Korean Circulation Journal最新文献

{"title":"Left Atrial Strain Predicts Poor Exercise Capacity in Patients With Indeterminate Diastolic Function.","authors":"Hyejung Choi, Houng-Beom Ahn, Jiesuck Park, Hong-Mi Choi, In-Chang Hwang, Yeonyee Yoon, Goo-Yeong Cho","doi":"10.4070/kcj.2024.0240","DOIUrl":"10.4070/kcj.2024.0240","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objectives: </strong>The 2016 American Society of Echocardiography/European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging guidelines report that approximately 20% of diastolic dysfunction is indeterminate and has limited diagnostic accuracy. Left atrial strain may help accurately categorize diastolic dysfunction; however, its exact roles remain unclear. This study investigated the impact of left atrial reservoir strain (LARS) and its association with exercise capacity in patients with indeterminate diastolic function.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Among 687 patients who underwent cardiopulmonary exercise tests and supine bicycle stress echocardiography for symptoms including dyspnea, chest pain, valvular heart disease, and other cardiovascular problems, 118 with indeterminate diastolic function were analyzed after excluding those with atrial fibrillation and significant valvular heart disease. Poor exercise tolerance was defined as peak oxygen consumption (pVO₂) <14 mL/kg/min.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Key diastolic dysfunction indices showed no statistical differences between patients with pVO₂ <14 mL/kg/min and ≥14 mL/kg/min. Only LARS was independently associated with pVO₂ (β=0.12 [0.09-0.15], p<0.001) in patients with indeterminate diastolic function. Receiver-operating characteristic curves highlighted LARS as a strong predictor of impaired pVO₂ among all echocardiographic variables (area under the curve: 0.871 [0.776-0.966]), with an optimal cut-off value of 21% after adjusting for clinical variables. Logistic analysis showed that patients with ≤21% LARS had significantly reduced exercise capacity (odds ratio, 12.77; 95% confidence interval, 3.83-48.65; p<0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>LARS is significantly associated with pVO₂ in patients with indeterminate diastolic function. Impaired LARS is a robust predictor of exercise intolerance; measuring LARS enhances diastolic-function assessment accuracy, potentially improving individualized diastolic-dysfunction management and treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":17850,"journal":{"name":"Korean Circulation Journal","volume":" ","pages":"382-393"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12088994/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143649074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Acute Myocarditis: An Analysis of Korean Multicenter Registry.","authors":"Junho Hyun, Dayoung Pack, Minjung Bak, Hyukjin Park, Hyung Yoon Kim, Seonhwa Lee, In-Cheol Kim, So Ree Kim, Mi-Na Kim, Kyung-Hee Kim, Sang Eun Lee, Jeong Hoon Yang","doi":"10.4070/kcj.2024.0229","DOIUrl":"10.4070/kcj.2024.0229","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objectives: </strong>Data are limited on the clinical manifestations and outcomes of acute myocarditis from a large-scale registry. We investigated acute myocarditis's clinical characteristics and prognosis from a large-scale, multi-center registry in the Republic of Korea.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We collected data from seven hospitals between 2001 and 2021. Clinical variables and outcomes during the index hospitalization and follow-up periods were analyzed. We also evaluated inter-center and temporal differences in diagnostic and treatment patterns.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Eight hundred forty-one patients diagnosed with acute myocarditis were included. Common symptoms included chest pain (60.4%), followed by fever or myalgia (46.3%), and dyspnea (45.7%). Fulminant myocarditis occurred in 421 (50.1%), with 217 requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support. Endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) was performed in 276 (32.8%) patients, and biopsy-proven diagnosis was made in 234 (27.8%). Based on the EMB results, lymphocytic myocarditis was the predominant form (69.6%), followed by eosinophilic (13.8%) and giant cell myocarditis (1.4%). Eighty-three in-hospital (9.9%) and 16 (1.9%) additional mortality during the follow-up occurred. An increase in the use of EMB, cardiac imaging, and immunosuppressive therapy was noted over time, but in-hospital mortality remained unchanged. Remarkable variations in diagnosis and treatment were observed across different centers.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study unveiled clinical features of acute myocarditis in the Republic of Korea, including a high incidence of fulminant myocarditis and complex cases requiring ECMO. Given the considerable inter-center variation in diagnostic and treatment patterns and prognosis, protocolized future trials are needed to clarify diagnosis and treatment in patients with acute myocarditis.</p><p><strong>Trial registration: </strong>ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05933902.