes of 69 patients with nAMD, DME, or retinal vein occlusion who transitioned from receiving branded anti-VEGF therapy (aflibercept 2.0 mg or 8.0 mg; faricimab) to bevacizumab. The primary endpoint was changes from baseline in central subfield thickness (CST) after 1, 2, and 3 injections. Secondary endpoints included changes in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure, intraretinal fluid, subretinal fluid, pigment epithelial detachment, injection intervals, predictors of poor outcome (BCVA loss of ≥15 Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study letters or CST increase of ≥50 µm), and switchback to branded therapy.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>From baseline to after the third bevacizumab injection, the CST increased from a mean (±SD) 228.7 ± 52.3 µm to 271.3 ± 40.0 µm in the overall cohort (<i>P</i> = .004), and from 224.1 ± 50.6 µm to 268.6 ± 38.5 µm among nAMD eyes (<i>P</i> = .007). The injection interval decreased from a median 8.6 weeks (interquartile range [IQR], 7.0-10.9 weeks) preswitch to 7.5 weeks (IQR, 5.3-9.5 weeks) after 3 injections (<i>P</i> < .001). Fourteen eyes (15.7%) met the criteria for poor outcome, and 15 (16.9%) were switched back to branded therapy. Worsening intraretinal fluid was an early indicator of suboptimal response, and shorter preswitch injection intervals were a predictor of switching back to branded therapy.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Switching from branded anti-VEGF therapy to bevacizumab was associated with anatomic worsening and shorter injection intervals. Shorter preswitch intervals and early postswitch intraretinal fluid changes may help identify patients at risk for poor outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":17919,"journal":{"name":"Journal of VitreoRetinal Diseases","volume":" ","pages":"24741264261477369"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13503638/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148818807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Prashanth G Iyer, Teresa Horan, Astrid C Werner, Audina M Berrocal, Caroline R Baumal
{"title":"Utility of Ultrasound Biomicroscopy in Pachyphakia, Microcornea, and Angle Closure.","authors":"Prashanth G Iyer, Teresa Horan, Astrid C Werner, Audina M Berrocal, Caroline R Baumal","doi":"10.1177/24741264261474158","DOIUrl":"10.1177/24741264261474158","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To describe the case of a young adult patient with a history of laser treatment for threshold retinopathy of prematurity, presenting with pachyphakia, microcornea, and acute angle-closure glaucoma.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A single case was observed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The patient presented with reduced vision secondary to acute angle closure, with an intraocular pressure (IOP) of 60 mm Hg in the left eye. A surgical iridectomy resulted in immediate deepening of the anterior chamber and IOP normalization, though the anterior chamber remained shallow. Postoperatively, visual acuity returned to baseline, and IOP remained in the normal range. Ultrasound biomicroscopy after iridectomy demonstrated a persistently shallow anterior chamber secondary to pachyphakia. Phacoemulsification was performed 1 year later. Postoperative ultrasound biomicroscopy revealed normalization of anterior chamber anatomy.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Patients with pachyphakia, microcornea, and acute angle-closure glaucoma are at risk for both acute and chronic angle-closure glaucoma and must be monitored closely. Ultrasound biomicroscopy can be used to supplement clinical examination of angle closure.</p>","PeriodicalId":17919,"journal":{"name":"Journal of VitreoRetinal Diseases","volume":" ","pages":"24741264261474158"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13503633/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148818785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Irmak Karaca, Rebecca Kellner, Patrick Hughes, Barry Chaiken, Robert Spiera, Talia R Kaden, Kenneth Wald, Yasha S Modi
