Kuwait Journal of Science最新文献

{"title":"Hybrid numbers with the view of multiplicative calculus","authors":"Umut Selvi,&nbsp;Derya Sağlam,&nbsp;Emel Karaca","doi":"10.1016/j.kjs.2025.100500","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.kjs.2025.100500","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper defines a new number system called multiplicative hybrid numbers. A multiplicative hybrid number is one that satisfies the non-commutative multiplication criteria using any combination of multiplicative complex (<span><math><mrow><msubsup><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>⋆</mo></mrow><mrow><msub><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>⋆</mo></mrow></msub></mrow></msubsup><mo>=</mo><msub><mrow><mo>−</mo></mrow><mrow><mo>⋆</mo></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>⋆</mo></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span>), multiplicative dual (<span><math><mrow><msubsup><mrow><mi>ɛ</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>⋆</mo></mrow><mrow><msub><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>⋆</mo></mrow></msub></mrow></msubsup><mo>=</mo><msub><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>⋆</mo></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span>), and multiplicative hyperbolic (<span><math><mrow><msubsup><mrow><mi>h</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>⋆</mo></mrow><mrow><msub><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>⋆</mo></mrow></msub></mrow></msubsup><mo>=</mo><msub><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>⋆</mo></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span>) numbers. Introducing some algebraic properties, the geometry of multiplicative hybrid numbers is then investigated by examining the effects of an involution on multiplicative hybrid numbers. Additionally, the relationships between involutions and anti-involutions of multiplicative hybrid numbers are given in detail. Taking these properties into account, the geometric interpretation is illustrated by several significant figures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17848,"journal":{"name":"Kuwait Journal of Science","volume":"53 1","pages":"Article 100500"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145265504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oblique stagnation point flow of hybrid nanofluid on a stretching sheet with modified thermal conductivity models and Darcy's law","authors":"Z. Abbas ,&nbsp;J. Hasnain ,&nbsp;M.Y. Rafiq ,&nbsp;M.A. Saeed ,&nbsp;H. Shahzad","doi":"10.1016/j.kjs.2025.100481","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.kjs.2025.100481","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hybrid nanofluids have demonstrated improved thermal performance and stability across a wide range of applications, including thermal efficiency systems, solar collectors, energy production, nuclear processes, and enhanced heat transfer. Motivated by these promising applications, this study investigates two-dimensional incompressible oblique stagnation point flow over a stretching/shrinking sheet embedded in a porous medium. The analysis compares two widely used thermal conductivity models, the Yamada-Ota and Xue models, for hybrid nanofluids composed of graphene oxide (<span><math><mrow><mi>G</mi><mi>O</mi></mrow></math></span>) and iron oxide, magnetite (<span><math><mrow><mi>F</mi><msub><mi>e</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><msub><mi>O</mi><mn>4</mn></msub></mrow></math></span>) nanoparticles dispersed in a non-Newtonian engine oil (<em>EO</em>) base fluid. Additionally, the influences of thermal radiation, heat generation/absorption, and chemical reactions are incorporated to explore the heat and mass transfer characteristics. The governing equations are transformed into a system of ordinary differential equations using similarity transformations, and the resulting system is solved numerically via the fourth-order Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg integration method combined with an efficient shooting technique. The results reveal that increasing the magnetic field strength enhances the fluid temperature while reducing its velocity. Higher heat generation parameters lead to intensified thermal distribution, while lower permeability increases velocity instability. Quantitatively, the Xue model demonstrates a higher surface heat transfer rate than the Yamada-Ota model, and a larger Schmidt number reduces mass transfer rates. These insights are particularly valuable for optimizing heat and mass transfer in porous thermal management systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17848,"journal":{"name":"Kuwait Journal of Science","volume":"53 1","pages":"Article 100481"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144724753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biorational phomopsis blight management in eggplants using two bacteria isolated from the eggplant rhizosphere","authors":"Mst Tajrina Afrin Surovi ,&nbsp;Md Ahsan Habib ,&nbsp;Muhammad Fazle Rabbee ,&nbsp;Md Mobinul Islam ,&nbsp;Mirza Galiba Naushin ,&nbsp;Md Mohidul Hasan ,&nbsp;Kwang-Hyun Baek ,&nbsp;Maximilian Lackner","doi":"10.1016/j.kjs.2025.100468","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.kjs.2025.100468","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Phomopsis blight, caused by <em>Phomopsis