Klinicka mikrobiologie a infekcni lekarstvi最新文献

{"title":"[Intraabdominal infections].","authors":"Václava Adámková","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Intraabdominal infections are the second most common cause of sepsis in intensive care units. Intraabdominal infections represent a wide variety of pathological conditions that involve lesions of all the intraabdominal organs. They also include intraperitoneal, retroperitoneal and parenchymal abscesses. The etiology of these infections usually includes organisms derived from the gut microbiota. The increasing rate of bacterial resistance is alarming. The treatment of intraabdominal infections is complex and involves source control and antibiotics. The choice of an antibiotic plays a key role and reflects the source of infection and its etiology.</p>","PeriodicalId":17909,"journal":{"name":"Klinicka mikrobiologie a infekcni lekarstvi","volume":"23 2","pages":"64-75"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35507447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Standard diagnostic and therapeutic approach to chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection 22 - guidelines].","authors":"Petr Urbánek,&nbsp;Petr Husa,&nbsp;Stanislav Plíšek,&nbsp;Luděk RoŽnovský","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17909,"journal":{"name":"Klinicka mikrobiologie a infekcni lekarstvi","volume":"23 1","pages":"22-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34963728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Effect of silver nanoparticles on anaerobic bacteria].","authors":"Renata Večeřová,&nbsp;Aleš Panáček,&nbsp;Milan Kolář","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim was to evaluate the antibacterial effect of silver nanoparticles on anaerobic bacteria.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>The microdilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 28 nm silver nanoparticles, both unstabilized and stabilized by casein, gelatin and polyacrylic acid. The following anaerobic bacteria were tested: Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Eggerthella lenta, Propionibacterium acnes, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium difficile and Fusobacterium varium.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Unstabilized silver nanoparticles exhibited antibacterial activity at concentrations ranging from 13 to 34 mg/L. A more significant effect with MIC values between 1 and 13 mg/L was shown for silver nanoparticles stabilized by casein.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Unstabilized silver nanoparticles are active against anaerobic bacteria at concentrations proved to be cytotoxic to eukaryotic cells of human fibroblasts and multicellular organisms. Silver nanoparticles stabilized by casein appear to be more suitable for further research.</p>","PeriodicalId":17909,"journal":{"name":"Klinicka mikrobiologie a infekcni lekarstvi","volume":"23 1","pages":"17-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34963725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Therapeutic drug monitoring of beta-lactam antibiotics].","authors":"Hana Suchánková,&nbsp;Zuzana Matušková,&nbsp;Alena Vanduchová","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is a dosage individualization strategy that helps to minimize toxicity whilst maximizing the efficacy of an agent. For many years, beta-lactam antibiotics were not considered ideal candidates for TDM due to their wide therapeutic range. Profound and difficult to predict beta-lactam pharmacokinetic variability in specific patient populations and increasing bacterial resistance suggest that reaching optimal exposures can be challenging in some clinical settings. The aims are to review the role of beta-lactam TDM, identify patients that would most likely benefit from it, summarize methods used to measure beta-lactam concentrations and outline their limitations, discuss the concentration-effect relationship and therapeutic targets and finally describe dosage adjustment strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":17909,"journal":{"name":"Klinicka mikrobiologie a infekcni lekarstvi","volume":"23 1","pages":"4-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34963723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Prevalence of diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis in the world].","authors":"Ondřej Holý,&nbsp;Jana Vlčková,&nbsp;Lenka Janoušková,&nbsp;Ivanka Matoušková","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis are very serious diseases threatening the lives of children and adults. However, these diseases are preventable by vaccination. After the World Health Organization was founded in 1946, its experts rapidly developed a vaccination schedule for the pediatric population. The former Czechoslovakia, a founding member of this organization, actively participated in the implementation of vaccination against many infectious diseases, including vaccinations against tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis. Mass vaccination of children could not be implemented in all countries of the European Region. The main problem was differences in the economic situation since the mass vaccination of the pediatric population represents a significant financial burden. It was only in the early 1970´s that the pediatric immunization program was initiated in developing countries. The article compares the impact of vaccination in different continents (Europe, Asia, Africa) since 1980. High immunization coverge is essential for a reduction in the incidence of the above infectious diseases. Cases of the diseases reported between 1980 and 2016 are cited in the article. Trends in these infectious diseases are related to the economic and political changes that occurred at the turn of the millennium.