Klinicka mikrobiologie a infekcni lekarstvi最新文献

{"title":"[Development of vaccination against viral hepatitis B in the world].","authors":"Luděk Rožnovský","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vaccination against viral hepatitis B (VHB) is the most important preventive measure that reduces the frequency of hepatitis B (HBV) infection in the population. VHB vaccines, initially plasma, later recombinant, have been available since the 1980s, the administration of immunoglobulin against VHB has always been a complementary method. Vaccination of HBsAg (s antigen HBV) positive mothers, together with the vaccination of all infants in the endemic region of Southeast Asia, in the 1990s, dramatically reduced the incidence of VHB in a vaccinated population. Based on these results, the World Health Organization recommended that all countries start regular vaccination of children by 1997, optimally within 24 hours after birth. Gradually, the vaccination of newborns, infants, or larger children began to be introduced in developed countries, which initially preferred vaccination of risk groups, especially health professionals, newborns of HBsAg-positive mothers, and patients with renal failure.</p>","PeriodicalId":17909,"journal":{"name":"Klinicka mikrobiologie a infekcni lekarstvi","volume":"29 4","pages":"105-115"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143597349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Guidelines for managing antibiotic therapy for bacterial community- and hospital-acquired pneumonia in patients with critical COVID-19].","authors":"Lenka Doubravská, Miroslava Htoutou Sedláková, Kateřina Bogdanová, Radovan Turek, Olga Klementová, Milan Kolář","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bacterial pneumonia in critically ill patients with COVID-19 pose a significant healthcare concern. The critical stage of COVID-19 encompasses patients who are experiencing acute respiratory failure (ARDS), septic shock, and multiorgan failure. Data from the University Hospital Olomouc indicates that the incidence of bacterial Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) and Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (HAP) in critically ill patients with COVID-19 can reach up to 27% and 46%, respectively. These patients with bacterial CAP and HAP have higher mortality rates (38% and 56%, respectively) compared to critical COVID-19 patients without bacterial infection (11%). Given the severity of these patients' conditions, concerns regarding delayed initiation of antibiotic therapy are justified, as it could result in the development or progression of sepsis and increased mortality. On the other hand, unnecessary antibiotic treatment leads to adverse effects, dysbiosis, increased risk of secondary bacterial infections, development of antimicrobial resistance, and ultimately increased mortality. The provided guidelines offer a comprehensive framework of strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of bacterial pneumonia in patients with critical-stage COVID-19.</p>","PeriodicalId":17909,"journal":{"name":"Klinicka mikrobiologie a infekcni lekarstvi","volume":"29 4","pages":"120-124"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143597251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[The current role of isavuconazole in the treatment of invasive fungal infections].","authors":"Ondrej Zahornacky, Pavol Jarčuška","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Significant medical advances in the treatment and management of immunocompromised patients are currently leading to an ever-increasing incidence of invasive fungal infections (IFI). Due to the limited antifungal treatment options, the management of IFI remains a major challenge. The triazole antifungal drug isavuconazole (ISV) shows a broader spectrum of activity against Mucorales isolates and represents another therapeutic option for difficult-to-treat IFI. ISV is a broad-spectrum triazole antifungal II. generation, which is primarily intended for the treatment of invasive aspergillosis and mucormycosis, but in the future it also represents a promising therapeutic option for the treatment of other, rare IFIs (cryptococcosis, infections caused by dimorphic fungi). The article summarizes the basic knowledge and provides a brief overview of the pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, mechanism of action, metabolism, indications, and dosage of isavuconazole in clinical practice. It also includes a brief analysis of selected clinical trials (SECURE, ACTIVE, VITAL) and recommendations of individual international societies.</p>","PeriodicalId":17909,"journal":{"name":"Klinicka mikrobiologie a infekcni lekarstvi","volume":"29 4","pages":"116-119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143597355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Bacteremic purulent knee arthritis caused by a non-toxigenic strain of Corynebacterium diphtheriae].","authors":"Kostiantyn Istomin, Magda Balejová, Eva Dvořáková, David Musil, Jan Klouda, Aleš Chrdle","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Corynebacteria, non-spore-forming, gram-positive, aerobic or facultative anaerobic, pleomorphic bacilli, are part of the normal skin, oropharyngeal, and intestinal flora in humans. However, this microorganism can rarely be associated with invasive infections such as bone and joint infections, bacteremia, endocarditis, meningitis, liver and spleen abscesses. We present a case of bacteremic arthritis of a native knee joint caused by non-toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae in a patient with alcoholic liver cirrhosis. This case report emphasizes the importance of differential diagnosis and careful examination of immunocompromised patients and reviews the criteria for administration of C. diphtheriae antitoxin in case of invasive disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":17909,"journal":{"name":"Klinicka