</p>","PeriodicalId":17850,"journal":{"name":"Korean Circulation Journal","volume":" ","pages":"410-422"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12088989/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142979076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent Advances in Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension: Expanding the Disease Concept and Treatment Options.","authors":"Sung-A Chang, Jeong Hoon Yang, Dong Seop Jung, Nick H Kim","doi":"10.4070/kcj.2024.0423","DOIUrl":"10.4070/kcj.2024.0423","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is a progressive form of pulmonary hypertension characterized by unresolved thromboembolic occlusion of pulmonary arteries, leading to increased pulmonary arterial pressure and right heart failure. This review examines recent advances in the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of CTEPH, focusing on expanding disease concepts and evolving therapeutic approaches. The incidence of CTEPH has been revised upward with improved diagnostic techniques revealing a higher prevalence than previously recognized. Advances in surgical and interventional therapies, particularly pulmonary endarterectomy and balloon pulmonary angioplasty, have significantly improved outcomes. Emerging medical therapies, including pulmonary vasodilators like riociguat, have offered new hope for inoperable cases. The understanding of CTEPH has broadened, leading to better diagnostic strategies and more comprehensive treatment options that significantly enhance patient outcomes. Multidisciplinary team approaches are crucial in managing the disease effectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":17850,"journal":{"name":"Korean Circulation Journal","volume":" ","pages":"365-381"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12088986/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143649092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Escalating Lipid Therapy After Achieving LDL-C <70 mg/dL With Moderate-Intensity Statins in High-Risk Patients.","authors":"Geunhee Park, Eui-Young Choi, Sang-Hak Lee","doi":"10.4070/kcj.2024.0218","DOIUrl":"10.4070/kcj.2024.0218","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objectives: </strong>Guidelines recommend target levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and intensive lipid-lowering therapy (LLT) in high-risk patients. However, the value of escalating LLT when the LDL-C targets are achieved with moderate-intensity statins is unknown. We aimed to evaluate the benefits of LLT escalation in this population.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this retrospective propensity score-matched study, we screened data from two university hospitals between 2006 and 2021. Of the 54,069 patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), 3,205 who achieved LDL-C levels <70 mg/dL with moderate-intensity statins were included. After 1:3 matching, 1,315 patients (339 with LLT escalation and 976 without) were ultimately examined. The primary outcomes were major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE)1 (cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and nonfatal ischemic stroke) and all-cause death.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>During a median follow-up of 5.7 years, the MACCE1 rate was not significantly lower in the escalation group than in the non-escalation group (9.8 and 14.3/1,000 person-years, respectively; hazard ratio [HR], 0.68; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.43-1.09; p=0.11). Kaplan-Meier curves showed similar results (log-rank p=0.11). The risk of all-cause death did not differ between the groups. MACCE2 rate, which additionally includes coronary/peripheral revascularization, was lower in the escalation group (24.5 and 35.4/1,000 person-years, respectively; HR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.52-0.94; p=0.017).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>LLT escalation did not significantly lower hard cardiovascular outcomes and all-cause death in patients with ASCVD achieving LDL-C levels <70 mg/dL with moderate-intensity statins. However, it had benefit in reducing revascularization rates in this population.</p>","PeriodicalId":17850,"journal":{"name":"Korean Circulation Journal","volume":" ","pages":"426-436"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12088992/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142902854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Misguided Blood Flow Near the Atrial Septum.","authors":"Qianlei Lang, Zhuo Hou, Mei Li, Honghua Yue, Zhi Fang","doi":"10.4070/kcj.2024.0394","DOIUrl":"10.4070/kcj.2024.0394","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17850,"journal":{"name":"Korean Circulation Journal","volume":"55 5","pages":"459-460"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12088987/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143971128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical Factors Associated With Three-Year Cardiovascular Outcomes in Women Who Underwent Invasive Coronary Angiography: Data From the KoRean wOmen'S chest pain rEgistry (KoROSE).","authors":"Hack-Lyoung Kim, Seong Mi Park, Hyun Ju Yoon, Seon-Ah Jin, Moo-Yong Rhee, Mi-Seung Shin, Kyung-Soon Hong, Hyun-Jin Kim, Shinjeong Song, Soo Jin Kim, Myung-A Kim","doi":"10.4070/kcj.2024.0435","DOIUrl":"10.4070/kcj.2024.0435","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objectives: </strong>This study aimed to assess clinical factors that predict long-term clinical outcomes in women who underwent invasive coronary angiography (ICA).