Wenyi Yue, Ruxue Han, Junzhong Xu, Chaoyang Jin, Xiaoyu Jiang, Dandan Zheng, Jing Peng, Jun Lu, Qiming Liu, Ning Xu, Dan Zhao, Hua Li, Qi Yang
{"title":"Quantitative Time-Dependent Diffusion MRI for Diagnosis and Aggressiveness Assessment of Endometrial Cancer: A Prospective Study.","authors":"Wenyi Yue, Ruxue Han, Junzhong Xu, Chaoyang Jin, Xiaoyu Jiang, Dandan Zheng, Jing Peng, Jun Lu, Qiming Liu, Ning Xu, Dan Zhao, Hua Li, Qi Yang","doi":"10.3348/kjr.2025.0633","DOIUrl":"10.3348/kjr.2025.0633","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Preoperative differentiation of benign and malignant endometrial lesions, along with the identification of aggressive histological types of endometrial cancer (EC), is crucial for guiding treatment strategies. Time-dependent diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (TDD-MRI), which allows the characterization of tissue microstructure at the cellular level, is not currently applied for endometrial lesions. This study aimed to evaluate TDD-MRI-derived microstructural parameters for noninvasively distinguishing benign and malignant endometrial lesions and predicting aggressive histological types of EC.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This prospective study enrolled 177 patients with clinically suspected EC who underwent TDD-MRI between January 2024 and March 2025. The Imaging Microstructural Parameters Using Limited Spectrally Edited Diffusion method was used to extract microstructural parameters, including the cell diameter (d), intracellular volume fraction (<i>v</i><sub>in</sub>), cellularity (number of cells per unit area), cellularity index (<i>v</i><sub>in</sub>/d), and extracellular diffusivity (<i>D</i><sub>ex</sub>), along with three apparent diffusion coefficient measurements. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was used to assess diagnostic performance. The Pearson correlation coefficient between the microstructural parameters and histopathological measurements was calculated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 130 women (mean ± standard deviation age: 56 ± 14 years) administered uterine curettage or surgery were included in the final analysis. All microstructural parameters showed significant differences between benign endometrial lesions and EC (<i>P</i> < 0.05), as well as between nonaggressive and aggressive EC (<i>P</i> < 0.05). Cellularity exhibited the highest AUC of 0.86 for distinguishing benign endometrial lesions from EC, whereas the cellularity index showed the highest AUC of 0.88 for distinguishing aggressive histological types. D<sub>0Hz</sub> was positively correlated with <i>D</i><sub>ex</sub> (<i>P</i> < 0.05) and negatively correlated with diameter (<i>P</i> < 0.05), cellularity index (<i>P</i> < 0.01) and <i>v</i><sub>in</sub> (<i>P</i> < 0.001) in patients with benign endometrial lesions. D<sub>0Hz</sub> was positively correlated with <i>D</i><sub>ex</sub> (<i>P</i> < 0.001) and negatively correlated with <i>v</i><sub>in</sub> (<i>P</i> < 0.001) in patients with EC. Microstructural parameters strongly correlated with corresponding pathological features (<i>r</i> = 0.77-0.83; <i>P</i> < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>TDD-MRI-derived microstructural parameters demonstrated high performance in differentiating benign from malignant endometrial diseases and identifying aggressive types of EC.</p>","PeriodicalId":17881,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Radiology","volume":"26 10","pages":"973-985"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12479230/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145181983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yali Wu, Wei Sun, Shiyu Wang, Xianling Qian, Qingqing Wen, Guifeng Fu, Hang Jin, Lin Tian, Yinyin Chen, Mengsu Zeng
{"title":"Deep Learning-Based Breath-Hold and Free-Breathing Cine MRI for Comprehensive Cardiac Evaluation.","authors":"Yali Wu, Wei Sun, Shiyu Wang, Xianling Qian, Qingqing Wen, Guifeng Fu, Hang Jin, Lin Tian, Yinyin Chen, Mengsu Zeng","doi":"10.3348/kjr.2025.0440","DOIUrl":"10.3348/kjr.2025.0440","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate and compare scan times, measurement accuracy, and image quality (IQ) of free-breathing (FB) and breath-hold (BH) deep learning (DL) cine MRI sequences versus standard cine MRI, with a specific focus on patients with arrhythmia and dyspnea.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Seventy participants were prospectively enrolled, including 24 with arrhythmia, 17 with dyspnea, and 29 with normal sinus rhythm and eupnea (mean age, 49 ± 17 years). Each patient underwent three cine MRI acquisitions (standard cine, BHDL, and FBDL) on a 3T scanner. Quantitative assessments of biventricular function, left ventricular mass, and myocardial strain were independently performed by three radiologists, blinded to image acquisition techniques. IQ was evaluated by the same readers using both a five-point Likert scale and objective metrics.