{"title":"Rapidly Progressive Hydroxychloroquine Retinal Toxicity Presenting With Cystoid Macular Edema and Retinal Vasculopathy: A Novel Phenotype With 6-Year Follow-Up.","authors":"Irmak Karaca, Rebecca Kellner, Patrick Hughes, Barry Chaiken, Robert Spiera, Talia R Kaden, Kenneth Wald, Yasha S Modi","doi":"10.1177/24741264261479196","DOIUrl":"10.1177/24741264261479196","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To report a unique case of hydroxychloroquine-associated retinal toxicity presenting with cystoid macular edema (CME) and retinal vasculopathy and to discuss its potential pathophysiology.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A single case was reviewed.</p><p><strong>Case report: </strong>A 65-year-old woman with a history of hydroxychloroquine use for approximately 5.5 years presented with bilateral CME and parafoveal ellipsoid zone disruption with outer retinal loss on optical coherence tomography. Multimodal imaging demonstrated central bull's-eye maculopathy and peripheral pigmentary changes on fundus autofluorescence and peripheral vascular leakage on fluorescein angiography. The uveitis workup, anti-retinal antibody testing, and genetic testing were negative. As retinal findings were normal at the first hydroxychloroquine screening, the patient was diagnosed with advanced hydroxychloroquine toxicity.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This case expands the phenotypic spectrum of hydroxychloroquine retinal toxicity to include CME associated with retinal vasculopathy. Annual retinal examination should begin promptly in patients receiving hydroxychloroquine at doses exceeding 5 mg/kg/day.</p>","PeriodicalId":17919,"journal":{"name":"Journal of VitreoRetinal Diseases","volume":" ","pages":"24741264261479196"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13503639/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148818796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Samuel A Cohen, Prashant D Tailor, Adrian Au, Jennifer Vu, Alejandro I Marin, Pradeep S Prasad, Julie Kwon, Hamid Hosseini, Jayanth Sridhar
{"title":"Ability of Large Language Models to Answer Patients' Questions and Generate Educational Materials for Uncommon Retinal Conditions.","authors":"Samuel A Cohen, Prashant D Tailor, Adrian Au, Jennifer Vu, Alejandro I Marin, Pradeep S Prasad, Julie Kwon, Hamid Hosseini, Jayanth Sridhar","doi":"10.1177/24741264261469005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/24741264261469005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To assess the ability of large language models to accurately and comprehensively respond to frequently asked questions and generate patient education materials related to uncommon retinal conditions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 50 frequently asked questions related to 10 uncommon retinal conditions were input into 3 large language models: ChatGPT-4o1, Google Gemini 2.0 Flash, and Microsoft Copilot (updated January 7, 2025). The accuracy and completeness of responses to frequently asked questions were evaluated by retina specialists using a Likert scale ranging from 1 (very inaccurate/not at all complete) to 5 (very accurate/completely complete), while readability was assessed using validated indices. The large language models were also instructed to generate patient education materials at specific reading levels, which were again evaluated for accuracy, completeness, and readability.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Responses to patient frequently asked questions were written at mean grade levels of 15.3 ± 1.4 (ChatGPT), 15.7 ± 1.9 (Gemini), and 14.6 ± 1.3 (Copilot), respectively (<i>P =</i> .02). Mean accuracy scores were 4.02 ± 0.7, 4.16 ± 0.7, and 3.81 ± 0.8. Accuracy scores for large language models-generated patient education materials were 4.70 ± 0.7 (ChatGPT), 4.85 ± 0.4 (Gemini), and 4.30 ± 0.8 (Copilot). When instructed to revise educational materials to improve understandability, all large language models significantly reduced reading levels by 4.8 (ChatGPT), 6.9 (Gemini), and 3.8 (Copilot) grade levels (<i>P</i> < .001) without compromising accuracy.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Large language models can accurately respond to patients' frequently asked questions related to uncommon retinal conditions. Furthermore, large language models can effectively improve the readability of existing education materials for patients with varying levels of health literacy. A deeper understanding of large language model applications may facilitate their integration into clinical practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":17919,"journal":{"name":"Journal of VitreoRetinal Diseases","volume":" ","pages":"24741264261469005"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13486393/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148794943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}