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 741 Korean women (mean age 63.9±9.3 years) who underwent ICA for suspected angina were selected from a nationwide registry database. The three-year incidence of composite major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) including cardiac death, acute coronary syndrome, stroke, and heart failure requiring hospitalization was assessed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Within 3 years of clinical follow-up, there were 42 MACEs (5.7%). Multiple Cox regression analysis identified tachycardia (heart rate ≥100 beats per minute: hazard ratio [HR], 4.04; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.19-13.71; p=0.025), multi-vessel disease (HR, 2.08; 95% CI, 1.04-4.19; p=0.038), left ventricular hypertrophy (left ventricular mass index >95 g/m²: HR, 2.79; 95% CI, 1.37-5.65; p=0.004), and the use of diuretics (HR, 2.51; 95% CI, 1.10-5.76; p=0.029) as significant predictors of 3-year MACEs. For subjects with three of 4 these clinical factors, the risk of MACE increased by 11.79 times compared to subjects with 0-2 clinical factors (95% CI, 4.55-30.56; p<0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In Korean women undergoing elective ICA, tachycardia, multi-vessel disease, left ventricular hypertrophy and the use of diuretics were associated with 3-year MACEs. These indicators should be considered in managing women with suspected angina.</p>","PeriodicalId":17850,"journal":{"name":"Korean Circulation Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144333352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physical Growth Trajectories in Children With Congenital Heart Disease: A Nationwide Study.","authors":"Jong Ho Cha, Young-Jin Choi, Soorack Ryu, Yongil Cho, Seung Yang, Jae Yoon Na","doi":"10.4070/kcj.2025.0020","DOIUrl":"10.4070/kcj.2025.0020","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objectives: </strong>The growth trajectories of children diagnosed with congenital heart disease (CHD) remain unclear when analyzed through population-based data. This study examined the risk of poor growth outcomes in preschool-aged children with CHD.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study included 325,930 children born between 2007 and 2014, of whom 65,186 were diagnosed with CHD (1,026 with complex, 2,073 with moderate, and 62,087 with simple CHD). Growth Z-scores (height, weight, head circumference, and body mass index) were measured through the National Health Screening Program for Infants and Children, which is conducted annually for children aged six months to six years. Participants were observed until death or December 31, 2020, whichever occurred first.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, there were 1,390 deaths in the CHD group, with a cumulative survival rate of 97.9%. Growth deficits were most pronounced in the complex CHD group, followed by the moderate and simple CHD groups, as well as the normal control groups (short stature at 4-6 years of age: 10.7% vs. 8.9% vs. 5.9% vs. 2.4%, p<0.001). Growth curves illustrated that patients with complex CHD experience persistent height and weight impairments throughout the preschool period. The β estimate (standard error) of height was -0.432 standard deviation score (SDS) (0.041) for the complex CHD group, -0.343 SDS (0.028) for the moderate CHD group, and -0.200 SDS (0.005) for the simple CHD group.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Children with CHD showed poor growth outcomes throughout the preschool period. We highlight the importance of longitudinal growth surveillance for high-risk children with CHD during this period to mitigate the development of health issues.</p>","PeriodicalId":17850,"journal":{"name":"Korean Circulation Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144333362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Erratum: Correction of Figure in the Article \"Simple and Practical Way of Assessing Diastolic Function: Diastolic Heart Failure Revisited\".","authors":"Dae-Won Sohn","doi":"10.4070/kcj.2025.0998","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4070/kcj.2025.0998","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This corrects the article on p. 67 in vol. 55, PMID: 39965893.</p>","PeriodicalId":17850,"journal":{"name":"Korean Circulation Journal","volume":"55 4","pages":"362-363"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12046304/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143969723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Real-World Experience of Mavacamten for Patients With Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in South Korea: A Prospective Multi-Center Observational Study.","authors":"Jaehyun Lim, Jae Yeong Cho, Soongu Kwak, Chan-Soon Park, Jiesuck Park, Hong-Mi Choi, Goo-Yeong Cho, Ga Hui Choi, Jihoon Kim, Jin-Oh Na, Sun Hwa Lee, Mi-Hyang Jung, Kye Hun Kim, Hae Ok Jung, Sang-Chol Lee, Hyung-Kwan Kim","doi":"10.4070/kcj.2024.0443","DOIUrl":"10.4070/kcj.2024.0443","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and objectives: </strong>Mavacamten has shown promise in obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (oHCM); however, real-world evidence is limited in Asians. We aimed to provide the first multicenter, real-world analysis of mavacamten use in Korea.