mikrobiologie a infekcni lekarstvi","volume":"29 3","pages":"88-91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142978617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Pneumocystis pneumonia].","authors":"Svatava Snopková, Radek Svačinka, David Vydrář, Petr Husa, Tereza Kopřivová, Jakub Vlažný, Petr Husa","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In parallel with the introduction of modern therapeutic and pharmacological interventions that have successfully resolved many diseases and conditions, previously deemed incompatible with life, there has been a significant increase in the number of patients experiencing secondary immunodeficiency. As a result, these patients are highly susceptible to various opportunistic infections. Among these infections, pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) stands out as one of the most frequent and potentially life-threatening ones, necessitating prompt diagnosis and treatment. Observational studies have clearly shown that PCP affects an increasing number of patients with diverse underlying diseases and varying risk profiles that lead to immune system dysfunction. The population of at-risk patients and the range of these conditions continue to expand. Surprisingly, the diagnosis is now established in populations that were not initially considered at risk, such as patients on chronic glucocorticoid therapy. This disease often remains undiagnosed and contributes to a relatively high number of fatal outcomes in patients with various primary diseases. The text summarizes the basic epidemiological factors, risk factors, presumed pathophysiology, current diagnostic options, and typical clinical course of PCP in patients living with HIV and non-HIV patients, as well as the prophylaxis and treatment of PCP. It is important to note that in most patients with severe immunodeficiency, multiple agents are involved simultaneously in causing infectious complications. Coinfection with cytomegalovirus is a very common complication of PCP. In the context of multiple infections occurring simultaneously, if a coinfection goes unrecognized and untreated, it can render the treatment of PCP seemingly ineffective. Therefore, it is crucial to pay attention to potential coinfections already during the primary diagnosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":17909,"journal":{"name":"Klinicka mikrobiologie a infekcni lekarstvi","volume":"29 3","pages":"69-79"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142978655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Cytomegalovirus coinfection].","authors":"Svatava Snopková, Radek Svačinka, David Vydrář, Petr Husa, Tereza Kopřivová, Jakub Vlažný, Petr Husa","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The rapid advancement of modern pharmacological and surgical therapeutic interventions is often accompanied by potential disruptions to the immune system, both permanent and transient. Consequently, life-threatening infectious complications may emerge, which were either absent or exceedingly rare in the past. Observational studies have identified pneumocystis and cytomegalovirus pneumonia as one of the most prevalent coinfections. These diseases carry a high risk of a fatal course, making rapid and precise diagnosis and treatment absolutely crucial. Diagnostic and therapeutic procedures for coinfection with pneumocystis and cytomegalovirus pneumonia are based on empirical knowledge obtained from certain categories of patients and subsequently extrapolated to other categories. In cases where the immune system is dysfunctional, a significantly longer time interval is required before the effect of treatment becomes evident. Therefore, the treatment must be sufficiently prolonged compared to immunocompetent patients and administered with relatively high drug doses. The text highlights the fundamental epidemiological, clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic aspects. We have attempted to address the questions that arose when confronted with similar situations, often facing ambiguous answers due to the lack of precisely documented data. With the increasing number of immunocompromised patients, particularly in countries with advanced healthcare systems, it becomes evident that the future will require the widespread availability of modern diagnostic methods and the development of drugs with significantly improved safety profiles. These advancements would enable extensive prophylaxis for at-risk patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":17909,"journal":{"name":"Klinicka mikrobiologie a infekcni lekarstvi","volume":"29 3","pages":"80-87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142978640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Diagnosis and therapy of chronic hepatitis D: Czech national guideline].","authors":"Petr Husa, Jan Šperl, Petr Urbánek, Soňa Fraňková, Pavel Dlouhý","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;For the first time, a separate Czech guideline focuses exclusively on hepatitis D virus (HDV) infection. Until recently, HDV infection was only mentioned in guidelines concerning hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, in chapters on HBV/HDV co-infection. The guideline is based on the July 2023 recommendations from the European Association for the Study of the Liver. HDV can either infect a susceptible host together with HBV (co-infection) or superinfect a person chronically infected with HBV. HBV/HDV coinfection usually leads to acute hepatitis with a wide clinical spectrum ranging from an asymptomatic course, to mild hepatitis, to acute liver failure. However, only a small proportion of cases (approximately 2%) progress to chronicity. In contrast, superinfection with HDV in patients with chronic HBV infection very often leads to severe acute hepatitis, which progresses to chronic hepatitis D (CHD) in up to 90% of cases