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Both BHDL and FBDL significantly reduced total examination times compared to standard cine (BHDL: 58 ± 5 s; FBDL: 88 ± 12 s; standard cine: 208 ± 12 s; adjusted <i>P</i> < 0.001). Quantitative measurements from BHDL and FBDL showed no statistically significant differences compared to standard cine and showed strong correlations (correlation coefficients > 0.85) with standard cine. BHDL consistently demonstrated narrower 95% limits of agreement (LOA) than FBDL across all parameters. For BHDL, the 95% LOA for left and right ventricular ejection fractions were -3.5% to 3.9% and -3.4% to 4.0%, respectively; for FBDL, they were -4.6% to 5.8% and -7.8% to 9.3%, respectively. In patients with arrhythmia, BHDL achieved significantly higher IQ Likert scores (4.44 ± 0.56) than both standard cine (4.00 ± 0.99; adjusted <i>P</i> = 0.043) and FBDL (3.94 ± 0.56; adjusted <i>P</i> = 0.030). In patients with dyspnea, FBDL received the highest IQ scores (4.24 ± 0.47), outperforming standard cine (3.41 ± 0.97; adjusted <i>P</i> = 0.028) and BHDL (3.68 ± 0.56; adjusted <i>P</i> = 0.028).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Both FBDL and BHDL significantly reduced scan times compared to standard cine without compromising quantitative measurement accuracy. BHDL offered superior measurement accuracy and shorter scan time than FBDL. Furthermore, BHDL demonstrated robust suitability for patients with arrhythmia by minimizing arrhythmia-related artifacts, whereas FBDL was more effective in patients with dyspnea by mitigating respiratory motion artifacts.</p>","PeriodicalId":17881,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Radiology","volume":"26 10","pages":"924-937"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12479228/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145182062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Uncover This Tech Term: Random Forest.","authors":"Yesim Yekta Yuruk","doi":"10.3348/kjr.2025.0800","DOIUrl":"10.3348/kjr.2025.0800","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17881,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Radiology","volume":"26 10","pages":"998-1001"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12479234/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145182053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Peritumoral Cortex Low-Enhancement Sign on Corticomedullary Phase CT: A Distinctive Indicator of Small Renal Malignancies.","authors":"Jianyi Qu, Xinyan Li, Pingyi Zhu, Wenjie Zhang, Xiaofei Wang, Zhaofeng Zheng, Xinhong Song, Chenchen Dai, Heng Ma, Jianjun Zhou","doi":"10.3348/kjr.2025.0458","DOIUrl":"10.3348/kjr.2025.0458","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To retrospectively evaluate the diagnostic potential of the peritumoral cortex low-enhancement (PCLE) sign on corticomedullary phase (CMP) CT images for differentiating malignant from benign lesions and clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) from non-ccRCC among small renal masses (SRMs, ≤4 cm).</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>After excluding cases with incomplete/poor-quality CT images and SRMs exhibiting cystic changes, visible fat, or infiltrative/completely endophytic/exophytic growth patterns, 603 histopathologically confirmed SRMs (507 malignant and 96 benign; 409 ccRCC and 194 non-ccRCC) from 595 patients across three institutions were retrospectively analyzed using thin-slice CT images (≤1.5 mm). PCLE was defined as a focal low-enhancement region of the peritumoral cortex at the tumor-cortex interface on CMP CT images, similar to the early dark cortical band sign. Diagnostic performance of PCLE for malignancy and ccRCC was evaluated. A separate cohort of 109 SRMs (91 malignant and 18 benign; 77 ccRCCs and 32 non-ccRCCs) from 108 patients, imaged with thick-slice CT (3 mm), was additionally analyzed using otherwise the same methodology.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>PCLE was identified in 331 SRMs (54.9%, 331/603), including 326 malignant and 5 benign SRMs (all oncocytomas >3 cm), and in 307 ccRCC and 24 non-ccRCC SRMs. For diagnosing malignant SRMs, PCLE demonstrated a sensitivity of 64.3% (326/507) and specificity of 94.8% (91/96). For ccRCCs, these values were 75.1% (307/409) and 87.6% (170/194), respectively. In tumors ≤3 cm, specificity reached 100% (78/78) for malignancies and 93.5% (129/138) for ccRCCs. Inter-observer agreement for PCLE was substantial (Cohen's kappa, 0.783). Findings from the thick-slice cohort closely mirrored those in the primary cohort obtained using thin-slice CT images.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>PCLE observed on CMP CT demonstrated exceptional specificity for malignant and ccRCC among SRMs, especially in SRMs ≤3 cm, though sensitivity was limited, and false positives occurred in oncocytomas.</p>","PeriodicalId":17881,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Radiology","volume":"26 10","pages":"938-950"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12479229/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145182009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Announcement of New Pediatric Section Editor.","authors":"Seong Ho Park","doi":"10.3348/kjr.2025.1277","DOIUrl":"10.3348/kjr.2025.1277","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17881,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Radiology","volume":"26 10","pages":"899"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12479226/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145181995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yewon Seong, Pyeong Hwa Kim, Chong Hyun Suh, Kye Jin Park, Hyo Jung Park, Choong Wook Lee, Ah Young Jung, Young Ah Cho, Jin Seong Lee, Hee Mang Yoon