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This prospective observational study included symptomatic oHCM patients treated at 7 tertiary hospitals in Korea. Changes in key parameters, including left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) gradients, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), and New York Heart Association functional class (NYHA Fc), were serially assessed. Adverse events, including death, arrhythmia, and heart failure hospitalizations were documented.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Forty-six patients were followed for a median of 147 days (interquartile range 56-205). There was one sudden cardiac death and one non-cardiac death. Resting and Valsalva LVOT gradients significantly decreased from 58.4±46.4 mmHg and 92.6±46.8 mmHg to 17.5±21.3 mmHg and 25.7±27.1 mmHg, respectively (both p<0.001). NT-proBNP levels also decreased significantly, strongly correlating with LVOT gradient reductions. Among the 44 survivors, 25 (58.1%) had at least one NYHA Fc improvement. Moreover, left atrial volume and maximal left ventricular (LV) wall thickness significantly decreased. However, mean reduction in LV ejection fraction (LVEF) was -3.4% with one patient experiencing LVEF <50%. We observed 2 newly-detected atrial fibrillations and 2 ischemic strokes.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This first real-world experience of mavacamten in Korean patients with oHCM demonstrates its efficacy and safety, aligning with previous pivotal trials. With the implementation of national insurance coverage, mavacamten will be more accessible to broader oHCM population, offering a non-invasive and effective therapeutic option aside from invasive septal reduction therapies.</p>","PeriodicalId":17850,"journal":{"name":"Korean Circulation Journal","volume":" ","pages":"339-354"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12046305/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143764237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Feasibility of Distal Radial Access in High Bleeding Risk Patients Who Underwent Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.","authors":"In Tae Jin, Ji Woong Roh, Oh-Hyun Lee, Eui Im, Deok-Kyu Cho, Jun-Won Lee, Bong-Ki Lee, Sang-Yong Yoo, Sang Yeub Lee, Chan Joon Kim, Han-Young Jin, Jin Sup Park, Jung Ho Heo, Do Hoi Kim, Jin Bae Lee, Dong-Kie Kim, Jun Ho Bae, Sung-Yun Lee, Seung-Hwan Lee, Yongcheol Kim","doi":"10.4070/kcj.2024.0239","DOIUrl":"10.4070/kcj.2024.0239","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Backgrounds and objectives: </strong>The distal radial access (DRA), a potential alternative to the trans-radial approach (TRA), may offer advantages in terms of access site complications due to its smaller vessel diameter, especially for high bleeding risk (HBR) patients. This study aims to investigate the feasibility of DRA in HBR patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Based on data from the KODRA registry, a prospective, multicenter cohort, this study analyzed 1,586 patients who underwent successful percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) via DRA. Patients were categorized into HBR and non-HBR groups. The primary endpoint of the study is DRA-related bleeding, and the secondary endpoints of the study are overall access site complications and each component of the access site complications. To reduce the effect of potential confounders, a multivariable adjustment analysis was performed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean age of the total population was 71.1±10.8 years, and 40.3% of patients were female. Both DRA-related bleeding (odds ratio [OR], 1.15; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.67-1.97; p=0.616) and overall access site complications (OR, 1.08; 95% CI, 0.67-1.72; p=0.761) were not significantly different between the HBR group and non-HBR group after multivariable adjustment. No major bleeding before discharge was observed in both groups. Furthermore, the incidence of distal and conventional radial artery occlusion was less than 1% at 1-month follow-up in both groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our study results showed the safety of DRA for both DRA-related bleeding and access site complications among HBR patients who underwent PCI.</p><p><strong>Trial registration: </strong>ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04080700.</p>","PeriodicalId":17850,"journal":{"name":"Korean Circulation Journal","volume":" ","pages":"291-301"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12046303/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142903038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}