vexans</em>, is a major eggplant disease that significantly reduces output in Bangladesh. In order to produce a new fungicide, 210 bacterial strains were isolated from the rhizosphere of eggplants. Phylogenetic trees using 16S rRNA gene sequences of HSTUB 8 and HSTUB 16 revealed a close relationship with <em>Serratia marcescens</em> and <em>Enterobacter ludwigii</em>, respectively. Among the isolates, HSTUB 8 (<em>Serratia marcescens</em>) and HSTUB 16 (<em>Enterobacter ludwigii</em>) showed the maximum inhibition zones (1.6 cm and 0.9 cm, respectively) against <em>P. vexans in vitro</em>. In field conditions, basal application of pea bran-based formulated HSTUB 8 and HSTUB 16 followed by spraying of a suspension of both the bacteria exhibited a maximum reduction of disease incidence (64.70 %) and severity (77.27 %) over the control. The same bio-fungicide also resulted in enhanced growth and production, such as branches per plant (75.05 %), plant height (32.28 %), fruits/plant (404.54 %), firmness of fruits (57.42 %), and total soluble solids (66.67 %) over the control. Basal application of pea bran-based HSTUB 8 followed by spraying of the suspension of the same bacterium yielded a higher total phenol content in the fruits (56.86 mg/100 g) as compared to the control (24.74 mg/100 g). All gathered data strongly indicate that the pea bran-based formulated bio-fungicides composed of <em>S. marcescens</em> HSTUB 8 and <em>E. ludwigii</em> HSTUB 16 can be used for both the production of high-quality fruits and the management of phomopsis blight disease of eggplants at field conditions in an effective and eco-friendly way.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17848,"journal":{"name":"Kuwait Journal of Science","volume":"53 1","pages":"Article 100468"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144663152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Process optimization of microwave-assisted hydrodistillation for Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.) extraction: Investigating solvent volume, power, and time effects on yield","authors":"Maya Sarah,&nbsp;Muhammad Alkausar,&nbsp;Siti Salamah,&nbsp;Seri Maulina,&nbsp;Isti Madinah","doi":"10.1016/j.kjs.2025.100499","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.kjs.2025.100499","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Andaliman (<em>Zanthoxylum acanthopodium</em> DC.) is an aromatic spice known for its bioactive compounds. This study optimized the extraction of Andaliman essential oil using microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD), an energy-efficient and eco-friendly method. Preliminary experiments varied solvent volume (300–500 mL), microwave power (180–450 W), and extraction time (60–90 min) to determine effective operational ranges. Optimization was performed using response surface methodology (RSM) with a central composite design (CCD), focusing on solvent volume (300–400 mL), microwave power (180–450 W), and extraction time (60–90 min). The highest predicted yield (5.61 %) was obtained at 312.12 mL solvent, 420 W power, and 90 min, with strong model validity (R² = 96.82 %, lack-of-fit p = 0.43). Although antioxidant activity was not evaluated, several identified compounds are known to possess such properties. The optimized MAHD process demonstrates potential benefits such as reduced processing time and minimal solvent use, which may contribute to improved sustainability. However, further validation and scale-up studies are recommended to confirm its industrial feasibility and functional properties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17848,"journal":{"name":"Kuwait Journal of Science","volume":"53 1","pages":"Article 100499"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145154675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced wheat growth and stress resilience under copper toxicity through ZnO─NPs and Azospirillum brasilense","authors":"Mohammad K. Okla ,&nbsp;Sadia Javed ,&nbsp;Muhammad Faran Tahir ,&nbsp;Ibrahim A. Saleh ,&nbsp;Ambreen Qadir ,&nbsp;Muhammad Anas ,&nbsp;Muhammad Hamzah Saleem ,&nbsp;Temoor Ahmed ,&nbsp;Abdulrahman Abdullah Alatar ,&nbsp;Bandar M. AlMunqedhi ,&nbsp;Shafaqat Ali","doi":"10.1016/j.kjs.2025.100476","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.kjs.2025.100476","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Copper (Cu) pollution in agricultural soils is considered a serious health risk due to its accumulation in plants, but fewer studies have been conducted on its effects and alleviation strategies by using nanoparticles (NPs) and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). Taking into consideration the positive effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO─NPs) and <em>Azospirillum brasilense</em> in reducing Cu toxicity in plants, the present study was conducted. A pot experiment was conducted to determine the effects of the application of different levels of 25 and 50 ppm of ZnO─NPs and <em>A. brasilense</em> i.e., 10 and 20 ppm, on Cu accumulation, morpho-physiological and antioxidative defense attributes of wheat (<em>Triticum aestivum</em> L.) exposed to severe Cu stress (0, 100, and 200 mg kg⁻¹). Results from the present study showed that the increasing levels of Cu in the soil significantly (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05) decreased plant growth and biomass, photosynthetic pigments, gas