and is associated with more severe chronic outcomes than HBV monoinfection. CHD has been shown to progress to liver cirrhosis more frequently and more rapidly than HBV monoinfection. Globally, an estimated 4.5-13% of HBsAg-positive individuals are infected with HDV, representing 12-72 million persons infected with HDV in absolute numbers. HDV infection is still rare in the Czech Republic, with at most a few dozen patients, almost exclusively foreigners coming from endemic areas, mainly from Mongolia and other Asian countries. With the increasing migration of people from endemic areas, the incidence and prevalence of hepatitis D in the country may increase rapidly. Experts estimate that the prevalence of HDV among HBsAg-positive patients in the Czech Republic is approximately 1%. Until 2020, interferon (IFN) α-based therapy was the only treatment option for CHD. Gradually, treatment with pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN) α proved to be more effective than treatment with conventional (standard) IFNα - 25% vs. 17% virological response at the end of 48 week of treatment. Subsequently, however, more than half of the successfully treated patients experienced a virological relapse. Extending the duration of PEG-IFNα treatment to two years did not increase treatment success, as shown by the results of most clinical trials. Bulevirtide (BLV) is a synthetic lipopeptide consisting of 47 amino acids from the preS1 domain of the large HBsAg protein, which binds to NTCP, thereby preventing HDV from entering hepatocytes. Clinical trials have evaluated the efficacy and safety of BLV treatment at doses of 2, 5 and 10 mg administered subcutaneously once daily, alone or in combination with PEG-IFNα. Since the optimal duration of BLV treatment has not yet been established, sustained virological response could not be assessed because BLV treatment was not discontinued in the studies. According to results of clinical trials, a higher dose of BLV (10 mg) provides no benefit compared to a dose of 2 mg once daily. In July 2020, BLV received conditional mar","PeriodicalId":17909,"journal":{"name":"Klinicka mikrobiologie a infekcni lekarstvi","volume":"29 3","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142978644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[In vitro comparison of antibacterial efficacy of nonadherent antimicrobial dressings].","authors":"Johana Kučerová, Vojtěch Mezera, Ivo Bureš","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The use of nonadherent dressings is part of care for chronic wounds. In this paper, we present the results of in vitro activity of several such dressings on bacteria most commonly found in chronic wounds.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>Selected bacterial strains were isolated from chronic wounds of patients in Pardubice Hospital in the period from February to May 2022. The following dressings were tested: Inadine and Aqvidine, both containing povidone iodine, Bactigras containing chlorhexidine acetate and Xeroform containing bismuth tribromophenate. The zone of inhibition size and the ability to inhibit growth after dressing removal were evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Inadine and Aqvidine had significantly larger zones of inhibition than Bactigras or Xeroform. We found no significant differences between Inadine and Aqvidine (except for Klebsiella pneumoniae) or between Bactigras and Xeroform (except for Streptococcus pyogenes). Inadine and Aqvidine were able to inhibit bacterial growth after dressing removal (except for Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Bactigras and Xeroform did not exhibit this ability, which was only observed for Streptococcus pyogenes after removal of Bactigras.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The dressings Inadine and Aqvidine containing povidone iodine were more effective than Bactigras and Xeroform against all species tested and their antibacterial activity against most strains persisted even after removal. These differences in antibacterial -efficacy should be considered when selecting wound dressings.</p>","PeriodicalId":17909,"journal":{"name":"Klinicka mikrobiologie a infekcni lekarstvi","volume":"29 2","pages":"36-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142979090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Prevalence and genotypes of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in humans, animals and foods in the Czech Republic].","authors":"Renáta Karpíšková, Kristýna Brodíková, Ivana Koláčková","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains are emerging zoonotic pathogens that are of importance not only to human but also to veterinary medicine. MRSA strains spread among humans and animals and can also be transmitted through foods. In this article, we provide a summary of the prevalence of MRSA in the Czech Republic, focusing on the One Health concept, which explores the relationships between human and animal health and the environment. This approach, together with collaboration between health professionals, veterinarians and public health experts, can provide valuable insights and help in preventing and controlling MRSA outbreaks.</p>","PeriodicalId":17909,"journal":{"name":"Klinicka mikrobiologie a infekcni lekarstvi","volume":"29 2","pages":"43-45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142977766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Selected aspects of the human microbiome].","authors":"Milan Kolář","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This review briefly defines the term microbiome and characterizes its importance in health and disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":17909,"journal":{"name":"Klinicka mikrobiologie a infekcni lekarstvi","volume":"29 2","pages":"46-51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142978614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}