</p>","PeriodicalId":17909,"journal":{"name":"Klinicka mikrobiologie a infekcni lekarstvi","volume":"23 1","pages":"10-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34963726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Standard diagnostic and therapeutic approach to chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection - guidelines].","authors":"Petr Urbánek,&nbsp;Petr Husa,&nbsp;J Šperl,&nbsp;S Fraňková,&nbsp;Stanislav Plíšek,&nbsp;Luděk RoŽnovský,&nbsp;P Kümpel","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17909,"journal":{"name":"Klinicka mikrobiologie a infekcni lekarstvi","volume":"23 1","pages":"22-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35199797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Investigation of autoimmunity markers during interferon alpha therapy of chronic hepatitis B and C - twenty years of experience].","authors":"Irena Orságová,&nbsp;Luděk RoŽnovský,&nbsp;Lenka Petroušová,&nbsp;Michaela Konečná,&nbsp;Libuše Kabieszová,&nbsp;Jan Martinek,&nbsp;Alena Kloudová,&nbsp;Ladislav Pavliska","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To determine the prevalence of autoimmune parameters in patients with chronic hepatitis B and C (HBV, HCV) treated with conventional or pegylated interferon alpha (IFN) and monitor the development of autoimmune diseases in connection with this treatment.</p><p><strong>Patients and methods: </strong>In the years 1992-2014, autoimmune parameters were evaluated in 324 patients (271 with HCV, 53 with HBV) treated with IFN at the Department of Infectious Diseases in Ostrava. Prior to, during and after completion of IFN treatment, antinuclear antibodies (ANA), antimitochondrial antibodies (AMA), smooth muscle antibodies (SMA), anti-liver/kidney microsomal antibodies (anti-LKM-1), anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies (anti-ds-DNA), antibodies against granulocytes (ANCA), anti-deoxyribonucleoprotein antibodies (anti-DNP), anti-nucleosomes antibodies, rheumatoid factor (RF) and circulating immune complexes (CIC) were determined and clinical manifestations of autoimmune diseases were evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>At least one abnormal parameter was present in 267 of 324 patients: ANA in 140, AMA in 13, SMA in 100, RF in 118, ANCA in 11, anti-ds-DNA in 2 and anti-LKM-1 in 1 patient. Increases in CIC were observed in 150 of 227 patients, anti-DNP positivity in 39 of 239 and anti-nucleosomes were positive in none of 43 patients. At least one abnormal parameter was detected in 85 % of patients with HCV and in 89 % of patients with hepatitis B, in 81 % of patients under 40 years of age and in 84 % of older indivi-duals, 90 % of patients with cirrhosis and 80 % without cirrhosis, in 74 % of patients with treatment shorter than 30 weeks and in 87 % of patients with treatment lasting over 50 weeks. Autoimmune diseases - autoimmune hepatitis, autoimmune myositis, myopathy and diabetes - developed in 4 patients while only 3 individuals had ANA, SMA or anti-DNP positivity.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Positivity of ANA and SMA or increased RF and CIC are often found in patients with HBV and HCV treated with IFN, but their presence does not correlate with the development of autoimmune diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":17909,"journal":{"name":"Klinicka mikrobiologie a infekcni lekarstvi","volume":"22 2","pages":"61-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34697970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Biological factors influencing infectious diseases transmitted by invasive species of mosquitoes].","authors":"Vanda Boštíková,&nbsp;Markéta Pasdiorová,&nbsp;Jan Marek,&nbsp;Petr Prášil,&nbsp;Miloslav Salavec,&nbsp;Radek Sleha,&nbsp;Hana Střtítecká,&nbsp;Pavel Blažek,&nbsp;Irena Hanovcová,&nbsp;Renáta Šošovičková,&nbsp;Milan Špliňo,&nbsp;Jan Smetana,&nbsp;Roman Chlíbek,&nbsp;Václav Hytych,&nbsp;Kamil Kuča,&nbsp;Pavel Boštík","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Studies focused on arbovirus diseases transmitted by invasive species of mosquitoes have become increasingly significant in recent years, due to the fact that these vectors have successfully migrated to Europe and become established in the region. Mosquitoes, represented by more than 3 200 species, occur naturally worldwide, except in Antarctica. They feed on the blood of warm-blooded animals and by this route, they are capable of transmitting dangerous diseases. Some species can travel a distance of 10 km per night and can fly continuously for up to 4 hours at a speed of 1-2 km/h. Most species are active at night, in the evening or morning. It usually takes a mosquito female about 50 seconds to penetrate the skin of mammals and the subsequent blood meal usually takes about 