{"title":"Acute Adverse Reactions to Nonionic Low-Osmolar Iodinated Contrast Media in Children: A Retrospective Study of 23,429 Injections Over 6 Years.","authors":"Yewon Seong, Pyeong Hwa Kim, Chong Hyun Suh, Kye Jin Park, Hyo Jung Park, Choong Wook Lee, Ah Young Jung, Young Ah Cho, Jin Seong Lee, Hee Mang Yoon","doi":"10.3348/kjr.2025.0263","DOIUrl":"10.3348/kjr.2025.0263","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate the incidence and risk factors of acute adverse drug reactions (ADRs) to nonionic low-osmolar iodinated contrast media (LOCM) in a pediatric population.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This single-center retrospective study included consecutive data on nonionic LOCM injections in pediatric patients (≤18 years) between January 1, 2016, and June 30, 2023. The per-examination incidences of acute ADRs (physiologic and allergic-like reactions) were assessed along with their severities. Multivariable Poisson regression analysis with generalized estimating equations was used to explore the risk factors associated with the occurrence of each ADR type.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 23,429 injections administered to 13,172 pediatric patients, acute allergic-like reactions occurred in 0.89% (208/23,429) of cases, most of which were mild (0.79%; 186/23,429). Acute physiologic reactions occurred in 0.55% (128/23,429), also predominantly mild (0.50%, 118/23,429). Both types of ADRs occurred slightly more frequently in older patients (allergic-like reactions: adjusted relative risk (RR) = 1.09 per 1-year increase [95% confidence interval {CI}: 1.06, 1.11], <i>P</i> < 0.001; physiologic reactions: adjusted RR = 1.04 per 1-year increase [95% CI: 1.01, 1.07], <i>P</i> = 0.008) and more frequently in those with a history of such reactions (allergic-like reactions = 3.62 [95% CI: 1.44, 9.09], <i>P</i> = 0.006; physiologic reactions = 7.44 [95% CI: 2.55, 21.70], <i>P</i> < 0.001). Acute allergic-like reactions occurred less frequently in inpatient/emergency settings than in outpatient settings (adjusted RR = 0.64 [95% CI: 0.48, 0.85], <i>P</i> = 0.002). Among the 226 examinations with prior allergic-like reactions, recurrent acute allergic-like reactions occurred in 7.26% (9/124) when re-exposed to the same generic LOCM and in 3.92% (4/102) when exposed to a different generic LOCM (<i>P</i> = 0.28). Moderate reactions occurred in three cases that were re-exposed to the same LOCM, whereas all four reactions with different LOCM were mild.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Acute allergic-like and physiologic reactions to nonionic LOCM occurred in 0.89% and 0.55% of cases, respectively. Older age and a history of prior reactions were significant risk factors. Particular care is warranted during contrast-enhanced CT in these high-risk groups.</p>","PeriodicalId":17881,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Radiology","volume":"26 10","pages":"986-997"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12479232/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145182021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
David Yurui Lim, Saebeom Hur, Hee Eun Moon, Do Hoon Kim, Seunghyun Lee
{"title":"Percutaneous Lymphatic Embolization for Chylothorax Secondary to Gorham-Stout Disease.","authors":"David Yurui Lim, Saebeom Hur, Hee Eun Moon, Do Hoon Kim, Seunghyun Lee","doi":"10.3348/kjr.2025.0264","DOIUrl":"10.3348/kjr.2025.0264","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To assess the role and treatment response of percutaneous lymphatic embolization performed for non-traumatic chylothorax in patients with Gorham-Stout disease (GSD) with regard to thoracic duct embolization (TDE) and embolization of pleural or lymphatic collaterals.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This retrospective single-institution study included consecutive patients who underwent percutaneous lymphatic embolization between January 2013 and December 2022. The patients underwent dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance lymphangiography, fluoroscopic intranodal lymphangiography, or both to evaluate the lymphatic anatomy prior to the intervention. The patients underwent TDE, pleural lymphatic embolization, or both, depending on the imaging findings. The data collected included imaging findings, procedural details, and clinical outcomes (clinical success was defined as removal of the drainage catheter without re-accumulation of effusion or improvement in clinical symptoms).