exchange attributes, sugars, and nutritional contents from the roots and shoots of the plants. In contrast, increasing levels of Cu in the soil significantly (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05) increased oxidative stress indicators in terms of malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, and electrolyte leakage, and also increased organic acid exudation patterns in the roots of <em>T. aestivum</em>. Although the activities of enzymatic antioxidants and the response of their gene expressions in the roots and shoots of the plants and non-enzymatic ones, such as phenolic, flavonoid, ascorbic acid, and anthocyanin contents, were increased by increasing the Cu concentration in the soil. The negative impacts of Cu injury were reduced by the application of ZnO─NPs and <em>A. brasilense</em>, which increased plant growth and biomass, improved photosynthetic apparatus, antioxidant enzymes, and mineral uptake, as well as diminished the exudation of organic acids and oxidative stress indicators in roots of <em>T. aestivum</em> by decreasing Cr toxicity. Research findings, therefore, suggest that the application of ZnO─NPs and <em>A. brasilense</em> can ameliorate Cu toxicity in <em>T. aestivum</em>, resulting in improved plant growth and composition under metal stress, as depicted by balanced exudation of organic acids.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17848,"journal":{"name":"Kuwait Journal of Science","volume":"53 1","pages":"Article 100476"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144678826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of scanning electron microscopy unraveling seed micromorphological characteristics in laticifers of family Apocynaceae and subfamily Asclepiadoideae","authors":"Saeeda Naz ,&nbsp;Moona Nazish ,&nbsp;Jawaher Alzahrani ,&nbsp;Haseeb-Ur Rehman ,&nbsp;Fozia Bibi ,&nbsp;Muhammad Zubair ,&nbsp;Muhammad Ishfaq Khan ,&nbsp;Muhammad Tahir Naseem ,&nbsp;Wajid Zaman","doi":"10.1016/j.kjs.2025.100477","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.kjs.2025.100477","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The understanding of trait variation within the seed collection provides an understanding of genetic variation and knowledge about plant conservation. In this study, twelve species of the lactiferous family Apocynaceae and subfamily Asclepiadoideae have been evaluated for seed macro-micromorphological characterization. Seed surface texture, dimension, seed shape and sculpture, seed wing surface cell, coma position, level and color, hilum position and shape were examined by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). This is the first study reporting coma surface sculpturing in Pakistan. Qualitative and quantitative features of seeds exhibited alteration among selected species of both families. The seed shapes were found oblong and flattened. Eight types of seed coat surface (reticulate-regular, reticulate-irregular, regular-rugose, aculeate, papillate, reticulate, ruminate, and striate), nine types of seed wing sculpturing, and four types of hilum surface cells that varied from reticulate to striate were observed. The maximum number of seed surfaces exhibited spiral to undulate hairy anticlinal wall ornamentation. The periclinal wall varied from smooth to warty. A taxonomic key was developed using seed morphological characters for the correct identification of lactiferous taxa. The variations among the studied species described the significance of SEM as a beneficial tool to vitalize the hidden micromorphological features among seeds of lactiferous taxa that eventually aid in seeds' accurate identification, delimitation, classification, and exploration in the future. Laticifer features are useful to understand the generic relationships within the family.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17848,"journal":{"name":"Kuwait Journal of Science","volume":"53 1","pages":"Article 100477"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144711474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A stochastic SEIR model with Holling type II treatment and Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process","authors":"M. Mediani ,&nbsp;A. Slama ,&nbsp;A. Boudaoui ,&nbsp;H. Alsakaji ,&nbsp;F.A. Rihan","doi":"10.1016/j.kjs.2025.100525","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.kjs.2025.100525","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper investigates a stochastic SEIR epidemic model that incorporates both Holling type II treatment and an Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process (OUP). By constructing appropriate non-negative Lyapunov functions, we establish the existence and uniqueness of a positive global solution for the stochastic system. Furthermore, we derive sufficient conditions ensuring the existence of a stationary distribution (SD) when <span><math><mrow><msubsup><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mi>s</mi></mrow></msubsup><mo>&gt;</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></math></span>. In addition, we provide criteria for disease extinction when <span><math><mrow><msubsup><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mi>X</mi></mrow></msubsup><mo>&lt;</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></math></span>. Finally, some of numerical simulations are conducted to validate and illustrate the theoretical