2.5 minutes. Mosquitoes live for several weeks or months, depending on the environmental conditions. The VectorNet project is a European network of information exchange and sharing of data relating to the geographical distribution of arthropod vectors and transmission of infectious agents between human populations and animals. It aims at the development of strategic plans and vaccination policies which are the main tasks of this time, as well as the development and application of new disinfectants to control vector populations. </p>","PeriodicalId":17909,"journal":{"name":"Klinicka mikrobiologie a infekcni lekarstvi","volume":"22 2","pages":"75-85"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34697972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Vancomycin-resistant enterococci - the nature of resistance and risk of transmission from animals to humans].","authors":"Lýdia Hermanovská,&nbsp;Jan Bardoň,&nbsp;Pavel Čermák","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Enterococci are part of the normal intestinal flora of humans and animals. Under certain circumstances, they are capable of extraintestinal conversion to opportunistic pathogens. They cause endogenous as well as exogenous community and nosocomial infections. The gastrointestinal tract of mammals provides them with favorable conditions for acquisition and spread of resistance genes, for example to vancomycin (van), from other symbiotic bacteria. Thus, vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) become potential reservoirs and vectors of the van genes. Their occurrence in the population of the Czech Republic was first reported by Kolář et al. in 1997. Some variants of the vanA gene cluster carried on Tn1546 which encode resistance to vancomycin are identical in humans and in animals. It means that animals, especially cattle, poultry and pigs, could be an important reservoir of VRE for humans. Kolář and Bardoň detected VRE in animals in the Czech Republic for the first time in 2000. In Europe, the glycopeptide antibiotic avoparcin, used as a growth stimulator, is responsible for selection of VRE strains in animals. Strains of Enterococcus faecium from animals may offer genes of antimicrobial resistance to other enterococci or they can be directly dangerous to human. This is demonstrated by finding isolates of E. faecalis from human patients and from pigs having very similar profiles of resistance and virulence genes. The goal of the paper was to point out the similarity between isolates of human and animal strains of enterococci resistant to vancomycin, and the possibility of their bilateral transfer between humans and animals. </p>","PeriodicalId":17909,"journal":{"name":"Klinicka mikrobiologie a infekcni lekarstvi","volume":"22 2","pages":"54-60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34697969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"[Prevalence of Salmonella in meat and meat products in Moravia in 2010-2015].","authors":"Jan Bardoň,&nbsp;J Ondrušková,&nbsp;P Ambrož","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Bacteria of the genus Salmonella greatly contribute to foodborne infections of the gastrointestinal tract in humans. An important source of the diseases is foods of animal origin. The study aimed at monitoring and assessing the prevalence of individual Salmonella serovars in samples of meat and meat products collected in Moravia, Czech Republic.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>Between 2010 and 2015, the State Veterinary Institute in Olomouc performed microbiology tests in a total of 52,735 meat and meat product samples to detect Salmonella spp. The samples were collected in Moravia and a part of East Bohemia. Bacteriological examination of the samples was carried out in accordance with the Czech version of the European Standard EN ISO 6579 : 2002. Genus identification of suspected isolates was performed using the MALDI-TOF MS method; Salmonella serotypes were identified by a slide agglutination test using the White-Kaufmann-Le Minor scheme.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Salmonella spp. were detected in 2.4 % of the 52,735 samples examined. The highest rate of detection (21.9 %) was noted in poultry meat, followed by poultry meat preparations (9.1 % of positive samples) and other meat preparations (0.7 % of positive samples). The serovars most frequently identified from positive samples were Salmonella Infantis and S. Derby. The rates of Salmonella spp. detected in the monitored commodities have been increasing since 2012. However, this may be due to a better risk analysis when selecting samples to be tested.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Salmonella spp. were most frequently detected in poultry and poultry products. The other types of meat and meat products constituted only a small proportion of the positive cases. The analysis of Salmonella spp. isolated from foods showed that serovars most prevalent in meat and meat products are different from the serovar S. Enteritidis, mainly responsible for causing the diseases in humans.</p>","PeriodicalId":17909,"journal":{"name":"Klinicka mikrobiologie a infekcni lekarstvi","volume":"22 2","pages":"48-53"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34697968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}