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Five male patients (aged 5-29 years) with chylothorax (n = 3) or hemorrhagic chylothorax (n = 2) were included. The key imaging findings included giant thoracic duct (n = 3) and dilated parietal pleural lymphatic system (n = 5). Twelve embolization sessions were performed (median, 2 sessions per patient; range 1-4 sessions). The embolized lymphatic structures included the thoracic duct (n = 4), parietal pleural lymphatics (n = 4), and other lymphatic collaterals (n = 3). The embolic agents used were glue and coils (n = 3), and glue only (n = 2). TDE alone achieved clinical success in only 25% of the cases (1 out of 4). With additional embolization of the parietal pleural lymphatics and other collaterals, clinical success was achieved in 80% of the cases (4 out of 5). One patient developed chylous ascites after the TDE.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Percutaneous lymphatic embolization targeting the thoracic duct and pleural lymphatic collaterals is a feasible treatment option for GSD-related chylothorax.</p>","PeriodicalId":17881,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Radiology","volume":"26 10","pages":"951-958"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12479231/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145181997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Commentary on \"Imaging of Peripheral Arthritis: Special Focus on Differences in Inflammatory Lesions Between Rheumatoid Arthritis and Psoriatic Arthritis\".","authors":"Sang Yoon Kim","doi":"10.3348/kjr.2025.1028","DOIUrl":"10.3348/kjr.2025.1028","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17881,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Radiology","volume":"26 10","pages":"1002-1003"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12479235/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145182037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Response to Commentary on \"Imaging of Peripheral Arthritis: Special Focus on Differences in Inflammatory Lesions Between Rheumatoid Arthritis and Psoriatic Arthritis\".","authors":"Takeshi Fukuda","doi":"10.3348/kjr.2025.1085","DOIUrl":"10.3348/kjr.2025.1085","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17881,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Radiology","volume":"26 10","pages":"1004-1005"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12479227/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145182007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yoojin Nam, Dong Yeong Kim, Sunggu Kyung, Jinyoung Seo, Jeong Min Song, Jimin Kwon, Jihyun Kim, Wooyoung Jo, Hyungbin Park, Jimin Sung, Sangah Park, Heeyeon Kwon, Taehee Kwon, Kanghyun Kim, Namkug Kim
{"title":"Multimodal Large Language Models in Medical Imaging: Current State and Future Directions.","authors":"Yoojin Nam, Dong Yeong Kim, Sunggu Kyung, Jinyoung Seo, Jeong Min Song, Jimin Kwon, Jihyun Kim, Wooyoung Jo, Hyungbin Park, Jimin Sung, Sangah Park, Heeyeon Kwon, Taehee Kwon, Kanghyun Kim, Namkug Kim","doi":"10.3348/kjr.2025.0599","DOIUrl":"10.3348/kjr.2025.0599","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) are emerging as powerful tools in medicine, particularly in radiology, with the potential to serve as trusted artificial intelligence (AI) partners for clinicians. In radiology, these models integrate large language models (LLMs) with diverse multimodal data sources by combining clinical information and text with radiologic images of various modalities, ranging from 2D chest X-rays to 3D CT/MRI. Methods for achieving this multimodal integration are rapidly evolving, and the high performance of freely available LLMs may further accelerate MLLM development. Current applications of MLLMs now span automatic generation of preliminary radiology report, visual question answering, and interactive diagnostic support. Despite these promising capabilities, several significant challenges hinder widespread clinical adoption. MLLMs require access to large-scale, high-quality multimodal datasets, which are scarce in the medical domain. Risks of hallucinated findings, lack of transparency in decision-making processes, and high computational demands further complicate implementation. This review summarizes the current capabilities and limitations of MLLMs in medicine-particularly in radiology-and outlines key directions for future research. Critical areas include incorporating region-grounded reasoning to link model outputs to specific image regions, developing robust foundation models pre-trained on large-scale medical datasets, and establishing strategies for the safe and effective integration of MLLMs into clinical practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":17881,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Radiology","volume":"26 10","pages":"900-923"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12479233/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145182019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}