findings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17848,"journal":{"name":"Kuwait Journal of Science","volume":"53 1","pages":"Article 100525"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145786765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"GC-MS, FTIR, XRD, UV–Vis, and HPLC profiling of the natural bioactive constituents of Lemna minor L. extract and its in-vitro antimicrobial and anti-parasitic activities against pathogenic organisms","authors":"Shabnum Shaheen ,&nbsp;Moneeza Abbas ,&nbsp;Riffat Siddique ,&nbsp;Zaryab Khalid ,&nbsp;Tahira Alyas ,&nbsp;Sana Khalid ,&nbsp;Jawaher Alzahrani ,&nbsp;Nadia Ghani ,&nbsp;Sobia Sarwar ,&nbsp;Asif Kamal ,&nbsp;Moona Nazish ,&nbsp;Maximilian Lackner","doi":"10.1016/j.kjs.2025.100469","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.kjs.2025.100469","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The current study focuses on <em>Lemna minor</em> L. (common duckweed) through proximate analysis, qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis by UV spectroscopy (UV), gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy (GC-MS), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). The phytochemical investigation of the fresh sample of <em>L. minor</em> was compared with the powdered sample extracted using different drying procedures. The highest moisture content was recorded in fresh samples (87.94 %), while maximum percentages of ash, fiber, and protein were found in oven-dried powder as 14.81 %, 24.01 %, and 34.92 %, respectively. The freeze-dried powder contained the greatest percentages of fat (8.48 %) and carbohydrates (17.5 %). The qualitative phytochemical analysis detected variable concentrations of bioactive compounds. Quantitative analysis revealed that tannins were found in the maximum concentration across all solvents, while non-polar or polar steroids were extracted the least. In terms of mineral content, the freeze-dried plant samples contained the maximum levels of potassium (54.51 mg/100g), followed by phosphorus (31.750.25 mg/100g), magnesium (18.25 ± 0.25 mg/100g) and sodium (4.4 ± 1 mg/100g). The maximum antibacterial potential was achieved against <em>E. coli,</em> that was 21.4 mm zone of inhibition (ZOI). Similarly, the maximum fungal inhibition was observed against <em>A. niger,</em> which was 21 mm ZOI at the highest concentration of 75 μl. The parasite's promastigote and amastigote forms each had a significant death rate of 75.40 ± 1.16 and 60.15 ± 0.12 at 150 g/mL, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17848,"journal":{"name":"Kuwait Journal of Science","volume":"53 1","pages":"Article 100469"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144702407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent advances in maximum-entropy sampling","authors":"Marcia Fampa ,&nbsp;Jon Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.kjs.2025.100527","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.kjs.2025.100527","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In 2022, we published the book <em>Maximum-Entropy Sampling: Algorithms and Application (Springer)</em>. Since then, there have been several notable advancements on this topic. In this manuscript, we survey some recent highlights.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17848,"journal":{"name":"Kuwait Journal of Science","volume":"53 1","pages":"Article 100527"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145880143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Farlie-Gumbel-Morgenstern bivariate log-normal: applications and comparison of semiparametric and parametric methods for estimating copulas","authors":"Faten S. Alamri ,&nbsp;Shakila Bashir ,&nbsp;Bushra Masood ,&nbsp;Muhammad Aslam","doi":"10.1016/j.kjs.2025.100522","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.kjs.2025.100522","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study introduces the Farlie-Gumbel-Morgenstern bivariate log-normal (bivariate FGM-LN) distribution, which was created using the FGM copula to describe dependent skewed data. The copula probability density function (PDF) and the cumulative density function (CDF) plots are used to study the distribution's behavior, revealing its ability to capture varying dependency patterns. Simulation research compares parameter estimating approaches, revealing that MLE provides the highest accurate estimates, inference function for margins (IFM) is more computationally efficient, and semiparametric (SP) stays resilient but requires larger sample numbers. Furthermore, Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) statistics are also used on real-life recurrence time data from 30 patients to determine the goodness-of-fit for the marginal distributions and validate the model's suitability. The model selection criteria confirm that bivariate FGM-LN outperforms the existing models, with the lowest AIC and BIC scores. The findings emphasize the bivariate FGM-LN distribution's applicability in dependability modeling, survival analysis, and risk assessment, providing a statistically sound alternative to bivariate dependency modeling.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17848,"journal":{"name":"Kuwait Journal of Science","volume":"53 1","pages":"Article 100522"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145733420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}